Corrélation Entre La Consommation D’Antibiotiques Et Les Taux D’Antibiorésistance Chez P. Æruginosa Dans Un Service De Réanimation Des Brûlés Tunisien: Étude Sur 6 Ans (2014-2019)

Antibiotics are one of the greatest advances in modern medicine. Antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious threats to global health, aggravating the prognosis of immunocompromised patients, especially burn patients. Our objective was to study the consumption of antibiotics of critical importance according to the WHO and the correlation between antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas æruginosa and the consumption of these antibiotics. Our study took place in the Medical Laboratory in collaboration with the Trauma and Burn Center’s Burn Unit in Tunisia. In our retrospective study, 1384 non-repetitive strains of Pseudomonas æruginosa responsible for colonization or infection were included, between January 2012 and December 2019. Pseudomonas æruginosa was the most isolated bacterial strain in the service, with an average rate of 15.9% of the service’s bacterial ecology. The antibiotic resistance rates tested were high: 77.1% to piperacillin-tazobactam, 56% to ceftazidime, 74.9% to imipenem, 78.8% to amikacin, 54.7% to ciprofloxacin and 32.8% to fosfomycin. Among our strains, 81.8% were multi drug-resistant strains. The analysis of the correlation between the level of consumption of antibiotics and the antibiotic resistance levels in Pseudomonas æruginosa showed that the increased consumption of piperacillin-tazobactam increased resistance not only to piperacillin-tazobactam but also to imipenem and amikacin as well as multi drug resistance. Similarly, the increase in the consumption of fosfomycin correlates with resistance to piperacillin-tazobactam and imipenem.     

烧伤病房鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性及OXA基因型检测

目的:了解烧伤病房患者创面鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性和OXA碳青霉烯酶基因携带情况,为预防和控制多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染提供依据.方法:收集2013年1月—2015年12月皖南医学院第一附属医院烧伤整形外科收治2572例患者创面分泌物进行细菌培养;使用VITEK2 Compact型全自动微生物检测仪鉴定鲍曼不动杆菌,通过药敏实验检测其对18种抗菌药物的敏感性;应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法检测4种OXA碳青霉烯酶基因(OXA-23-like、OXA-24-like、OXA-51-like、OXA-58-like)的携带情况,并对其中10株进行OXA-23-like基因测序.结果:分离出44株鲍曼不动杆菌,对亚胺培南耐药率为79.55%(27株),对米诺环素及替加环素的耐药率较低,分别为20.45%(9株)和31.82%(14株),对庆大霉素耐药率高达100%,对其他抗菌药物也具有较高的耐药率(59.09%~97.73%).所有菌株OXA-51-like基因均为阳性,共有35株OXA-23-like基因阳性(阳性率79.55%),均未检测到OXA-24-like基因和OXA-58-like基因.结论:鲍曼不动杆菌呈多重耐药现象,对米诺环素耐药率最低,我院创面鲍曼不动杆菌主要耐药机制可能与OXA-23-like基因有关.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acinetobacter baumannii</Emphasis> Infections in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit: Predictors of Multi-drug Resistance

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate Acinetobacter baumannii infections incidence in our Surgical Intensive Care Unit, clinical features and outcome of these patients, and multi-resistance incidence to identify predictors of such a resistance. METHODS: Prospective study of all patients with ICU-acquired Acinetobacter baumannii infection from June 1, 2003 to May 31, 2005. Patients with multi-resistant infection, susceptible exclusively to colistin, were compared with those sustaining non-multi-drug resistant infection. RESULTS: Among 411 patients, 52 (12.6%) developed Acinetobacter infection. Their mean age was 66.3 +/- 8.4 years and APACHE II 20.4 +/- 7.3 (men: 51.9%). Infection sites were: bloodstream (46.2%), respiratory tract (32.7%), central venous catheter (11.5%), surgical site (7.7%), and urinary tract (1.9%). High multi-resistance (44.2%), morbidity (63.4%), and mortality (44.2%) were identified. Colistin was the most effective antibiotic (100% susceptibility), whereas resistance against all other antibiotics was >60%. Previous septic shock (p = 0.04), previous adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (p = 0.01), number of previous antibiotics (p = 0.01), previous aminoglycoside use (p = 0.04), and reoperation (p = 0.01) were risk factors for multi-resistance in univariate analysis. Morbidity in the multi-resistant group was significantly higher than the non-multi-resistant group (82.6% vs. 48.2%, p = 0.02). Mortality in the multi-resistant group also was higher; however, this difference did not marginally reach statistical significance (60.8% vs. 31.1%, p = 0.06). Multivariate analysis identified previous septic shock (p = 0.04; odds ratio (OR), 9.83; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.003-96.29) and reoperation (p = 0.01; OR, 8.45; 95% CI, 1.52-46.85) as independent predictors of multi-resistance. CONCLUSION: Acinetobacter baumannii infections are frequent and associated with high morbidity, mortality, and multi-resistance. Avoidance of unnecessary antibiotics is a high priority, and specific attention should be paid to patients with previous ARDS and, particularly, previous septic shock and reoperation. When such risk factors are identified, colistin may be the only appropriate treatment.     

Acinetobacter-- serious danger for burn patients

A retrospective study of infection in burn patients admitted to the Clinic for Burns and Reconstructive Surgery Kosice-Saca in the period 2003 to 2006 confirms the increased trend of Acinetobacter (Acb) strains, as a multi-drug-resistant potential pathogen. Over 270 patients are admitted every year to our burn clinic with serious burn injuries, and 75 (on average) to the ICU. Since 1992 the bacterial strain A. baumannii has been sporadically isolated from the wound swabs of the patients admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICU); in 1999 there was a rapid increase in the number of isolates of A. baumannii with increasing resistance to the usual antimicrobials, without clinical manifestation. In 2003, 11% of all hospitalized patients were colonized with A. baumannii, but in 2004 the figure for patients in ICU was 10%. In 2006, 3 patients developed sepsis, 5 patients had uroinfection, 2 patients had pneumonia, and 7 patients had serious wound infections. Wound colonization was confirmed in 17 patients that year. A. baumanii resistance significantly increased after 2003, before the introduction of effective antibiotics against A. baumannii: Ampicilin/Sulbactam (from 16% to 55%), Gentamycin (72%-90%), and Meropenem (from 0% to 4%). The first multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii was recorded in 2006 in 8 patients (11%); two patients died of sepsis. Consequently, intensive surveillance of A. baumannii isolates was initiated. The objectives of this investigation were to define the epidemiology of the outbreak and to determine the risk factors for colonization or infection with A. baumannii.     

基层医院院内下呼吸道感染铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌耐药分析

目的：了解基层医院院内下呼吸道感染铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药情况,为合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法 BACT/ALERT 3D select抗菌药物敏感测定箱法检测淮南新华医院2007年1月至2011年12月痰标本分离获得的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南等16种抗菌药物的药敏结果,并按美国国家临床实验室标准委员会2009年标准进行判断,用WHONET 5.0软件分析数据。结果本院近5年共分离出铜绿假单胞菌796株、鲍曼不动杆菌101株。耐药性分析显示铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的敏感率最高（3.85%～14%）、其次为阿米卡星（12.7%～27.5%）;鲍曼不动杆菌对所有抗菌药物的敏感率均较低（＜40%）。结论铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药在基层医院很严重,需要严格掌握抗菌药物使用。     

急性胆道感染患者胆汁病原菌分布及耐药率变迁

目的探讨急性胆道感染患者胆汁病原菌分布和耐药率的变化趋势。方法回顾性分析2009年7月至2019年7月于上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院普通外科行胆囊穿刺或内镜下逆行胰胆管造影引流的223例急性胆道感染患者的临床资料,男性141例,女性82例,年龄67.3岁(范围:28~93岁)。每例患者抽取胆汁3~5 ml,送至检验科细菌培养室,对胆汁进行细菌培养、鉴定和药物敏感性试验。按照患者就诊时间分为前、后两组,前组(n=124)的收治时间为2009年7月至2014年7月,后组(n=99)的收治时间为2014年8月至2019年7月,对比两组患者的病原菌分布及常见细菌的耐药率变化趋势。采用WHO细菌监测网提供的WHONET软件对药物敏感性试验结果进行分析。不同时间段耐药率的比较采用χ²检验。结果本研究包括急性胆管炎患者147例,急性胆囊炎患者76例,共培养出病原菌376株。其中革兰阳性菌98株(26.1%),革兰阴性菌269株(71.5%),真菌9株(2.4%)。革兰阳性菌中前3位为屎肠球菌(49.0%,48/98)、粪肠球菌(20.4%,20/98)、铅黄肠球菌(7.1%,7/98);革兰阴性菌中前5位为大肠埃希菌(33.5%,90/269)、肺炎克雷伯菌(13.8%,37/269)、铜绿假单胞菌(13.0%,35/269)、鲍曼不动杆菌(12.6%,34/269)、阴沟肠杆菌(4.8%,13/269)。2009年至2019年急性胆道感染患者胆汁中革兰阳性菌(前组∶后组为25.3%∶28.2%)与革兰阴性菌(前组∶后组为74.7%∶71.8%)的比例无明显变化。革兰阳性菌以肠球菌属(85.7%,84/98)为主,革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌(33.5%,90/269)为主。前组中鲍曼不动杆菌占革兰阴性菌比例为7.8%(11/142),后组为18.1%(23/127),比例较前5年上升10.3%;铜绿假单胞菌在前组中比例为16.9%(24/142),后组为8.7%(11/127),比例下降8.2%;其余菌株变化不显著。常见革兰阴性菌中,肺炎克雷伯菌对大部分抗菌药物的耐药率呈上升趋势(前组:0/15~4/13,后组:55.0%~70.0%;χ²=3.996~16.942,P=0.000~0.046);鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率总体较高,但在前、后两组中的耐药率无较大变化;铜绿单胞菌属对抗菌药物的耐药率有升有降;大肠埃希菌的总体耐药率较平稳,呈轻度上升趋势。结论急性胆道感染患者胆汁病原菌中以革兰阴性菌为主,2009年至2019年各种革兰阴性菌的构成比无明显变化,但耐药率呈上升趋势;革兰阴性菌中,大肠埃希菌是最主要病原菌,感染比例无明显变化,鲍曼不动杆菌的感染比例大幅上升,铜绿假单胞菌的感染比例呈下降趋势。     

结核患者下呼吸道感染菌群分布及药敏分析

目的探讨肺结核并发下呼吸道感染者病原菌分布特点及耐药性,分析肺结核并发下呼吸道感染的危险因素。方法2011年1月至2013年12月对住院肺结核患者进行细菌分离及药敏试验,分析影响患者下呼吸道感染的危险因素。结果485例肺结核住院患者中并发下呼吸道感染125例（25．77％）,共分离病原菌425株,其中革兰阳性球菌165株（38．82％）,革兰阴性杆菌228株（53．65％）,真菌32株（7．53％）。革兰阳性菌对利奈唑胺敏感性较高,铜绿假单胞菌对氨曲南、头孢他啶及头孢吡肟敏感,肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢吡肟敏感,大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、派拉西林及环丙沙星敏感性高,鲍曼不动杆菌对常规抗菌药物均表现为耐药。年龄、病程、病灶、抗菌药物应用种类及住院时间是影响肺结核并发下呼吸道感染的危险因素。结论肺结核并发呼吸道感染者细菌耐药性较高,临床应加强对高龄、病程长、病灶多、住院时间长等高危患者的管理,合理应用抗菌药物,加强对患者耐药性观察,可有效降低肺结核并发下呼吸道感染的发病率。     

武汉市第三医院烧伤重症监护病房三年间鲍氏不动杆菌分布及耐药性变化

目的 了解烧伤ICU鲍氏不动杆菌临床分布特征及耐药性变化,寻找与其感染相关的危险因素,为制定防治该菌株感染的策略提供参考. 方法 2006年1月-2008年12月,收集笔者单位烧伤ICU 156例患者的血液、静脉导管、痰液、创面分泌物及咽拭标本,行细菌培养.分析3年间细菌分布情况,检测细菌耐药性,行鲍氏不动杆菌感染相关危险因素分析.用WHONET 5.3软件处理细菌耐药率数据,对其他数据行x2检验与Logistic回归分析. 结果 3年间共检出鲍氏不动杆菌92株,在2006、2007、2008年各年度检出总菌株数中比例分别为23.1%(30/130)、27.5%(25/91)、28.2%(37/131).菌株来源:来自创面分泌物41株占44.6%,咽拭、痰液标本均检出14株各占15.2%,血液标本检出13株占14.1%,静脉导管10株占10.9%.除头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和亚胺培南外,所获鲍氏不动杆菌菌株对临床常用的10种抗生素平均耐药率均达50.0%以上.烧伤总面积(x2=24.374,P=0.000)、机械通气(x2=8.968,P=0.003)、抗生素使用时间(x2=3.981,P=0.046)、深静脉置管(x2=9.170,P=0.002)是引起烧伤ICU鲍氏不动杆菌感染的危险因素,前二者为独立危险因素. 结论 笔者单位烧伤ICU鲍氏不动杆菌广泛耐药且检出率呈逐年增加趋势.严格执行无菌操作及隔离措施,规范性使用抗生素,避免气管切开及深静脉置管等侵入性操作或缩短其时间,对预防和控制鲍氏不动杆菌感染有重要意义.     

The gastrointestinal tract. The "undrained abscess" of multiple organ failure.

OBJECTIVE: This study determined the association between proximal gastrointestinal (GI) colonization and the development of intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired infection and multiple organ failure (MOF) in a population of critically ill surgical patients. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: ICU-acquired infection in association with progressive organ system dysfunction is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in critical surgical illness. Oropharyngeal and gastric colonization with the characteristic infecting species is common, but its association with ICU morbidity is poorly defined. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of 41 surgical ICU patients was undertaken. Specimens of gastric and upper small bowel fluid were obtained for quantitative culture; the severity of organ dysfunction was quantitated by a numeric score. RESULTS: One or more episodes of ICU-acquired infection developed in 33 patients and involved at least one organism concomitantly cultured from the upper GI tract in all but 3. The most common organisms causing ICU-acquired infection--Candida, Streptococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas, and coagulase-negative Staphylococci--were also the most common species colonizing the proximal GI tract. Gut colonization correlated with the development of invasive infection within 1 week of culture for Pseudomonas (90% vs. 13% in noncolonized patients, p < 0.0001) or Staphylococcus epidermidis (80% vs. 6%, p < 0.0001); a weaker association was seen for colonization with Candida. Infections associated with GI colonization included pneumonia (16 patients), wound infection (12 patients), urinary tract infection (11 patients), recurrent (tertiary) peritonitis (11 patients), and bacteremia (10 patients). ICU mortality was greater for patients colonized with Pseudomonas (70% vs. 26%, p = 0.03); organ dysfunction was most marked in patients colonized with one or more of the following: Candida, Pseudomonas, or S. epidermidis. CONCLUSIONS: The upper GI tract is an important reservoir of the organisms causing ICU-acquired infection. Pathologic GI colonization is associated with the development of MOF in the critically ill surgical patient.     

碳青霉烯类药物暴露对鲍曼不动杆菌感染多重耐药及预后影响

目的探讨碳青霉烯类药物暴露对鲍曼不动杆菌（AB）感染多重耐药及预后的影响。 方法回顾性分析2016年4月至2018年4月惠州市第一人民医院确诊的120例院内感染者的临床资料,依据碳青霉烯类抗菌药物暴露情况分为两组,即碳青霉烯类抗菌药物暴露组（59例）和非碳青霉烯类抗菌药物暴露组（61例）,比较两组患者AB感染、多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌（MDRAB）检出率,分析耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌（CRAB）检出率和耐药率;Logistic回归模型分析影响AB感染者预后的危险因素。 结果碳青霉烯类抗菌药物暴露组患者AB感染率、MDRAB检出率均显著高于非碳青霉烯类抗菌药物暴露组,差异均有统计学意义（79.66% vs. 19.67%,χ²_AB = 43.184、P < 0.001;71.19% vs. 3.28%,χ²_MDRAB = 59.558、P < 0.001）。检出CRAB共92株,其中2017年至2018年CRAB检出率较2016年至2017年增长87.50%。92株CRAB对头孢类、碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、庆大霉素、磷霉素等均有不同程度耐药,仅对阿米卡星和环丙沙星敏感。碳青霉烯类抗菌药物暴露组病死率显著高于非碳青霉烯类抗菌药物暴露组,差异有统计学意义（42.37% vs. 9.84%,χ² = 16.572、P < 0.001）。单因素分析显示：AB感染者预后不良与入住ICU时间（χ² = 8.563、P = 0.003）、机械通气（χ² =10.898、P = 0.001）、留置尿管（χ² =12.725、P < 0.001）、留置中心静脉置管（χ² = 6.306、P = 0.012）、头孢类药物使用（χ² = 25.095、P < 0.001）、碳青霉烯类药物暴露（χ² = 33.005、P < 0.001）以及联合抗菌药物应用（χ² = 8.241、P = 0.004）均相关,差异均具有统计学意义。Logistic分析显示：碳青霉烯类药物暴露与AB感染者预后独立相关（OR = 10.687、95%CI：0.025～0.937、P < 0.001）。 结论碳青霉烯类抗菌药物暴露可增加AB感染机率,导致多重耐药,为AB感染者预后不良的独立危险因素。     

烧伤患者难愈性创面多重耐药菌回顾性分析

目的分析烧伤外科病房难愈性创面多重耐药菌（MDRO）定植感染情况，为临床感染防控提供依据。 方法对2012年1月至2017年12月中国人民解放军海军第九〇五医院烧伤外科住院患者难愈性创面的细菌学资料进行调查，回顾性分析MDRO的分布、检出率及特殊耐药情况。 结果难愈性创面分离出270株MDRO，其中革兰阳性菌128株（47.41%），革兰阴性菌142株（52.59%）。居前5位的MDRO依次为金黄色葡萄球菌（125株）、铜绿假单胞菌（56株）、大肠埃希菌（30株）、肺炎克雷伯菌（19株）和鲍曼不动杆菌（18株）。MDRO平均检出率为77.14%，以上前5位MDRO检出率分别为88.65%、65.12%、90.91%、100.00%和90.00%。特殊耐药菌株中，耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌共118株，碳青霉烯类耐药的铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌分别为42株、12株和5株。 结论烧伤外科病房难愈性创面MDRO分布广泛、检出率高，应采取有效的感染防控措施。     

Bacteremia associated with central venous catheter infection is not an independent predictor of outcomes

Background: Infection is the leading complication of central venous catheters. In the setting of suspected line infection, the CDC recognizes only catheter-related bloodstream infection but not catheter infection without bacteremia, which is designated “colonization.” To evaluate the hypothesis that catheter-related bloodstream infection has worse outcomes than catheter infection without bacteremia, we compared demographics, clinical data, and outcomes.

Study Design: Analysis of catheter infections was performed on data collected prospectively for all episodes of infection occurring from December 1996 to September 1999 on the surgical services at a university hospital. Catheter tips were cultured only when infection was suspected. Catheter infection without bacteremia was defined as systemic evidence of infection, the presence of at least 15 colony-forming units on the catheter tip by a semiquantitative technique, and absence of bloodstream infection with the same organism as the catheter. Catheter-related bloodstream infection required the presence of bacteremia with the same organism as the catheter tip.

Results: The 59 patients with catheter-related bloodstream infection had more coexistent infections than the 91 patients with catheter infection without bacteremia (2.9 ± 0.1 versus 1.7 ± 0.1; p = 0.0001), most commonly pneumonia (37.3% versus 16.5%, p = 0.004) and urinary tract infections (28.8% versus 8.8%, p = 0.001). Catheter-related bloodstream infection was associated with an increased proportion of gram-negative organisms compared with catheter infections without bacteremia (29.5% versus 16.9%, p = 0.04) and a trend toward fewer gram-positive organisms (61.5% versus 73.7%, p = 0.07). There were no differences in APACHE II score, WBC, length of hospital stay, time from admission to fever, time from fever to treatment, normalization of WBC, days of antibiotics, defervescence, gender, presence of comorbidities, occurrence of colonization while in an ICU, or mortality rate (18.6% with bacteremia, 24.2% without; p = 0.42).

Conclusions: The presence of bloodstream infection in addition to catheter infection does not appear to alter outcomes. The definition of catheter infection perhaps should be extended to include catheter infections without bloodstream infection in the presence of systemic illness without another source.     

烧伤创面多重耐药鲍氏不动杆菌同源性和碳青霉烯酶基因型及整合子研究

目的 明确甘肃省人民医院烧伤病房多重耐药鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性、同源性及与整合子的关系. 方法 31株多重耐药鲍氏不动杆菌分离自该院烧伤住院患者创面分泌物标本.采用琼脂稀释法测定鲍氏不动杆菌对11种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析菌株的同源性:PCR扩增I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类整合酶及整合酶阳性菌株的整合子基因盒,进行序列分析;分析亚胺培南耐药菌株的碳青霉烯酶基因型. 结果 鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为45.2%、48.4%、48.4%、41.0%,对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、环丙沙星、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、氨曲南和哌拉西林的耐药率均在80.0%以上.所有菌株PFGE分型共分为A、B、C 3型,A克隆18株、B克隆7株、C克隆6株.20株细菌整合子扩增阳性,携带有aadA1、aadA5、aacA4、aac3、aacC1、aac(6')-Ib、catB8、drfA17和drf8基因,介导对氨基糖苷类抗生素、氯霉素、甲氧苄啶的耐药.14株亚胺培南耐药的菌株均产OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶. 结论 多重耐药鲍氏不动杆菌在该院烧伤病房播散,以A克隆为主;鲍氏不动杆菌整合子主要介导对氨基糖苷类抗生素及氯霉素的耐药性,碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药鲍氏不动杆菌均产OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶.     

体外膜肺氧合支持治疗患者的感染危险因素分析

目的分析体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持患者的医院感染因素。 方法收集广东省中山市人民医院2009年1月至2014年3月行ECMO支持患者的医院感染资料,并进行回顾性分析。 结果75例患者中发生医院感染20例,感染率26.7%。分离病原菌58株,其中革兰阴性菌43株(74.1%),革兰阳性菌15株(25.9%)。多重耐药菌株高度集中,以鲍曼不动杆菌(21株,36.2 %)、铜绿假单胞菌(18株,31.0 %)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(11株,20.0 %)为主。感染组平均住院时间为36.5 d,显著长于非感染组的7.0 d,差异有统计学意义(Z＝－2.090,P<0.05);感染组ECMO支持时间>48 h者占95.0%,显著高于非感染组的52.7%,差异也有统计学意义(χ²＝11.375,P＝0.001)。ECMO支持时间延长会延长住院时间,但未增加病死率;高水平乳酸增加患者的病死率(Z＝－2.598,P<0.05)。 结论行ECMO支持治疗继发感染与住院时间、ECMO支持时间有明显相关性,医院应对此作出相应的预防措施,减少ECMO继发感染的发生。     

Subclavian hemodialysis catheter infections

One hundred sixteen subclavian hemodialysis catheter placements in 88 patients were prospectively evaluated for catheter-related infections. Semiquantitative culture techniques and a rigid infection control protocol were used. The overall catheter colonization rate was 21.6% and catheter-associated bacteremia occurred in 9.4%. Catheters removed from febrile patients had much higher colonization (48.3%) and bacteremia (34.5%) rates. In a randomized study comparing infection rates in catheters tunneled subcutaneously or not tunneled, there was no significant difference in the incidence of infection. Catheters inserted over a guidewire to replace clotted or malfunctioning catheters were not associated with higher infection rates.     

综合医院普外科医院感染病原菌与耐药分析

目的探讨综合医院普通外科医院感染病原菌分布特点及耐药性,为预防和控制医院感染,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2011年1月至2013年12月普外科病房74例医院感染病例送检标本中培养分离出的149株病原菌的分布及耐药性,利用SPSSl7．0软件进行分析,计数资料采用率、构成比描述,率的比较采用,检验。P〈0．01为差异有统计学意义。结果普外科感染部位依次为下呼吸道（33．33％）、血液（15。15％）和腹腔（13．13％）。149株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌109株（73．15％）,革兰阳性球菌20株（13．42％）,真菌20株（13．42％）;感染的革兰阴性杆菌中,位居前3位依次为鲍曼不动杆菌（26．85％）,大肠埃希菌（17．45％）,铜绿假单胞菌（14．09％）。革兰阳性球菌中,依次为D群屎肠球菌（5．37％）、人葡萄球菌（3．36％）和表皮葡萄球菌（1．34％）。分析了2304例普外科手术病例,术后肺部感染率1．82％,手术部位感染率2．39％;与全院患者肺部感染率3．12％,手术部位感染率7．90％相比,差异均有统计学意义（r=11．95,,=93．33,P〈0．01）。对抗菌药物产生耐药：鲍曼不动杆菌51．52％,大肠埃希菌42．42％,铜绿假单咆菌24．24％（耐药率在71．3％～100％）。结论普通外科临床病原菌耐药呈上升趋势,多药耐药日趋严重,加强普外科病原菌耐药性检测,根据药敏试验结果用药,对防止耐药菌株产生和扩散,降低和治疗外科感染是十分必要和有效的措施。     

Preventing strategy of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii susceptible only to colistin in cardiac surgical intensive care units

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to determine the incidence and mortality of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in cardiac surgery, to elucidate the effectiveness of colistin treatment and to identify if the additional measures to the recommended procedures were able to control the dissemination of the pathogen. METHODS: A prospective observational cohort was conducted among cardiac surgical patients from 1 September 2005 to 31 December 2006. We reviewed the prophylactic measures of the surgical intensive care unit and implemented a two scale multiple program. Scale I included classical infection control measures, while Scale II referred to the geographic isolation of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii patients and environmental intense surveillance. RESULTS: Among 151 out of 1935 infected patients 20 were colonized and infected by strains of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii susceptible only to colistin. Seventeen patients presented respiratory tract infection, one patient suffered deep surgical site infection and two patients catheter related infection. Transmission of the pathogen occurred via two patients transferred from two other institutions. They were all treated with colistin. Cure or clinical improvement was observed only in four patients (20%). Scale I measures were implemented for the whole 16-month period while scale II for two separate periods of 3 weeks. Environmental specimens (n>350) proved negative. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii in surgical intensive care unit patients creates demand on strict screening and contact precautions. Following this infection control strategy we were able to achieve intermittent eradication of the pathogen during a 16-month period with continuous function of the intensive care unit. Despite the significant in vitro activity of colistin against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii the results were discouraging.     

鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染分析及其防治对策

目的 了解鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染情况．为预防其感染提供依据。方法 回顾性调查分析62例鲍曼不动杆菌感染病人资料。结果 鲍曼不动杆菌感染常见于呼吸系统疾病病人,以呼吸道为主;高危科室为1CU;主要诱发因素为住院时间长,广谱抗生素、免疫抑制剂的应用及侵入性治疗;鲍曼不动杆菌对多种抗菌药物耐药．对亚胺培南耐药率最低(1．33％),对氨曲南耐药率最高(89．20％)。结论 需针对鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染的特点,采取相应的防范措施,以预防该菌引起的医院感染。     

Successful organ transplantation from donors with Acinetobacter baumannii septic shock

Donor bacteremia with severe sepsis, especially due to gram-negative organisms, has been considered a contraindication to transplantation. Over a 6-month period we prospectively collected standardized data on all brain-dead, heart-beating organ donors with gram negative bacteremia and septic shock and the recipients of their organs in hospitals throughout Israel. Donors were treated with appropriate antibiotics for at least 48 hr prior to organ retrieval while recipients received 7 days of culture-specific antibiotics following transplantation. In total, 12 organs were transplanted (5 kidneys, 2 livers, 3 lungs and 2 hearts) from 3 donors with Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia and septic shock. All patients were alive with good graft function 60 days following transplantation, apart from one of the heart recipients who died of primary nonfunction on the second postoperative day. Two recipients developed postoperative infections, none with Acinetobacter sp. (one Pseudomonas sp. urinary tract infection, one Klebsiella sp. central venous catheter sepsis).     

Outcomes of Acinetobacter baumannii infection in critically ill surgical patients

BACKGROUND: Multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms in intensive care units (ICUs) are a growing concern. The emergence of several infections with MDR Acinetobacter baumannii prompted a review of cases and evaluation of the efficacy of intervention. OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of clinical cure, the incidence of drug resistance, and the mortality rate associated with A. baumannii infection. METHOD: Retrospective review of A. baumannii infections in three surgical ICUs between January, 2004 and November, 2005. Infection was identified in 291 patients, 20 of whom were excluded because of incomplete documentation. Of the remaining 271 patients, 71% were male, and the mean age was 47 +/- 18 years (range 13-90 years). RESULTS: Patients had a mean length of stay in the ICU of 14 days (range 0-136 days) before infection. The initial positive cultures were from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) in 72.3%, blood in 16.2%, a catheter tip in 6.3%, urine in 1.8%, wound in 2.2%, and abscess in 1.1%. In 46.9% of patients, the first culture was polymicrobial. The Acinetobacter isolates were resistant or intermediate-resistant to imipenem-cilastatin in 81.2% of cases; 19.9% were resistant to all drugs except colistin, and two were resistant to all tested drugs. Colistin was used in 75.6% of patients (intravenous 61.5%, nebulized 38.5%). The mean duration of treatment was 13 +/- 8.9 days (range 0-56 days), and clinical cure was achieved in 73.8% of patients. Recurrent infection after initial cure was found in 19.2% of patients. There was no significant difference in clinical cure rates between patients treated with colistin and those treated with other culture-directed drugs (75.1% vs. 69.7%), or between patients treated with intravenous vs. nebulized colistin (72.4% vs. 79.5%). The mortality rate was 26.2% for the entire group and was significantly higher in the subgroup of transplant patients (n = 31) (64.5% vs. 21.4%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The majority of A. baumannii isolates were MDR, and a significant proportion were sensitive only to colistin. Treatment of A. baumannii infection with colistin is effective by both intravenous and nebulized routes of administration. However, infection with A. baumannii in critically ill surgical patients is associated with a high mortality rate, particularly in transplant patients.