Associations between Infant Feeding Practice Prior to Six Months and Body Mass Index at Six Years of Age

Rapid growth during infancy is associated with increased risk of overweight and obesity and differences in weight gain are at least partly explained by means of infant feeding. The aim was to assess the associations between infant feeding practice in early infancy and body mass index (BMI) at 6 years of age. Icelandic infants (n = 154) were prospectively followed from birth to 12 months and again at age 6 years. Birth weight and length were gathered from maternity wards, and healthcare centers provided the measurements made during infancy up to 18 months of age. Information on breastfeeding practices was documented 0–12 months and a 24-h dietary record was collected at 5 months. Changes in infant weight gain were calculated from birth to 18 months. Linear regression analyses were performed to examine associations between infant feeding practice at 5 months and body mass index (BMI) at 6 years. Infants who were formula-fed at 5 months of age grew faster, particularly between 2 and 6 months, compared to exclusively breastfed infants. At age 6 years, BMI was on average 1.1 kg/m² (95% CI 0.2, 2.0) higher among infants who were formula fed and also receiving solid foods at 5 months of age compared to those exclusively breastfed. In a high-income country such as Iceland, early introduction of solid foods seems to further increase the risk of high childhood BMI among formula fed infants compared with exclusively breastfed infants, although further studies with greater power are needed.     

Protein Intake from Birth to 2 Years and Obesity Outcomes in Later Childhood and Adolescence: A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies

Emerging evidence shows an association between protein intake during infancy and later obesity risk, and that association may differ by protein sources. This systematic review summarized and evaluated prospective cohort studies assessing the long-term association of total protein intake and protein sources during infancy (from birth to 2 y) with subsequent obesity outcomes in childhood or adolescence. Literature searches were conducted in Embase, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science. Sixteen studies that reported associations between total protein intake and/or protein intake from different sources from birth to 2 y and ≥1 obesity outcomes in childhood or adolescence from 9 cohorts were identified. Most studies (11/16) were rated as high quality. The most frequently reported association was total protein intake and BMI (up to 10 y) with 6 out of 7 cohorts showing significant positive associations. Similar associations were found for animal protein, but not for plant protein. Limited studies examined the association between protein intake (both total and sources) and body composition (body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass) and revealed inconsistent findings. Overall, higher intakes of total and animal protein during infancy were associated with higher BMI in childhood and adolescence. Future studies investigating the contribution of protein sources in long-term obesity development are needed. This review was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020166540.     

北京市小学生BMI、腰围与代谢综合征的关系研究

目的 探讨儿童肥胖与代谢综合征(MS)的关系,分析体重指数(BMI)和腰围与MS组分的关系.方法 在北京市海淀区的8所学校选取1 928名7～14岁小学生,测量其身高、体重和各MS组分,分析不同营养状况小学生MS组分的差异.采用多元线性回归和Logistic回归模型,分析BMI、腰围与MS组分的关系.结果 除空腹血糖外,血压、血脂、腰围在不同营养状况小学生之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),表现为肥胖组＞超重组＞体重正常组.不同营养状况小学生高SBP、高TG、低HDL-C、中心性肥胖的检出率差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),随BMI增加异常率增高.多元线性回归发现BMI和腰围均与除中心性肥胖外的其他MS组分有独立的相关性;除TC外, “腰围”对于其他MS组分的标化回归系数绝对值略大于“BMI”.除DBP外,对于其他MS组分,BMI与腰围同时升高(超重/肥胖且腰围≥P90)的OR值＞BMI和腰围有且仅有一项偏高(超重/肥胖或腰围≥P90)＞体重正常且腰围正常.结论 儿童肥胖与代谢综合征关系密切,联合应用腰围和BMI有利于评估MS风险.     

Size at birth, infant, early and later childhood growth and adult body composition: a prospective study in a stunted population

BACKGROUND: Pre-natal and post-natal growth are associated with adult body composition, but the relative importance of growth in different periods of childhood is still unclear, particularly in stunted populations. METHODS: We studied 358 women and 352 men measured as children in 1969-77 in four villages in Guatemala, and re-measured as adults in 2002-04 (mean age 32.7 years). We determined the associations of body mass index (BMI) and length at birth, and changes in BMI and length during infancy (0-1.0 year) and early (1.0-3.0 years) and later (3.0-7.0 years) childhood, with adult BMI ((a)BMI), percentage of body fat ((a)PBF), abdominal circumference ((a)AC) and fat-free mass ((a)FFM). RESULTS: Prevalence of stunting was high (64% at 3 years; HAZ < -2SD). Obesity (WHZ > 2SD) prevalence in childhood was <2%, while overweight prevalence in adulthood was 52%. BMI at birth was positively associated with (a)BMI and (a)FFM while length at birth was positively associated with (a)AC and (a)FFM. Increased BMI in infancy and later childhood were positively associated with all four adult body composition measures; associations in later childhood with fatness and abdominal fatness were stronger than those with (a)FFM. Change in length during infancy and early childhood was positively associated with all four adult body composition outcomes; the associations with (a)FFM were stronger than those with fat mass. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in BMI between 3.0 and 7.0 years had stronger associations with adult fat mass and abdominal fat than with (a)FFM; increases in length prior to age 3.0 years were most strongly associated with increases in (a)FFM.     

孕前BMI、妊娠期糖尿病与儿童4岁时肥胖相关指标关联的出生队列研究

目的 探讨孕前BMI、妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）与儿童4岁时肥胖相关指标的关联。方法 基于已经建立的“马鞍山市优生优育队列”,对2013年10月至2015年4月出生的单胎活产儿,随访至4岁。在孕期首次填写问卷调查孕前身高、体重,在24～28周接受75 g口服糖耐量试验进行GDM诊断。在儿童4岁时测量身高、体重、腰围和体成分。组间比较采用χ²检验、方差分析或t检验,采用logistic回归模型与广义线性模型分析孕前超重/肥胖、孕前患有GDM与儿童肥胖相关特征的关系。结果 儿童4岁时超重、肥胖率分别为13.08%、6.03%。控制孕期和儿童人口统计学变量后,孕前母亲超重/肥胖者儿童在4岁时发生肥胖、腰围超标、腰围身高比超标的风险要高,其OR值（95% CI）分别为3.27（2.15～4.98）、2.32（1.72～3.14）和2.29（1.73～3.02）;且与体成分指标（骨骼肌、体脂肪、体脂百分比）相关（P<0.05）。孕期母亲患有GDM者,儿童4岁时肥胖发生风险要比母亲未患有GDM者高1.78倍（OR=1.78,95% CI：1.14～2.79）;但是孕期母亲患有GDM对4岁儿童腰围超标、腰围身高比超标发生风险并无影响,与体成分指标（骨骼肌、体脂肪、体脂百分比）无统计学关联。结论 孕前母亲超重/肥胖、孕期患有GDM是4岁儿童肥胖的独立危险因素,且孕前BMI与儿童体成分的各项指标相关。     

Obesity and Health Risk of Children in the Mississippi Delta

BACKGROUND: Mississippi (MS) Delta adults and youth report obesity rates far exceeding those of the state and nation. State law requires in-school physical activity and nutrition practices to address childhood obesity but does not require evaluation of outcomes, specifically the impact on weight-related outcomes. This paper offers 3 things: (1) describes the weight status of elementary school-age children in the MS Delta; (2) explains the importance of including waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) values when reporting body mass index (BMI); and (3) provides impetus for policy that requires weight-related health risk, as measured by WHtR, to be assessed regularly as a means to evaluate school health policy. METHODS: We took anthropometric measures in a cross-sectional investigation of 1136 children from 11 public elementary schools in the MS Delta. Measures included BMI, waist circumference (WC) and WHtR. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI ≥85th percentile) was 47.1% (18.3% overweight and 28.8% obese). In this sample, 59.9% and 42.0% were "at risk" for weight-related chronic disease based on WC (≥75th percentile) and WHtR (>0.5), respectively. The differences in these proportions were statistically significant. The predominantly black districts reported higher on all of the weight-related measures. CONCLUSIONS: Investigators recommend the assessment of health policy include measures of health risk in addition to BMI, namely WHtR as it accounts for growth in both WC and height over age. Furthermore, WHtR is a more accurate indicator of fat distribution and health risk than WC alone.     

Longitudinal Association of Maternal Pre-Pregnancy BMI and Third-Trimester Glycemia with Early Life Growth of Offspring: A Prospective Study among GDM-Negative Pregnant Women

Intrauterine modifiable maternal metabolic factors are essential to the early growth of offspring. The study sought to evaluate the associations of pre-pregnancy BMI and third-trimester fasting plasma glucose (FPG) with offspring growth outcomes within 24 months among GDM-negative pregnant women. Four hundred eighty-three mother –offspring dyads were included from the Shanghai Maternal-Child Pairs Cohort. The pregnant women were categorized into four mutually exclusive groups according to pre-pregnancy BMI as normal or overweight/obesity and third-trimester FPG as controlled or not controlled. Offspring growth in early life was indicated by the BAZ (BMI Z-score), catch-up growth, and overweight/obesity. Among those with controlled third-trimester FPG, pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity significantly increased offspring birth weight, BAZ, and risks of overweight/obesity (RR 1.83, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.73) within 24 months. Those who had uncontrolled third-trimester FPG had a reduced risk of offspring overweight/obesity within 24 months by 47%. The combination of pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity and maternal uncontrolled third-trimester FPG increased 5.24-fold risk of offspring catch-up growth within 24 months (p < 0.05). Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity and uncontrolled third-trimester glycemia among GDM-negative women both have adverse effects on offspring growth within 24 months. With the combination of increasing pre-pregnancy BMI and maternal third-trimester FPG, the possibility of offspring catch-up growth increases.     

心血管病传统危险因素与糖尿病及其前期关系

目的探讨传统心血管病危险因素与糖尿病及其前期的关联性,为糖尿病的防治提供参考依据。方法采用随机抽样方法对在浙江省湖州市爱山、龙泉和飞英3个街道共1 197名55～75岁的常住居民进行体格检查和血糖检测,采用Logistic回归分析方法分析传统心血管病危险因素与糖尿病及其前期的关联性。结果 1 197名常住居民中,血糖正常者807名,占67.42%,糖尿病前期者267例,占22.31%,糖尿病者123例,占10.27%;3组人群空腹血糖和餐后2 h血糖值分别为(4.83±0.61)、(5.76±0.61)、(6.99±1.43)mmol/L和(5.46±1.65)、(7.94±2.63)、(13.45±4.01)mmol/L;年龄、体质指数(BMI)、中心性肥胖、腹围、臀围、腰臀比和血压等传统心血管病危险因素在正常血糖组、糖尿病前期组和糖尿病组3组人群中分布不同,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,以正常血糖组为参照组,年龄、BMI、中心性肥胖、腹围、臀围、腰臀比和血压与糖尿病前期存在关联性;以正常血糖组为参照组,年龄、BMI、中心性肥胖、腹围、臀围、腰臀比和血压与糖尿病存在关联性;以糖尿病前期组为参照组,中心性肥胖、腹围和腰臀比与糖尿病存在关联性。结论年龄、BMI、中心性肥胖、腹围、臀围、腰臀比、血压等传统心血管病危险因素与糖尿病及其前期均存在关联性。     

Total and abdominal obesity among rural Chinese women and the association with hypertension

Objective

Obesity increases the risk of hypertension and other chronic diseases, which are little known in rural China. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiologic features and the association with hypertension of obesity in rural Chinese women.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted during 2004 through 2006, which used a multistage cluster sampling method to select a representative sample in Liaoning Province, China. In total 23 178 rural participants at least 35 y of age were examined (the percentage of subjects >64 y old was 14.5%). Data on demographic variables (age, sex, and race), smoking status, use of alcohol, physical activity, and education level were obtained by interview. Overweight and obesity were defined according to the World Health Organization classification. Hypertension was defined according to the criteria established by the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee, and untreated hypertensive subjects were further classified into three subtypes: isolated systolic hypertension, isolated diastolic hypertension, and systolic and diastolic hypertension. Multivariable models and performed Poisson logistic regression analysis were used to determine associations among body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and variables.

Results

Overall, the prevalences of overweight and obesity were 24.4% and 2.7%, respectively, as defined by BMI, whereas the prevalences were 48.6% and 4.9% as defined by waist circumference. Poisson regression revealed that high levels of physical activity (defined by BMI, moderate: prevalence ratio [PR] 0.976, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.965-0.988, high: PR 0.985, 95% CI 0.971-0.999; defined by waist circumference, moderate: PR 0.955, 95% CI 0.944-0.965, high: PR 0.973, 95% CI 0.960-0.985) and current smoking status (defined by BMI, PR 0.950, 95% CI 0.938-0.962; defined by waist circumference, PR 0.966, 95% CI 0.954-0.978) were protective factors and ethnicity was a risk factor (defined by BMI, Mongolian nationality: PR 1.042, 95% CI 1.030-1.054; defined by waist circumference, PR 1.043, 95% CI 1.033-1.054) for overweight or obese participants. There were other risk factors for overweight or obese participants such as high levels of education defined by BMI (PR 1.033, 95% CI 1.010-1.058) and diet score defined by waist circumference (PR 1.004, 95% CI 1.000-1.008). After adjustment, BMI and waist circumference were associated with the greatest likelihood of systolic and diastolic hypertension (for BMI ≥30 kg/m², PR 2.455, 95% CI 1.786-3.374; for waist circumference ≥88 cm, PR 1.517, 95% CI 1.133-2.031). BMI was more related to isolated diastolic hypertension than to isolated systolic hypertension, whereas waist circumference was more related to isolated systolic hypertension than to isolated diastolic hypertension.

Conclusion

Although the prevalence of overweight and obesity as defined by BMI was low, it was relatively high as defined by waist circumference in rural Chinese women. High levels of physical activity and current smoking status had negative relations to overweight or obesity, whereas ethnicity, high levels of education, and diet score showed positive relations. Obese women defined by BMI or waist circumference had an increased risk of hypertension.     

Association of total and central obesity with mortality in postmenopausal women with coronary heart disease

Overweight and abdominal obesity increase mortality risk, although the risk may be mediated by traditional cardiac risk factors. The authors assessed the association of baseline measures, change in overall body weight and abdominal obesity (waist circumference), and weight and waist circumference cycling with total mortality among postmenopausal women with known heart disease. They used data from 2,739 US women who participated in the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study between 1993 and 2001. Over 6.8 years of follow-up, 498 women died. In adjusted Cox models that included either baseline waist circumference or body mass index (BMI), each was associated with mortality. However, after further adjustment for diabetes, hypertension, and lipoproteins, these associations disappeared. In models including both waist circumference and BMI, larger waist circumference (hazard ratio=1.40 per standard deviation, 95% confidence interval: 1.16, 1.68) was associated with increased risk and higher BMI (hazard ratio=0.81 per standard deviation, 95% confidence interval: 0.67, 0.97) was associated with decreased risk of total mortality, independent of cardiac risk factors. Weight and waist circumference cycling were not associated with mortality. Results show that both BMI and waist circumference are associated with mortality among postmenopausal women with established heart disease, but waist circumference may be more important than BMI, and their effects may be largely mediated by other cardiac risk factors.     

城区成人超重、肥胖与心血管病危险因素关系的调查分析

目的了解武汉市矫口区社区成年居民超重、肥胖的患病现状及其相关危险因素，为社区采取有效的干预措施提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法，按照《2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查工作手册》，对其进行调查和分析。结果研口社区成年居民超重率、肥胖率和腹型肥胖率分别为31．64％、12．61％和36．95％，人群超重、肥胖和腹型肥胖均随年龄增长而呈上升趋势，随体质指数的增加，高血压、糖尿病、心血管疾病、血脂异常等慢性病发生的危险因素显著增高，差别有统计学意义（P〈0．005）。人群超重、肥胖和腹型肥胖是高血压、糖尿病、心血管疾病、血脂异常等危险因素异常发生的相关因素。结论武汉市斫口区社区成年居民超重率、肥胖率和腹型肥胖率均高于2002年中国居民营养调查结果中全国人群超重、肥胖和腹型肥胖的水平，应采取积极的预防干预措施。     

Cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese Chinese children

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is a widespread and growing problem in the world. Body mass index (BMI) and weight-for-height criterion have been used to determine childhood obesity. No data was available to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese Chinese children screened by weight-for-height index and Chinese newly developed BMI criterion. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese Chinese children by using Chinese BMI and weight-for-height index as screening criterion. METHODS: A total of 215 children aged 7.5-13 years were recruited from 3 primary schools in Guangzhou, PR China. Measurements included body weight, height, waist and hip circumference, fasting serum glucose, insulin, total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A (apo A), apolipoprotein B (apo B). Chinese BMI and weight-for- height criterion were used to classify overweight and obesity. RESULTS: According to Chinese BMI criterion, 65 from 108 obese children originally identified by weight-for-height were reclassified as obese and other 41 children were classified as overweight. Compared with non-obese children, obese children screened by Chinese BMI and weight-for-height index had increased levels of TG, LDL-C, apo B, insulin; decreased levels of HDL-C, apo A; and significantly higher prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and high LDL-C. Children identified as overweight by Chinese BMI criterion had also shown high TG, LDL-C, apo B, insulin levels, low HDL-C, apo A levels, and significantly higher prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia than the normal weight children. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals that overweight and/or obesity screened by both Chinese new BMI and weight-for-height criterion are associated with increased levels of cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., elevated serum TG, LDL, apo B, and reduced HDL-C, apo A levels). Using Chinese BMI criterion may underestimate the prevalence of childhood obesity but it could be adopted as a unique tool for screening children's overweight in population-based screening programs.     

Assessing the acceptability and feasibility of the MEND Programme in a small group of obese 7–11-year-old children

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: An uncontrolled, pilot study to evaluate feasibility and acceptability of a new community based childhood obesity treatment programme. METHODS: The mind, exercise, nutrition and diet (MEND) programme was held at a sports centre, twice-weekly, for 3 months. The programme consists of behaviour modification, physical activity and nutrition education. The primary outcome measure was waist circumference. Secondary outcomes were body mass index (BMI), cardiovascular fitness (heart rate, blood pressure and number of steps in 2 min), self-esteem and body composition. BMI of parents was also measured. See http://www.mendprogramme.org. RESULTS: Eleven obese children (7-11 years) and their families were recruited. Mean attendance was 78% (range 63-88%) with one drop out. Waist circumference, cardiovascular fitness and self-esteem were all significantly improved at 3 months and continued to improve at 6 months. BMI was significantly improved at 3 months but lost significance by 6 months. Deuterium studies showed a beneficial trend but were not significant. Of the 17 parents measured, seven were obese (BMI >/= 30) and eight overweight (BMI >/= 25). CONCLUSIONS: Although limited by the small number of participants and no control group, the MEND programme was acceptable to families and produced significant improvements in a range of risk factors associated with obesity that persisted over 3 months.     

中国成人BMI和腹型肥胖与T2DM发病关系的前瞻性研究

目的  分析中国成人BMI和腹型肥胖与2型糖尿病(diabetes mellitus type 2,T2DM)发病风险的关联。方法  选取1993、1997、2000、2004、2006、2009和2011年中国健康与营养调查中未出现T2DM且第1次进入调查队列的12 085名成年居民作为研究对象,1997―2015年作为随访终点。采用Cox比例风险模型分析不同BMI和腰围联合分组与T2DM的发病风险比;亚组分析以BMI且腰围正常组作为参照组,分析BMI正常且腹型肥胖组T2DM的发病风险。结果  共纳入12 085人进入分析,中位随访9.04年(共计128 760人年),随访期间共观察到775例T2DM患者(男性450例,女性325例)。调整相关的混杂因素后,以BMI且腰围正常者为参照,超重肥胖且腰围正常、BMI正常且腹型肥胖、超重肥胖且腹型肥胖者的T2DM发病风险分别增加1.26倍(HR=2.26,95% CI：1.84~2.78)、1.32倍(HR=2.32,95% CI：1.64~3.28)和2.87倍(HR=3.87,95% CI：3.18~4.70)。亚组分析中发现基线慢性病对BMI正常且腹型肥胖与T2DM发病风险间的关联存在效应修饰作用(P_交互=0.045)。结论  与BMI相比,腰围异常者发生T2DM的风险更高,在糖尿病早期预防计划中,应重点关注该类人群,尤其是同时罹患其他慢性病者。     

血清网膜素-1水平与儿童非酒精性脂肪肝的关系

目的 探索网膜素-1与儿童非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的相关性,为儿童脂肪肝的防治提供参考。方法 将116名肥胖儿童分为肥胖伴脂肪肝组(61名)、肥胖不伴脂肪肝组(55名),同时选择正常体重儿童55名作为对照组,对每位儿童进行身高、体重、腰围、血压等测量,并行血脂、血糖、肝功等化验,留取静脉血清标本测血清胰岛素、网膜素-1、瘦素、脂联素水平等,判断三组间指标差异及网膜素-1与其他指标相关性。采用Logistics回归判断有无脂肪肝与其他指标的关系,采用ROC曲线评估腰围、体重指数(BMI)、网膜素-1水平对儿童脂肪肝诊断标准有无价值。结果 血清网膜素-1在肥胖伴脂肪肝患儿中水平较另两组水平低(P<0.05)。矫正年龄及腰围后网膜素-1与有无合并脂肪肝、瘦素/脂联素(LAR)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)为负相关,与脂联素呈正相关(P<0.05)。Logistics回归分析发现BMI、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)为脂肪肝的危险因素,网膜素-1为脂肪肝的保护因素。腰围、BMI、血清网膜素-1水平对儿童脂肪肝诊断有一定价值。结论 血清网膜素-1水平与儿童中心性肥胖、脂代谢紊乱及脂肪肝密切相关,在儿童脂肪肝的发病中有保护作用。     

Upward weight percentile crossing in infancy and early childhood independently predicts fat mass in young adults: the Stockholm Weight Development Study (SWEDES)

BACKGROUND: Rapid early postnatal weight gain predicts increased subsequent obesity and related disease risks. However, the exact timing of adverse rapid postnatal weight gain is unclear. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the associations between rapid weight gain in infancy and in early childhood in relation to body composition at age 17 y. DESIGN: This prospective cohort study was conducted in 248 (103 males) singletons and their mothers. Height and weight were measured at birth, 6 mo, and 3 and 6 y. The rates of weight gain during infancy (0-6 mo) and early childhood (3-6 y) were calculated as changes in sex- and age-adjusted weight SD scores during these time periods. At 17 y, body composition was measured by air-displacement plethysmography. RESULTS: Increasing weight gain during infancy and early childhood were both independently associated with larger body mass index, fat mass, relative fat mass, fat-free mass, and waist circumference at 17 y (P < 0.005 for all; adjusted for sex, birth weight, gestational age, current height, maternal socioeconomic status, and maternal fat mass). Rapid weight gain in infancy, but not in early childhood, also predicted taller height at 17 y (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Rapid weight gain in both infancy and early childhood is a risk factor for adult adiposity and obesity. Rapid weight gain in infancy also predicted taller adult height. We hypothesize that rapid weight gains in infancy and early childhood are different processes and may allow separate opportunities for early intervention against obesity risk later in life.     

基于学校环境的重庆市中小学生超重肥胖干预效果评价

目的 探讨基于学校环境的学生超重肥胖综合干预效果,为预防和控制中小学生超重肥胖提供依据。方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法抽取重庆市主城区12所中小学9 933名学生,随机分为6所干预校和6所对照校,对干预校采取学校环境政策干预、健康教育、体育活动指导结合的综合干预,干预前后进行体格检查和问卷调查。结果 干预后干预校超重率在原有基础上(12.9%)上升了0.2%,肥胖率(7.4%)未变化;对照校超重率、肥胖率分别在原有基础上(11.5%、7.7%)上升了0.5%、0.1%。干预前两组学校正常体重的学生在干预后BMI、腰围、臀围均升高(P<0.05),干预校超重肥胖的学生在干预后BMI、腰围均下降(P<0.05),对照校超重肥胖的学生在干预后臀围升高、腰围降低(P<0.05);干预校学生在干预后肥胖相关饮食问题正确率上升,不健康饮食行为报告率下降(P<0.05)。结论 基于学校环境的学生超重肥胖综合干预能控制肥胖相关指标的增长速度,改善中小学生的饮食行为。     

Effect of adiposity and fat distribution on endometrial cancer risk in Shanghai women

The authors conducted a population-based case-control study of 832 endometrial cancer cases and 846 frequency-matched controls in Shanghai, China (1997-2001), to examine the association of overall adiposity and body fat distribution with disease risk. Overall adiposity was estimated using weight and body mass index (BMI); upper body fat distribution was evaluated using waist circumference and waist:hip ratio. Overall and upper-body obesity were both associated with an elevated risk of endometrial cancer. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for highest-versus-lowest quartile comparisons were 2.6 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.0, 3.5) for weight, 2.9 (95% CI: 2.2, 3.9) for BMI, 4.7 (95% CI: 3.4, 6.4) for waist circumference, and 3.5 (95% CI: 2.6, 4.8) for waist:hip ratio. The positive associations with weight and BMI vanished after results were controlled for waist circumference, while associations with waist circumference and waist:hip ratio persisted after adjustment for BMI. The positive association with upper-body obesity was more pronounced among younger women, women who had never used oral contraceptives, and women with a history of diabetes mellitus (p for multiplicative interaction < 0.05). Upper-body obesity was related to increased risk among women with low BMI. These results suggest that obesity, particularly upper-body fat deposition, is associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer.     

徐州经济薄弱地区中老年人群肥胖情况调查

目的了解徐州丰县经济薄弱村中老年人肥胖情况。方法选取丰县12个村的中老年人,采用标准方法测量身高、体重、腰围,生物电阻抗法测体脂率。结果本次研究共纳入406人。以BMI为标准判断,丰县中老年人超重率为41.4%,肥胖率为19.7%;以腰围作为中心性肥胖的判断标准,丰县中老年人有18.2%的人为中心型肥胖前期,有62.1%的人为中心型肥胖;以体脂率作为判断标准,丰县中老年人有43.3%人为肥胖。结论丰县中老年人超重和肥胖率较高,应引导他们建立健康生活方式,控制肥胖。     

成人BMI与体脂含量和脂肪分布的关系

目的 :　调查成人超重和肥胖的发生率 ,探讨体质指数 ( BMI)与体脂含量、腰臀围之间的关系。方法 :　对 1 0 0 5名健康成年人进行人体测量 ,按 WHO对亚洲成年人的 BMI新定义分为 5组 ,对腰围、臀围、腰臀围比值和生物电阻抗法 ( BIA法 )及皮褶厚度法体脂含量的分布进行分析。结果 :　以 BMI法判断超重和肥胖的发生率 ,男性超重率和 度肥胖率明显高于女性 ,男女人群中 度肥胖发生率均较低 ;在相同 BMI组中 ,男性的平均年龄比女性低 ( P<0 .0 1 )。而 BIA法和皮褶厚度法肥胖检出率明显低于 BMI法 ,且女性体脂含量、三头肌皮褶厚度及肩胛下皮褶厚度显著高于男性。不同年龄组 BMI均与体脂含量呈显著正相关。女性超重组的腰围平均值为 80 cm,而男性 度肥胖组的腰围平均值 >90 cm。结论 :　男性超重和肥胖发生的年龄早于女性。以 BMI法判断肥胖和以 BIA法及皮褶厚度法体脂含量法判断肥胖有很大差别 ,仅以 BMI判断肥胖不够准确 ,尚需考虑年龄、性别及运动情况等影响因素。