Incidence and timing of venous thromboembolism after surgery for gynecological cancer

Objective

This study aims to determine the incidence, timing, and risk factors of clinical venous thromboembolism.

Methods

A cohort of patients who had major gynecologic cancer surgery between 1998 and 2008 was identified. Secondarily, a nested case-control design wherein patients who had clinical VTE within 90 days after surgery were considered cases. Controls were matched on age, race, surgery date, and cancer site. Risk factors were evaluated for VTE within 90 days, and late VTE between 8 and 90 days.

Results

We identified 4158 women, 18 years or older, without a history of recent thrombosis. We observed 126 cases of clinical VTE within 90 days of surgery (incidence 4%) of which 96 (76%) occurred after post-operative day 7. In a multivariable model including age, ASA, BMI, race, and site of cancer, only ovarian cancer was a significant predictor for VTE within 90 days (HR 2.8; 95% CI 1.6, 5.0).In the nested case-control study, we identified hospital stay ≥ 5 days (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.5, 5.1) and prior VTE (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.1, 6.1) as significant risk factors for VTE within 90 days. Only hospital stay ≥ 5 days (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.3, 4.7) was significantly associated with late VTE between 8 and 90 days.

Conclusion

In gynecologic cancer patients, over 75% of VTE are detected more than 7 days after surgery. Patients with ovarian cancer, prolonged hospitalization, or a history of VTE are at highest risk of developing clinical VTE. Such patients would be optimal candidates for clinical trials evaluating extended VTE prophylaxis.     

Incidence of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: Women during pregnancy or puerperium have a higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The reported incidence of pregnancy-associated VTE from literature varied considerably. To summarize the overall incidence of the disease, we conducted this meta-analysis.

Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBase and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) for studies that reported the incidence of VTE during pregnancy or puerperium. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale and the meta-analysis was conducted using R software and Meta analyst Beta 3.13. Sensitivity analyses were performed to analyze the robustness of the results and publication bias was assessed using Egger's test.

Results: Twenty-seven articles met the inclusion criteria. The pooled incidence rate was 1.4‰ (1.0–1.8‰) for VTE, 1.1‰ (1.0–1.3‰) for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and 0.3‰ (0.2–0.4‰) for pulmonary embolism (PE). The weighted proportion of VTE postpartum was 57.5% and the pooled proportion of right-sided DVT was 27.9%. We noted substantial heterogeneity among individual studies.

Conclusions: Women during pregnancy or puerperium are associated with a higher morbidity of VTE. Physicians should be of high vigilance to pregnancy-associated VTE, especially for women postpartum.     

妊娠合并乙肝病毒感染与早产的相关性研究

目的分析妊娠相关静脉血栓栓塞症(pregnancy associated venous thromboembolism, PA-VTE)的临床特点。方法回顾性分析2010年10月至2019年4月年北京大学第三医院产科收治的PA-VTE 53例临床资料。结果(1) 53例患者中,30例(56.6%)发生于产褥期,23例(43.4%)发生于妊娠期;(2)肺栓塞4例(7.55%),均为急诊剖宫产术后发生;(3)晚期妊娠8例(15.1%),中期妊娠4例(7.5%),早期妊娠11例(20.8%),妊娠早中期VTE多合并非妊娠相关高危因素;(4)剖宫产后产褥期23例(76.7%),阴道分娩后7例(23.3%),均无VTE家族史。结论不同妊娠阶段PA-VTE致病因素不同,妊娠早期多与血栓前状态等非产科因素相关,随妊娠进展至产褥期,妊娠相关高危因素逐步增加,分娩期并发症是产褥期PA-VTE重要因素。     

Thrombophilia and the risk for venous thromboembolism during pregnancy, delivery, and puerperium

The main inherited thrombophilias (antithrombin deficiency, protein C and S deficiency, FVL, the prothrombin gene variant, and MTHFR C677T homozygotes) have a combined prevalence in Western European populations of 15% to 20%. One or more of these inherited thrombophilias is usually found in approximately 50% of women who have a personal history of VTE. Obstetricians must therefore be aware of the interaction between thrombophilias and the procoagulant state of pregnancy and should have an understanding of additional risk factors that may act synergistically with thrombophilias to induce VTE. Such knowledge combined with the appropriate use of thromboprophylaxis and treatment in women who have objectively confirmed VTE continue to improve maternal and perinatal outcomes.     

Management of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy

Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is the major cause of maternal death in the UK, with recent trends showing an increase in the numbers of deaths. Underlying PTE is the problem of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). An appreciation of risk factors, particularly, thrombophilia, and signs or symptoms suggestive of thromboembolism, coupled with objective diagnosis and treatment should reduce mortality and morbidity. There are particular considerations with regard to the management of thrombosis in pregnancy, especially the use of anticoagulants. Low-molecular-weight heparins are now replacing unfractionated heparin for the treatment of DVT and PTE in pregnancy.     

妊娠期及产褥期静脉血栓12例临床分析

目的 探讨妊娠期和产褥期静脉血栓的发生率,病因诊断,预防和治疗。方法 回顾性分析１９８４年１月至１９９７年１２月间,我院住院诊治的１２例妊娠期及产褥期深静脉血栓栓塞患者的临床资料,并对４例患者进行蛋白Ｃ、蛋白Ｓ、抗凝血酶Ⅲ活性和活化蛋白Ｃ抵抗（ＡＰＣ－Ｒ）的测定,同时进行凝血因子Ｖ（ＦＶ）１６９１位核苷酸基因变异（ＦＶ Ｌｅｉｄｅｎ变异）筛选。结果 ４例血栓发生在妊娠期,８例发生在产褥期;２例合并     

Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy

During pregnancy, women have a 4- to 5-fold increased risk of thromboembolism. Candidates for anticoagulation in pregnancy include women with current thrombosis, a history of thrombosis, risk factors for postpartum thrombosis, and some women with thrombophilia and a history of poor pregnancy outcome. Although, there are no large trials of anticoagulants in pregnancy and recommendations for their use are based on case series and the opinion of experts, observational studies demonstrate the benefit of heparins in reducing the risk of recurrent thromboembolism in pregnancy. A practical approach to the prevention and treatment of thromboembolism in pregnancy is outlined.     

妊娠和产褥期静脉血栓栓塞的临床特征及治疗

目的分析妊娠和产褥期静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)患者的临床特征、治疗方式及妊娠结局。方法本研究为回顾性研究。研究对象为2014年1月至2017年12月山西医科大学附属大医院血管外科收治的81例妊娠和产褥期VTE患者。根据VTE的发生时机,分析妊娠和产褥期发病患者的临床资料。采用t检验、秩和检验或χ^2检验(或Fisher精确概率法)对数据进行统计分析。结果(1)研究对象年龄为(30.9±5.2)岁,20例(24.7%)年龄≥35岁。妊娠期患者41例(50.6%),产褥期患者40例(49.4%)。产褥期发病的患者中,34例(85.0%)发生在产后30 d内。(2)VTE首发症状和体征主要表现为肿胀[43.4%,33/76,剔除5例单纯肺血栓栓塞症(pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE)患者]和疼痛(28.9%,22/76),以急性发病为主。血栓范围以周围型为主(61.8%,47/76),其中妊娠期患者多为周围型(80.0%,32/40),而产褥期患者以混合型为主(44.4%,16/36,χ^2=13.417)。血栓部位主要是下肢深静脉(74.1%,60/81),其中妊娠期患者下肢深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)较多(87.8%,36/41),而产褥期DVT合并PTE较多(30.0%,12/40,χ^2=7.961)。累及静脉以肌间静脉最多(72.4%,55/76),其中妊娠期患者主要累及肌间静脉(85.0%,34/40),而产褥期患者累及肌间(58.3%,21/36)、股(58.3%,21/36)、腘(50.0%,18/36)、髂(47.2%,17/36)、胫(44.4%,16/36)和腓(38.8%,14/36)等多条静脉。(3)占比例最高的危险因素是年龄≥35岁(24.7%,20/81);其次是抗凝血酶缺乏(23.5%,19/81)和妊娠期高血压疾病(21.0%,17/81)。不同危险因素在妊娠期和产褥期患者间的分布差异均无统计学意义。产褥期患者D-二聚体水平较高[1029(639~1778)与619(355~1117)μg/L,Z=-3.336,P<0.001]。(4)所有患者均行系统抗凝治疗。24例患者(29.6%,包括妊娠期5例,产褥期19例)因血栓范围广泛而行溶栓治疗。住院时间为(7.3±2.1)d。(5)41例妊娠期VTE患者中,治疗后9例(21.9%)选择引产,其余32例继续妊娠至分娩,包括26例剖宫产,6例经阴道分娩;8例(25.0%)为早产儿,1例(3.1%)为巨大儿。结论孕产妇相关VTE主要发生于妊娠晚期和产后30 d内。其中产褥期VTE累及静脉多、血栓范围广。对于年龄≥35岁、抗凝血酶缺乏或合并妊娠期高血压疾病的孕产妇,要尤其警惕VTE。妊娠期VTE可能影响患者的妊娠结局,要密切观察。     

The acute management of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy.

Pulmonary thromboembolism is the leading cause of maternal death in the UK. Optimal management of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism requires an appreciation of risk factors, particularly thrombophilia, and signs or symptoms suggestive of venous thromboembolism, along with objective diagnosis and treatment with anticoagulants. Low molecular weight heparins are now replacing unfractionated heparin for the treatment of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism in pregnancy because of the lower risk of side effects, ease of administration and reduced need for monitoring.     

Incidence of and risk factors for thromboembolism during pregnancy and postpartum: A 10-year nationwide population-based study

ObjectiveKnowledge of the incidence of pregnancy-related thromboembolism and its risk factors is clinically important because thromboembolism is the leading cause of maternal death. However, there are insufficient large population-based studies on this topic. The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence of and identify the risk factors for thromboembolism during pregnancy and puerperium.Materials and methodsWe analyzed data from 2007 to 2016 using the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) database. Women who gave birth in the Republic of Korea were identified. Thromboembolism was defined as the simultaneous presence of both the diagnostic and test codes. Risk factors for thromboembolism were identified using logistic regression.ResultsA total of 1,188 delivery episodes with thromboembolism were extracted from 4,243,393 delivery episodes. The incidence of thromboembolism was 0.28 per 1,000 deliveries, and it increased over the 10-year period. The incidence of antepartum thromboembolism was 0.1 per 1,000 deliveries (418 cases), and the incidence of postpartum thromboembolism was 0.18 per 1,000 deliveries (770 cases). Thromboembolism was associated with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, low socioeconomic status, multiple birth, cesarean birth, preeclampsia, postpartum hemorrhage, placenta previa, advanced maternal age, hyperemesis and primiparity. The factors associated with mortality from thromboembolism were cesarean birth and preterm premature rupture of membranes.ConclusionThe incidence of pregnancy-related thromboembolism increased over the 10-year study period. Low socioeconomic status, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, cesarean delivery and premature rupture of membranes were high-risk factors. This study provides an important reference for thromboprophylaxis for pregnancy-related thromboembolism.     

妊娠期及产褥期合并颅内静脉窦血栓患者的临床特点及结局

目的 探讨妊娠期及产褥期合并颅内静脉窦血栓的临床特点及结局.方法 选择2002年1月-2009年10月首都医科大学宣武医院住院并分娩的孕产妇共15 652 例,发生颅内静脉窦血栓24例,其中发生于妊娠期7例,产褥期17例.对24例妊娠期及产褥期合并颅内静脉窦血栓患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,分析患者的发病原因、临床表现、影像学检查及其他辅助检查、治疗及结局等.结果 (1)发生率及发病原因:妊娠期及产褥期合并颅内静脉窦血栓发生率为0.15%(24/15 652),其中,发生于产褥期17例(71%,17/24),妊娠期7例(29%,7/24).24例患者中,合并重度子痫前期5例,妊娠剧吐5例,贫血1例;自然分娩后发生9例,剖宫产术分娩后发生8例.(2)临床表现:24例患者中,22例(92%,22/24)出现头痛,16例(67%,16/24)出现恶心呕吐,15例(63%,15/24)出现抽搐,6例(25%,6/24)出现视物不清.入院时意识不清8例(33%,8/24),一侧肢体活动障碍3例(13%,3/24),合并发热8例(33%,8/24).(3)影像学检查及其他辅助检查:行数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查12例,磁共振成像(MRI)及磁共振静脉血管造影(MRV)检查23例;显示上矢状窦血栓形成15例;眼底检查示视神经乳头水肿4例,13例患者的脑脊液常规及生化检测结果基本正常;高脂血症6例,部分活化凝血活酶时间(AFTT)异常7例,国际标准化比值(INR)异常5例,血小板计数异常升高3例,D二聚体阳性4例,血红蛋白<10 g/L 1例,红细胞压积(HCT)异常4例,10例血纤维蛋白原(Fib)结果>4 g/L,,(4)治疗经过及妊娠结局:7例妊娠期颅内静脉窦血栓患者中,2例孕晚期合并重度子痫前期患者立即行剖宫产术结束妊娠,术后积极降压、解痉、脱水、抗凝治疗后,母子痊愈出院.5例妊娠早期合并颅内静脉窦血栓患者中,1例行钳刮术后抗凝治疗,痊愈出院;2例行血管内溶栓治疗后病情好转,痊愈出院1例,存留功能障碍1例(右侧肢体偏瘫);2例死亡.17例产褥期发生颅内静脉窦血栓患者,予以抗凝等综合治疗10例,其中痊愈4例.存留功能障碍5例(肢体偏瘫3例,肢体偏瘫+不完全运动性失语1例,视物模糊1例),死亡1例;予以血管内溶栓治疗7例,痊愈3例,存留功能障碍3例(失明+头痛1例,偏瘫2例),死亡1例.24例患者中,采用全身抗凝治疗14例,其中痊愈7例,存留功能障碍5例,死亡2例;血管内溶栓治疗10例,其中痊愈4例,存留功能障碍4例,死亡2例.结论 孕产妇合并颅内静脉窦血栓多发生于产褥期,以上矢状窦血栓多见,DSA诊断本病准确率高.全身抗凝治疗及血管内溶栓治疗均有较好的疗效,但容易存留不同程度的功能障碍及高病死率.及时诊断治疗妊娠期及产褥期合并颅内静脉窦血栓可改善其结局.     

妊娠期及产褥期静脉血栓栓塞症风险评估及预防

目的:评估妊娠期及产褥期女性的静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)发生风险,明确风险因素,并予以针对性预防,为探索妊娠相关VTE风险评估及预防策略提供依据.方法:根据2015年英国皇家妇产科医师学会(RCOG)妊娠期及产褥期静脉血栓栓塞疾病诊治指南推荐量表,对2018年11月1日至2019年12月31日在首都医科大学附属北京妇产医...     

妊娠期及产褥期静脉血栓栓塞16例临床分析

目的 探讨妊娠期和产褥期静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)的高危因素、病因、诊断、治疗和预防. 方法 对1992年1月至2011年4月间本院收治的16例妊娠期及产褥期VTE患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.采用病例对照研究方法,配对t检验比较VTE患者(病例组)发生VTE前与正常孕妇(对照组)血常规及凝血功能的差异. 结果 收治的16例VTE患者经彩色多普勒超声或CT肺动脉造影确诊,5例(31.2％)发生于妊娠期,11例(68.8％)发生于产褥期;2例(12.5％)继发肺血栓栓塞;≥35岁者6例(37.5％);有妊娠合并症或并发症者12例(75.0％).病例组发病前红细胞压积为0.29±0.06,低于对照组(0.39±0.02),差异有统计学意义(t=4.56,P=0.01),但组间凝血功能的差异无统计学意义.经抗凝、手术及对症支持等治疗,15例VTE患者恢复良好出院,1例继发肺血栓栓塞患者因合并风湿性心脏病,在抗凝治疗后仍持续性休克,放置下腔静脉滤网后行溶栓治疗,但出现持续呼吸道出血,抢救无效死亡. 结论 产褥期较妊娠期更易发生VTE,筛查VTE的实验室指标仍需进一步研究,抗凝是VTE的首选治疗方法.对有VTE高危因素的孕产妇应积极预防、早期诊治,以减少并发症及远期后遗症的发生.     

Cerebral venous thrombosis and hepatic venous thrombosis during pregnancy

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) and Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) are rarely encountered thrombotic diseases of two different vascular systems. A 20-year-old woman in the 14th week of pregnancy was brought to the emergency department with complaints of sudden headache and loss of vision. Thrombosis in the left transverse and sigmoid sinus was demonstrated at MR angiography. She was diagnosed with BCS by using hepatic Doppler ultrasonography after an elevation of liver enzymes. Although CVT and BCS are rarely seen during pregnancy, they need emergency treatment because of high mortality.     

Association between inherited thrombophilias,antiphospholipid antibodies,and lipoprotein A levels and venous thromboembolism in pregnancy

The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pregnancy with thrombophilic factors. Thirty pregnant women with VTE were compared with 30 pregnant women matched by age and race without VTE and evaluated for risk factors and thrombophilia. Statistical analysis used two-tailed Fisher's exact test. VTE distribution was 30% in first trimester, 9% in 2nd trimester, 26% in 3rd trimester and 35% postpartum. Seventeen (57%) of VTE cases versus 2 (7%) of control cases had specific thrombophilia diagnosis ( p <0.001). The results were: Factor V Leiden mutation (27 vs. 3%) p = 0.026, MTHFR homozygous 677 mutation (10 vs. 44%) p = 0.017, prothrombin gene mutation (11 vs. 0%), protein C deficiency (7 vs. 0%), antiphospholipid antibodies (27 vs. 3%) p = 0.026, mean lipoprotein levels 49 versus 23 mg/dL, p = 0.008, mean homocysteine levels 7.8 versus 7.1 umol/L. An association is suggested between thromboembolic events in pregnancy and thrombophilia, especially Factor V Leiden gene mutation and elevated antiphospholipid antibodies. A new finding is the association of elevated lipoprotein A levels with thromboembolic events in pregnancy.