2012—2019年贵阳市学生肺结核流行病学特征分析

目的 分析贵阳市学生肺结核流行病学特征,为进一步完善我市学校结核病防控工作提供参考依据。方法 通过“中国疾病预防控制信息系统”收集2012—2019年贵阳市学生肺结核病例资料,采用SPSS 18.0统计分析软件分析学生肺结核流行病学特征及其变化趋势。 结果 2012年学生肺结核报告发病率为23.96/10万,病原学阳性报告发病率为7.14/10万;2019年分别为12.40/10万及4.70/10万,与2012年比较,2019年学生肺结核报告发病率下降了48.24%,病原学阳性报告发病率下降了34.17%。第二季度报告人数最多（493例）,占报告总数的28.73%（493/1716）。发病年龄以16～20岁为主（977例）,占报告总数的56.93%（977/1716）;病例主要分布在花溪区、清镇市及开阳县,占贵阳市学生报告总数的22.07%、17.71%及11.82%;患者来源以转诊为主,占36.19%（621/1716）,2012—2019年转诊及因症就诊所占比例呈下降趋势,追踪及健康检查占比增加;平均就诊延迟率为48.08%,就诊延迟患者病原学阳性率高于未就诊延迟者。结论 2012—2019年,贵阳市学生肺结核报告发病率呈下降趋势,16～20岁为高发年龄段,花溪区报告人数最多;患者来源以转诊为主,就诊延迟患者病原学阳性率高;学生肺结核疫情形势严峻,应继续加强教育与卫生部门的联系,针对重点地区、重点人群和高发时段开展重点防控工作,保护广大师生健康安全。     

2016年—2021年北京市大兴区流感病原学监测结果分析

目的 分析2016年—2021年北京市大兴区流行性感冒(简称流感)病例的病原学监测数据，及时了解流感活动水平及流行动态，掌握变化规律，为流感防控提供科学依据。方法 对2016年—2021年北京市大兴区流感监测哨点医院采集的标本采用实时荧光PCR法进行流感病毒核酸检测。结果 2016年—2021年北京市大兴区共检测流感样病例标本7 571份，流感病毒核酸阳性率为18.95%。流感病例发病高峰主要集中在每年11月—次年4月，以冬春季为主。男女比例为1:0.85。年龄组中5岁～14岁组流感病毒阳性率最高，为32.57%。结论 2016年—2021年北京市大兴区流感的流行季节为冬春季，各亚型流感交替成为优势型别。应持续开展流感监测，并加强对青少年流感疫苗接种，同时培养良好的卫生习惯，特别是冬春季节养成佩戴口罩的习惯，减少呼吸道病毒的传播。     

2016—2021年北京市房山区流感样病例与病原学监测相关性分析

目的 分析2016—2021年北京市房山区流感样病例（influenza-like illness,ILI）流行病学特征及病原学结果,为房山区流感疫情防控提供科学依据。方法 收集2016—2021年北京市房山区30家医疗机构的ILI监测数据,以及哨点医院的病原学监测结果进行描述及统计分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 2016—2020年北京市房山区ILI%为0.53%,ILI报告数和流感病毒阳性率呈现冬春季高峰,新冠肺炎疫情后,ILI报告数和流感病毒阳性率均明显下降;ILI以25～59岁年龄组为主,三级医院所占比例最高;6年共采集ILI咽拭子标本4 114件,其中阳性581件,阳性率为14.12%;每年流行季不同流感病毒亚型交替流行,主要流行毒株为甲型流感病毒,兼有乙型流感病毒,2021年BV为唯一检出的亚型。结论 北京市房山区ILI报告数和流感病毒阳性率具有较高的一致性。重点加强25～59岁人群宣教工作,同时要关注乙型流感的防控,发挥流感疫苗和非药物干预措施的双重作用,以降低流感的发生。     

绍兴市学校肺结核流行特征

目的了解绍兴市学校肺结核流行特征,为学校肺结核防控提供依据。方法从结核病管理信息系统收集2011—2015年绍兴市全人群肺结核和学生肺结核疫情数据,采用描述性流行病学方法分析病例的三间分布和聚集性疫情特征。结果 2011—2015年绍兴市共报告学生肺结核病例520例,占全人群肺结核总报告病例数的4.43%,年均报告发病率为15.18/10万,呈逐年下降趋势(P0.05)。学生肺结核病例中,男女比为1.69∶1,以16~18岁为主(43.85%),报告高峰期为3—5月(32.88%),越城区报告最多(30.77%)。共报告9起学校肺结核聚集性疫情,主要发生在普通高中(66.67%);首发病例就诊延误率和确诊延误率分别为66.67%和33.33%。结论绍兴市学生肺结核发病总体呈下降趋势,高中和大学学生是肺结核的主要发病人群,应加强学校肺结核防控措施的落实。     

2011-2013年北京市大兴区托幼机构和学校的水痘流行病学分析

目的了解北京市大兴区托幼机构、学校学生水痘发病特点,为进一步做好学校、托幼机构水痘防控工作提供依据。方法收集2011-2013年北京市大兴区水痘个案病例和暴发疫情资料,采用描述流行病学方法分析流行病学特征。结果 2011-2013年北京市大兴区累计报告3 168例,年平均发病率75.06/10万,托幼儿童、学校学生水痘病例1 763例,占病例的55.65%;冬春季高发,男女性别发病比例1.49∶1,以小学段高发,占47.87%,自小学段起随着学段的提升,学生水痘发病率呈现下降趋势;接种Var V者的发热、出疹程度较未接种Var V者轻,80.52%的病例接种Var V与发病间隔≥3年;暴发疫情多发生在小学。结论应加强冬春季小学校学生水痘监测,努力提高Var V的免疫接种率,以降低水痘发病率、减少暴发疫情。     

2005～2009年北京市大兴区流行性腮腺炎流行病学特征

目的 了解北京市大兴区2005～2009年流行性腮腺炎的流行病学特征,为制定预防控制策略提供依据.方法 对2005～2009年大兴区流行性腮腺炎病例从年份、地区、人群等方面进行描述性流行病学分析.结果 2005～2009年大兴区报告流行性腮腺炎共1511例,发病率逐年下降;每月均有发病,以4～7月份最多,共581例,占38.45%;发病人群年龄以3～15岁组为主,占80.15%;病例集中在流动人口聚集的乡镇/街道;男性发病高于女性.结论 学生、幼托儿童是防控的重点人群,应加强对集体单位儿童的疫情监测,规范流腮疫苗接种,开展疫苗接种后及健康人群抗体水品监测等有效的综合防控措施.     

2016—2018年灌云县中小学生肺结核流行特征分析

目的 了解灌云县中小学校2016—2018年学生肺结核疫情流行特征,为有效地制定的学校结核病防控措施提供科学依据。方法 回顾分析2016—2018年灌云县辖区内学校学生肺结核疫情,采用SPSS 19.0软件进行描述性分析。结果 2016—2018年灌云县辖区内中小学校共发生16起肺结核疫情,发现25例学生肺结核患者,男生15例,女生10例,男女比例为1.5:1。发病年龄13～21岁,以15～19岁年龄组病例报告最多,占56%(14/25)。以 6—8月份报告的病例最多,占52%(13/25)。高中阶段发生疫情最多,占50.00%(8/16);其次为初中阶段,占31.25%(5/16);小学阶段仅占18.75%(3/16)。93.75%(15/16)的疫情发生于公办学校。2016—2018年学生肺结核发病率为7.19/10万,发病率呈逐年下降趋势(χ2=6.615,P=0.037)。小学生、初中生和高中生肺结核发病率分别1.42/10万、7.83/10万、32.33/10万,高中生发病率高于初中生(χ2=11.313,P=0.001),初中生发病率高于小学生(χ2=7.800,P=0.005)。2016年和2017年小学生未发现肺结核,高中生2016年肺结核发病率达78.30/10万,2017年发病率为18.96/10万,2018年无肺结核发生,发病率逐年下降(χ2=15.829,P<0.001)。学生肺结核发病率低于全人群发病率(χ2=50.714,P<0.001)。结论 灌云县中小学校学生肺结核发病率呈下降趋势,加强学生体检、加强健康教育、加强联防联控、加强主动监测是预防控制学生肺结核疫情的关键。     

2012—2021年厦门市湖里区肺结核流行状况分析

目的 了解近10年厦门市湖里区肺结核流行情况变化,为肺结核防治工作提供参考依据。方法 收集湖里区2012—2021年间全区肺结核监测报告数据,采用描述性流行病学方法分析不同年份肺结核的报告发病率、三间分布、就诊及治疗管理情况的区别。结果 2012—2021年,不同年度肺结核发病率差异有统计学意义,整体呈下降趋势(χ²=1 729.90,P<0.05);每年各月份均有报告肺结核病例,3月、7月报告病例数最多(390例、392例),合计占病例总数的19.69%;年龄集中在15～59岁,占病例总数的90.58%;职业以家务及待业和民工为主,合计占比56.39%;转诊是病例发现的主要来源,占比56.75%;诊断以病原学阴性为主,占比58.33%;77.57%病例为外市户籍,57.7%病例出现就诊延迟;肺结核治疗成功率达75.41%。结论 2012—2021年湖里区结核病发病率逐年下降,建议多举措提升防治工作质量以达到终止结核病流行的目的。     

2016—2021年北京市西城区哨点医院流感样病例监测结果分析

目的 分析2016—2021年北京市西城区哨点医院流感样病例（influenza-like illness,ILI）流行病学特征和流行性感冒（流感）病原学变化规律,为西城区做好流感疫情防控提供参考依据。方法 用描述流行病学方法对2016年第18周至2021年第17周北京市西城区哨点医院ILI信息进行流行病学分析,并对ILI监测结果进行病原学分析。结果 2016年第18周至2021年第17周北京市西城区哨点医院累计报告ILI 436 631例,门急诊病例数14 433 432例,ILI构成比为3.03%。5个年度ILI报告数均呈现冬春季高峰,其中2016—2017、2017—2018、2018—2019年度高峰时间相近,2019—2020年度高峰结束时间早于往年,2020—2021年度各时期流感样病例报告数均低于往年同期。各年度ILI发病均以<5岁人群为主,其次是5～<15岁人群。5个年度共采集ILI咽拭子标本12 882件,流感病毒阳性标本1 531件,总阳性率为11.88%。2016—2017、2017—2018、2018—2019年度的流感病毒阳性率较高,2019—20...     

2016年昭通市昭阳区肺结核疫情与空间分布特征分析

目的 了解云南省昭通市昭阳区肺结核流行现状,探讨肺结核病例空间分布特征.方法 对昭阳区2016年肺结核疫情资料进行描述流行病学和空间自相关分析.结果 2016年昭阳区肺结核报告发病率61.2254/10万,男性发病319例(占63.67%),女性182例(占36.33%),发病年龄主要集中在20岁~(111人,占22.16%)和40岁~(76人,占15.17%)年龄段,病例职业构成以农民(343人,占38.45%)为主.发病高峰为春季(1月—3月)和冬季(11月—12月).20个乡镇/街道均有病例报告,且病例分布存在空间聚集性,病例热点乡镇主要集中于昭阳区中部的城区和城乡结合部.结论 昭阳区2016年肺结核疫情有所下降,但城区肺结核病例负担仍较重.在今后的肺结核防控工作中应加强对城区和城乡结合部等热点区域内肺结核的监测以及患者治疗,加强宣传教育、严格执行DOTS策略.     

Arsenic,cadmium, cobalt,copper, lead,mercury, molybdenum,selenium and zinc concentrations in liver,kidney and muscle in Australian sheep

Matched muscle, liver and kidney samples from 152 sheep in different states of Australia were analysed for trace elements. Mean levels found in muscle, livers and kidneys were 0.010, 0.010 and 0.011 mg kg⁻¹ (fresh weight) for arsenic; 0.0035, 0.280 and 0.853 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium; 0.006, 0.060 and 0.044 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt; 0.74, 66.0 and 2.72 mg kg⁻¹ for copper; 0.007, 0.040 and 0.057 mg kg⁻¹ for lead; 0.0025, 0.0034 and 0.0061 mg kg⁻¹ for mercury; 0.014, 1.05 and 0.44 mg kg⁻¹ for molybdenum; 0.09, 0.31 and 0.95 mg kg⁻¹ for selenium; and 40.4, 37.2 and 20.8 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc. The lead, mercury and arsenic concentrations in meat and organs may be regarded as low, but the concentrations of cadmium in kidney and livers are sometimes relatively high. Apart from cadmium, lead and selenium, tissue trace element concentrations were not related to the age of the investigated animals. Differences in essential and non-essential trace element accumulation in sheep reared in different regions (states and territories) of Australia were also evaluated. Cadmium, lead and selenium were the only elements that appeared to show significant regional differences. Overall the results show that concentrations of the elements considered are within current acceptable ranges.     

Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and cardiovascular risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly attributable to differences in blood concentrations of homocysteine, and related blood concentrations of folate and vitamin B12. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 726 fasting subjects aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: Mean plasma total homocysteine concentrations did not show significant ethnic differences; values were Indians (men 16.2 and women 11.5 mumol/l), Malays (men 15.0 and women 12.5 mumol/l), and Chinese (men 15.3 and women 12.2 mumol/l). Similarly, the proportions with high plasma homocysteine (> 14.0 mumol/l) showed no important ethnic differences being, Indians (men 60.0 and women 21.9%), Malays (men 53.9 and women 37.8%), and Chinese (men 56.6 and women 30.6%). Mean plasma folate concentrations were lower in Indians (men 8.7 and women 10.9 nmol/l) and Malays (men 8.5 and women 10.8 nmol/l), than Chinese (men 9.7 and women 13.8 nmol/l). Similarly, the proportions with low plasma folate (< 6.8 nmol/l) were higher in Indians (men 44.9 and women 36.6%) and Malays (men 45.3 and women 24.5%) than Chinese (men 31.4 and women 12.6%). Mean plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were lowest in Indians (men 352.5 and women 350.7 pmol/l), then Chinese (men 371.1 and women 373.7 pmol/l), and then Malays (men 430.5 and women 486.0 pmol/l). CONCLUSION: While there were ethnic differences for plasma folate and vitamin B12 (in particular lower levels in Indians), there was no evidence that homocysteine plays any part in the differential ethnic risk from CHD in Singapore and in particular the increased susceptibility of Indians to the disease.     

Tuberculosis in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s

The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) cases and deaths were analyzed in order to characterize the epidemiological profile of TB (incidence and mortality) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s. Annual incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender, age bracket, and clinical forms of the disease using databases from the Tuberculosis Information System of the Bahia State Health Secretariat and the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. TB spatial distribution was analyzed according to health district. Cases and deaths were predominantly in males in the 15 to 39 year group. The pulmonary form showed the highest incidence and mortality. The existing data did not corroborate the hypothesis that AIDS/TB co-infection might contribute to maintaining the high mortality rates. The greater occurrence of tuberculosis in certain health districts may be associated with population density and unfavorable living conditions.     

Murine Typhus in Austin,Texas, USA, 2008

In August 2008, Texas authorities and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention investigated reports of increased numbers of febrile rash illnesses in Austin to confirm the causative agent as Rickettsia typhi, to assess the outbreak magnitude and illness severity, and to identify potential animal reservoirs and peridomestic factors that may have contributed to disease emergence. Thirty-three human cases of confirmed murine typhus were identified. Illness onset was reported from March to October. No patients died, but 23 (70%) were hospitalized. The case-patients clustered geographically in central Austin; 12 (36%) resided in a single ZIP code area. Specimens from wildlife and domestic animals near case-patient homes were assessed; 18% of cats, 44% of dogs, and 71% of opossums had antibodies reactive to R. typhi. No evidence of R. typhi was detected in the whole blood, tissue, or arthropod specimens tested. These findings suggest that an R. typhi cycle involving opossums and domestic animals may be present in Austin.     

Gender,play, language,and creativity in preschoolers

This study explored the effects of a child's gender and school setting on preschoolers' language abilities (receptive vocabulary), creativity, and social play. The participants were primarily European-American children who spoke English as a primary language (nine children were bilingual), and were from middle income socioeconomic backgrounds. There were 20 girls and 33 boys. Ages ranged from 3.11 to 6.60 years with a mean age of 4.66 years. On separate occasions, children individually completed the Goodenough-Harris Draw-a-Person Test and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV. We also recorded the children's social play using Howes and Matheson's [1992. Sequences in the development of competent play with peers: Social and social pretend play. Developmental Psychology, 28, 961–974] scale. We employed a time sampling approach and also notated the area in which the child was playing. We found that gender and school setting influenced children's language abilities and social play. For example, children in the preschool that engaged in pretend play with greater frequency performed well on the receptive vocabulary test. We also found that certain classroom areas generated different types of social play. We discuss the applied value of our findings as these relate to future research.     

Vitamins, selenium, iron, and coronary heart disease risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly because of differences in antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E, and selenium) and pro-oxidants (iron). DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 941 persons aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: There were moderate correlations between vitamin A and vitamin E, and between these vitamins and selenium. Mean plasma vitamins A and E were similar by ethnic group. Vitamin A concentration for Indians were (men 0.66 and women 0.51 mg/l), Malays (men 0.67 and women 0.54 mg/l), and Chinese (men 0.68 and women 0.52 mg/l). Vitamin E concentrations for Indians were (men 12.9 and women 12.8 mg/l), Malays (men 13.6 and women 13.3 mg/l), and Chinese (men 12.6 and women 12.6 mg/l). In contrast, mean plasma vitamin C concentrations were lower in Indians (men 5.7 and women 6.9 mg/l) and Malays (men 5.1 and women 6.4 mg/l) than Chinese (men 6.3 and women 8.4 mg/l). Mean serum selenium was lower in Indians (men 117 and women 115 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 122 and women 122 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 126 and women 119 micrograms/l). Mean serum ferritin was much lower in Indians (men 132 and women 50 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 175 and women 85 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 236 and women 92 micrograms/l). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Lower vitamin C and selenium in Indians, particularly in combination, could play a part in their increased risk of CHD. Vitamins A and E, and ferritin (iron) have no such role. Lower vitamin C in Indians and Malays is probably because of its destruction by more prolonged cooking. In Indians, lower selenium is probably because of a lower dietary intake and the much lower ferritin to a lower dietary intake of iron and its binding by phytates.