Histopathologic Criteria for Local Excision of Colorectal Cancer: Multivariate Analysis

Background: Local treatment of colorectal cancer, including endoscopic removal of colonic polyps and transanal resection of rectal tumors, has become widely accepted. However, risk factors predicting the presence of lymph node metastasis have not been fully investigated. To determine the criteria for local excision of colorectal cancer, histopathologic factors independently predicting the lymph node metastasis were investigated.Methods: We performed a retrospective histopathologic study on 335 patients who underwent resection of colorectal cancer and dissection of regional lymph nodes between 1982 and 1996. Features of node-positive tumors (n = 150) were compared with those of node-negative tumors (n = 185), with special reference to the histopathologic findings of the resected tumor. Multivariate analysis was done using the stepwise logistic regression test.Results: Node-positive tumors, when compared with node-negative tumors, were characterized by tumor larger than 6 cm (42% vs. 22%), serosal invasion (88% vs. 56%), lymphatic invasion (32% vs. 5%), venous invasion (9% vs. 2%), and histology other than well-differentiated (66% vs. 29%). Multivariate analysis showed that factors independently associated with lymph node metastasis were serosal invasion, lymphatic invasion, and histologic type. When these three risk factors were negative, lymph node metastasis was rare (5%). When one, two, or three factors were positive, the frequency of lymph node metastasis was 38%, 66%, and 85%, respectively.Conclusions: In colorectal cancer, factors independently associated with lymph node metastasis are serosal invasion, lymphatic invasion, and histologic type. When these three parameters are favorable, local treatment of colorectal cancer does not require additional lymph node dissection.     

Is Total Mesorectal Excision Always Necessary for T1–T2 Lower Rectal Cancer?

Background

The goal of this multicenter study was to clarify the determinants of local excision for patients with T1–T2 lower rectal cancer.

Methods

Data from 567 consecutive patients who underwent radical resection for T1–T2 lower rectal cancer at 12 institutions between 1991 and 1998 were reviewed. Rates of lymph node metastasis were investigated using a tree analysis, which was hierarchized using independent risk factors for nodal involvement.

Results

The independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis were female gender, depth of tumor invasion, histology other than well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, and lymphatic invasion. According to the first three parameters that can be obtained preoperatively, only 0.99% of the patients without risk factors had lymph node metastasis. On the other hand, even if the lower rectal cancer was at stage T1, women with histological types other than well-differentiated adenocarcinoma had an approximately 30% probability of having lymph node metastasis. Lymphatic invasion was most useful to predict nodal involvement among patients with T2 lower rectal cancer. The rates of lymph node metastasis in T2 patients with and without lymphatic invasion were 32.9% and 9.1%, respectively.

Conclusions

Gender is one of the most important predictors for lymph node metastasis in patients with early distal rectal cancer. Three parameters, including depth of tumor invasion, histology, and gender, are useful determinants for local excision. Additional studies are required to establish the minimum optimal treatment for T2 lower rectal cancer.     

Carcinomatous Lymphatic Invasion in Early Gastric Cancer Invading Into the Submucosa

Background: Lymphatic invasion is a risk factor for lymph node metastases in patients with gastric cancer. No studies have been reported, however, on the correlation between lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer invading into the submucosa.Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of lymphatic invasion in 170 patients with early gastric cancer invading into the submucosa.Results: Lymphatic invasion was found in 76 patients. Lymphatic invasion correlated significantly with the presence of lymph node metastasis and vascular invasion (P < .05) and with the degree of cancerous submucosal involvement (P < .05). The presence of lymph node metastasis also correlated with the grade of submucosal invasion and lymphatic invasion. The 5-year survival of patients with lymphatic invasion was poorer than that of patients without lymphatic invasion (P < .05). Node-negative patients had similar survival, regardless of the presence of lymphatic invasion. All patients with severe lymphatic invasion had sm3 invasion and lymph node metastases.Conclusion: Although lymphatic invasion is the first stage of lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion in itself does not have clinical importance except for severe invasion in early gastric cancer. It is possible to predict lymph node metastases from the combined evaluation of degree of lymphatic invasion and submucosal involvement of the tumor in patients with early gastric cancer invading into the submucosa.     

A rectal carcinoid tumor of less than 1 cm in diameter with lymph node metastasis: A case report and a review of the literature

We report herein, a patient with a rectal carcinoid tumor of less than 1 cm in diameter with lymph node metastasis, and discuss a surgical policy for these lesions with reference to other such cases reported in the literature. A 40 year old female was admitted with a rectal mass and colonoscopy revealed a subpedunculated lesion, 1 cm in diameter, with a depression in its tip. A diagnosis of carcinoid was made by biopsy and transsacral excision performed. The excised specimen revealed a subpedunculated lesion measuring 7×6×6 mm with a central depression. The tumor was histologically confined to the submucosa but lymphatic invasion with pararectal lymph node involvement was observed. A radical proctectomy was thus performed. The incidence of metastasis from rectal carcinoids with a diameter of 1 cm or less is very low ranging from 1.5 to 3.4 per cent, and it therefore seems that most lesions of 1 cm or less in diameter can be treated by local excision alone. Thus, although it is recommended that local excision be performed first to determine the extent of spread, lymphatic vessel invasion and lymph node metastasis, radical surgery is indicated if lymphatic invasion or nodal involvement is present, even when muscle invasion is absent.     

T2期直肠癌淋巴结转移相关影响因素

目的探讨影响T2期直肠癌淋巴结转移的临床病理因素。方法回顾分析福建医科大学附属第一医院2006年3月至2011年1月间行根治性切除的122例T2期直肠癌患者的临床资料,分析影响其淋巴结转移的相关临床病理因素。结果122例T2期直肠癌患者中有26例（21．3％）发生淋巴结转移。单因素分析显示,肿瘤距肛缘距离（P〈0.05）、大体类型（P〈0.05）、组织类型（P〈0．01）、分化程度（P〈0．05）及肿瘤浸润深度（P〈0．05）与T2期直肠癌淋巴结转移有关。多因素分析显示,肿瘤浸润深度是影响T2期直肠癌淋巴结转移的独立因素（P〈0.05）;直肠癌浸润浅肌层和深肌层者淋巴结转移率分别为13．0％（7／54）和27．9％（19／68）。结论对于局限于浅肌层的L期直肠癌,因其淋巴结转移率较低,可考虑行经肛局部切除手术。     

A rectal carcinoid tumor of less than 1 cm in diameter with lymph node metastasis: a case report and a review of the literature

We report herein, a patient with a rectal carcinoid tumor of less than 1 cm in diameter with lymph node metastasis, and discuss a surgical policy for these lesions with reference to other such cases reported in the literature. A 40 year old female was admitted with a rectal mass and colonoscopy revealed a subpedunculated lesion, 1 cm in diameter, with a depression in its tip. A diagnosis of carcinoid was made by biopsy and transsacral excision performed. The excised specimen revealed a subpedunculated lesion measuring 7 X 6 X 6 mm with a central depression. The tumor was histologically confined to the submucosa but lymphatic invasion with pararectal lymph node involvement was observed. A radical proctectomy was thus performed. The incidence of metastasis from rectal carcinoids with a diameter of 1 cm or less is very low ranging from 1.5 to 3.4 per cent, and it therefore seems that most lesions of 1 cm or less in diameter can be treated by local excision alone. Thus, although it is recommended that local excision be performed first to determine the extent of spread, lymphatic vessel invasion and lymph node metastasis, radical surgery is indicated if lymphatic invasion or nodal involvement is present, even when muscle invasion is absent.     

进展期低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移的临床研究

目的 分析进展期低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移的危险因素,探讨侧方淋巴结转移对局部复发及预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析行根治性切除+侧方淋巴结清扫的96例进展期低位直肠癌的临床资料,探讨侧方淋巴结转移与临床病理特征、局部复发和预后的相关性.结果 进展期低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移率为14.6%(14/96).肿瘤直径≥5 cm者侧方淋巴结转移率为25.0%,明显高于肿瘤直径＜5 cm者的7.1%(P＜0.05).侵犯肠壁周径1/4、2/4和3/4者侧方淋巴结转移率分别为6.3%、6.7%和12.0%,明显低于侵犯肠壁周径4/4者的70.0%(P＜0.05).低分化直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移率为30.0%,明显高于高分化和中分化直肠癌的4.5%和9.1%(P＜0.05).进展期低位直肠癌根治性切除术后局部复发率为18.8%(18/96).侧方淋巴结转移阳性者术后局部复发率为64.3%,明显高于侧方淋巴结转移阴性者的11.0%(P＜0.05).Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,侧方淋巴结转移阳性患者平均生存期为(38.0±6.7)个月,明显短于无侧方淋巴结转移的(80.9±2.1)个月(P＜0.05).结论 肿瘤直径、侵犯肠壁周径和肿瘤分化程度是进展期低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移的重要危险因素.侧方淋巴结转移与进展期低位直肠癌局部复发及预后密切相关.     

Local excision for ypT2 rectal cancer--much ado about something.

BACKGROUND: The role of local excision for pT2 distal rectal cancer has been challenged because of the observation of high rates of lymph node metastases and local failure. However, neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT) has led to increased local disease control and significant tumor downstaging, possibly decreasing rates of lymph node metastases. In this setting, a possible role for local excision of ypT2 has been suggested. METHODS: A total of 401 patients with distal rectal cancer underwent neoadjuvant CRT. Tumor response assessment was performed after at least 8 weeks from CRT completion. One hundred and twelve patients with complete clinical response were not immediately operated on and were excluded from the study, and 289 patients with incomplete clinical response were managed by radical surgery. Patients with final pathological stage ypT2 were analyzed to determine the risk of unfavorable pathological features that could represent unacceptable risk for local failure after local excision. RESULTS: Eighty-eight (30%) patients had ypT2 rectal cancer. Final ypT status was not associated with pretreatment radiological staging (p = 0.62). ypT status was significantly associated with the risk of lymph node metastases, risk of perineural and vascular invasion, and recurrence (p = 0.001). Lymph node metastases were present in 19% of patients with ypT2 rectal cancer. The risk of lymph node metastases in ypT2 was associated with the presence of perineural invasion (47% vs 4%; p = <0.001), vascular invasion (59% vs 6%; p < 0.001), and decreased mean interval CRT surgery (12 vs 18 weeks; p < 0.001), but not with mean tumor size (3.2 vs 3.1 cm; p = 0.8). Disease-free and overall survival rates were significantly better for patients with ypT2N0 (p = 0.02 and 0.006, respectively). Fifty-five (63%) patients with ypT2 had at least one unfavorable pathological feature for local excision (lymph node metastases, vascular or perineural invasion, mucinous type or tumor size >3 cm). CONCLUSION: Lymph node metastases were present in 19% of patients with ypT2 and were significantly associated with poor overall and disease-free survival rates. The risk of lymph node metastases could not be predicted by radiological staging or tumor size. Radical surgery should be considered the standard treatment option for ypT2 rectal cancer after CRT.     

Location of Rectal Cancer Within the Circumference of the Rectum Does Not Influence Lymph Node Status

Background Patients with rectal cancer are treated in multimodal concepts on the basis of their tumor stage. In the context of local excision, it is of major importance to assess the risk of lymph node metastases in patients with T1 or T2 tumors. To identify patients with an increased risk of lymph node metastases, the influence of the location of the tumor within the rectum (anterior, posterior, lateral) and of other variables on lymph node status was investigated. Methods All consecutive patients undergoing low anterior resection or abdominoperineal resection for primary rectal cancer between October 2001 and September 2003 were included. A multivariate analysis was performed focussing on tumor location and other variables as potential predictive factors for lymph node metastases. Results Of 148 included patients, 135 (91%) had an anterior and 13 (9%) an abdominoperineal resection. All patients routinely underwent total mesorectal excision. A statistically significant correlation with positive lymph node status was found for patients with lymphatic invasion (P < .0001), higher T stage (P < .0001), presence of distant metastases (M1) (P = .0003), and circular growth of the tumor (P = .003), but not for tumor location. Multivariate analysis confirmed that patients without lymphatic invasion (odds ratio, .1; 95% confidence interval, .02–.48; P = .006) and with a low T stage (odds ratio, .07; 95% confidence interval, .002–.9; P = .004) have a significantly lower risk for positive lymph nodes. Conclusions Location of rectal cancer (anterior, posterior, lateral) is not a good predictor for lymph node metastases.     

Are Locoregional Cutaneous Metastases in Melanoma Predictable?

Background: In-transit metastases and satellite lesions are manifestations of locoregional cutaneous recurrence that are characteristic of malignant melanoma. They are the result of tumor cell emboli entrapped in the dermal lymphatics between the primary tumor and the regional lymph node basin. Histopathological features of lymphatic invasion were investigated to determine the possibility of predicting locoregional cutaneous metastases in melanoma patients.Methods: In a prospective study, 258 patients with clinical stage I melanoma underwent wide local excision and sentinel node biopsy. Nodal metastases were found in 53 (21%) patients. Of 29 patients (11.2%) who had developed recurrences to date, 17 (6.6%) had locoregional cutaneous metastases. All surgical specimens were examined with particular attention to histopathological signs of lymphatic vascular invasion or microscopic satellites.Results: Unequivocal signs of lymphatic invasion were observed in 14 of 258 patients (5.4%), and 13 (93%) of these patients subsequently developed in-transit metastases, after a median interval of 10 months. The primary melanoma was located on the extremities in seven patients. The median Breslow thickness was 2.5 mm, and 5 showed ulceration. In 244 of 258 patients (94.6%), there were no signs of lymphatic invasion. To date, only four patients (1.6%) have had a locoregional cutaneous recurrence, occurring after a median interval of 29 months. All four of these patients had ulcerative melanomas on an extremity, with a median thickness of 4.0 mm. The presence of lymphatic invasion was significantly related to early locoregional cutaneous relapse (P _ .0001).Conclusions: Locoregional cutaneous recurrence appears to be highly predictable in the presence of histopathological signs of lymphatic invasion. Lymphatic invasion is an important prognostic parameter and should be included as a stratification criterion when selecting patients for adjuvant (locoregional) therapy. Presented at the 51st Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, San Diego, California, March 26–29, 1998.     

Predictors of Recurrence After Local Excision and Postoperative Chemoradiation Therapy of Adenocarcinoma of the Rectum

Background: Local excision of rectal cancer preserves anal continence, bladder function, and normal sexual function. However, local recurrence after excision remains a significant problem. To further define the indications for local excision, we analyzed possible factors predictive of recurrence after local excision of rectal cancer.Methods: The charts of all patients undergoing local excision of adenocarcinoma of the rectum between 1985 and 1995 at a single institution were reviewed. Patients with metastatic disease at the time of excision and patients treated preoperatively with chemoradiation therapy were excluded. All available slides were reviewed by a single pathologist, who assessed the depth of invasion; the presence or absence of vascular invasion, lymphatic invasion, perineural invasion, and lymphocytic infiltrate; the mucinous status; and the degree of differentiation. Using the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of recurrence.Results: Ninety patients underwent local excision, 46 transanally and 44 using a Kraske approach. The breakdown of patients by tumor stage was as follows: Tis, 13%; T1, 41%; T2, 30%; T3, 15%; and Tx, 1%. Sixty-eight percent of patients with T1 tumors were treated with postoperative radiotherapy; all patients with T2 or T3 tumors were treated postoperatively with or without 5-fluorouracil. The median duration of follow-up was 51 months. The median tumor diameter was 2.5 cm (range, 0.4 to 7 cm), and the median distance of the tumor from the anal verge was 4.5 cm (range, 1 to 10 cm). The 4-year actuarial local disease-free survival rate broken down by tumor stage was as follows: Tis, 100%; T1, 95%; T2, 80%; and T3, 73%. The median time to local recurrence was 23 months (range, 7 to 61 months). Multivariate analysis showed that only tumor stage and margin status were predictors of local recurrence.Conclusions: Local excision and postoperative radiotherapy result in adequate local control of early stage (Tis and T1) adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Higher rates of recurrence were seen in patients with T2 and T3 tumors, especially in those with positive margins.Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of The Society of Surgical Oncology, San Diego, California, March 26–29, 1998.     

结直肠癌根治术后复发转移危险因素分析

目的探讨结直肠癌根治术后复发转移的相关因素。方法应用单因素和多因素Cox分析方法,回顾性分析1990—1999年692例结直肠癌根治术后病例的临床病理因素。结果复发转移率23.4%(162/692),复发转移在术后2年内出现者占74.1%(120/162),3年内出现者占92.0%(149/162)。3、5年生存率:复发转移组分别为33.1%和19.7%,非复发转移组分别为92.8%和86.1%。单因素分析显示,结直肠癌患者的Dukes分期、淋巴结转移、肠壁浸润深度、分化程度、肿瘤部位、大体类型与复发转移有关。多因素分析显示,结直肠癌的淋巴结转移、肿瘤部位、分化程度是复发转移的危险因素,其中淋巴结转移是影响术后复发转移最重要的因素。分别进行局部复发和远处转移多因素分析显示,淋巴结转移、肿瘤部位、分化程度与局部复发有关,而淋巴结转移、肠壁浸润深度与远处转移有关。直肠癌多因素分析显示分化程度是术后复发的预后因素。结论淋巴结转移是影响结直肠癌术后复发转移最重要的危险因素。浸润深度是术后远处转移的重要预后因素,肿瘤位于直肠且分化程度低的患者术后局部复发的风险较大。     

Angiogenesis as an unfavorable factor related to lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer

Background: Recent studies suggest that angiogenesis enhances tumor growth and metastasis. Lymph node metastasis influences the prognosis and selection of treatment modalities in cancers. In this study, the authors investigated the correlation between angiogenesis and clinicopathologic features to determine whether angiogenesis correlated with lymph node metastasis in early-stage gastric cancer. Methods: A total of 97 specimens from patients with early gastric cancer were studied by immunohistochemical methods using anti-Factor VIII-related antigen antibody. Results: Tumor size was significantly correlated with microvessel count, which increased as tumor size increased. Microvessel counts from tumors with lymphatic vessel invasion, lymph node metastasis, and submucosal invasion were significantly higher than those without. Furthermore, microvessel count was an independent factor that influenced lymph node metastasis (P=.0016) by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: In the early stage of gastric carcinoma, angiogenesis is an independent factor that impacts on lymph node metastasis.     

Single Intralesional Tracer Dose for Radio-Guided Excision of Clinically Occult Breast Cancer and Sentinel Node

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of both lymphatic mapping and probe-guided primary tumor excision by use of intralesional tracer administration in clinically occult breast cancer.Methods: Sixty patients with a clinically occult breast lesion were prospectively included. Lymphoscintigraphy was performed after intratumoral injection of ^99mTc-labeled nanocolloid guided by ultrasound or stereotaxis. A catheter over a localization wire was inserted for intraoperative blue dye administration by using the same imaging techniques. After sentinel node identification, the gamma-ray detection probe was used for radio-guided wide local excision in patients who underwent breast-conserving therapy.Results: A sentinel node was visualized on the scintigrams in 56 patients 93% and could be identified intraoperatively in 58 patients 97%. A sentinel node contained tumor in 10 17% of these patients. Extra-axillary sentinel nodes were visualized in 43%, were collected in 38%, and contained metastasis in 7% of the patients. Complete excision of the primary tumor could be accomplished in 39 87% of 45 patients.Conclusions: Both sentinel node biopsy and probe-guided excision of a nonpalpable breast cancer is feasible with the aid of intralesional tracer administration. Sentinel node metastasis was found in 17% of the patients. A remarkably high percentage of extra-axillary drainage 43% was observed.     

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目的 探讨中下段直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移规律及影响因素。方法 对1995－2000年行侧方淋巴结清扫的105例直肠癌病人进行回顾性分析。结果 中下段直肠癌侧方转移率为21％，肿瘤的大小、部位、病理分型、分化程度及浸润深度是影响侧方转移的重要因素。在侧方淋巴结转移阳性病人中，单纯闭孔及髂内淋巴结转移阳性病人占54．5％，单纯髂外及髂总淋巴结转移阳性病人为18．1％。侧方淋巴结转移阴性病人术后局部复发率为6．7％，阳性病人为36．3％。行侧方清扫局部复发率较传统术式由17．6％降至11．4％。侧方转移阴性病人平均生存期为88个月，阳性病人为37个月，二者差异有显著性。结论 侧方淋巴转移是中下段直肠癌淋巴转移的重要途径。闭孔和髂内淋巴结是侧方淋巴结清扫中需要着重清扫的部位。侧方淋巴清扫较传统术式可明显降低局部复发率。     

Predictive factors for lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer with submucosal invasion: analysis of a single institutional experience

OBJECTIVE: An accurate assessment of a potential lymph node metastasis is an important issue for the appropriate treatment of early gastric cancer. Minimizing the amount of invasive procedures used in cancer treatment is critical for improving the patient's quality of life. Therefore, this study analyzed the predictive risk factors for a lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer with a submucosal invasion. METHODS: The data from 1043 patients surgically treated for early gastric cancer with submucosal invasion between 2002 and 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into 3 layers according to their depth: SM1, SM2, and SM3. The clinicopathological variables predicting a lymph node metastasis were evaluated. RESULTS: A lymph node metastasis was observed in 19.4% of patients. The tumor size, histologic type, Lauren classification, tumor depth, and perineural invasion showed a positive correlation with the rate of lymph node metastasis and N category by univariate analysis. Multivariate analyses revealed the tumor size (>or=2 cm) and lymphatic involvement to be significantly and independently related to lymph node metastasis. The presence of lymphatic involvement was the strongest predictive factor for a lymph node metastasis, being observed in 43.8% of cases in which a lymph node metastasis had been revealed. No lymph node metastasis was observed in the 12 cases with no lymphatic involvement, SM1 invasion, and tumor size <1 cm. CONCLUSIONS: Lymphatic involvement and tumor size are independent risk factors for a lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer with submucosal invasion. Minimal invasive treatment, such as endoscopic mucosal resection, may be possible in highly selective submucosal cancers with no lymphatic involvement, SM1 invasion, and tumor size <1 cm.     

直肠癌根治术后局部复发危险因素分析

目的 探讨影响直肠癌根治术后局部复发的相关因素,为直肠癌治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性分析1994年8月至2004年6月间收治的535例直肠癌根治手术病例的临床资料和随访结果,比较各临床病理因素与局部复发的关系.结果 本组局部复发53例(9.9%),其中合并远处复发转移病例39例(7.3%).首次手术至复发时间4～54个月,中位时间12个月.单因素分析显示,肿瘤位置(P<0.001)、分化程度(P<0.001)、组织学分型(P=0.038)、有无淋巴结转移(P=0.023)、Dukes分期(P=0.045)、有无输血(P=0.001)和术中是否应用全直肠系膜切除术(TME)原则(P<0.001)与肿瘤根治术后局部复发有关;而手术方式(P=0.908)、肿瘤浸润深度(P=0.735)、肿瘤大体病理分型(P=0.562)、手术医生年资(P=0.171)和术后辅助化疗与否(P=0.772)与根治术后局部复发无关.多因素分析显示,输血情况、肿瘤位置、分化程度、淋巴结转移和术中TME的应用是直肠癌根治术后局部复发的影响因素.结论 有输血、肿瘤位置低、分化程度低和有淋巴结转移的直肠癌患者较易复发,术中严格遵守TME原则是降低直肠癌术后局部复发的关键.     

Distribution of Metastatic Cancer Cells in Colorectal Mesentery

Background

To investigate the distribution of metastatic cancer cells in the mesentery (referred to as metastasis V) and enrich the understanding of the metastasis of colorectal cancer.

Methods

A total of two hundred ninety-nine patients who received colorectal operations at the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology between April 2018 and December 2018 were included. Samples were acquired from the dissected mesentery after the operation, and hematoxylin–eosin staining or immunohistochemistry was used to detect metastatic cancer cells. Pathological factors, including tumor position, tumor size, invasion depth, tumor differentiation, lymph node involvement, local vessel invasion, and perineural invasion, were recorded.

Results

Metastatic cancer cells in the colorectal mesentery (metastasis V) were detected in 62 of 299 patients. Metastasis V was closely correlated with tumor invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, tumor differentiation, and perineural and vessel invasion by cancer cells. Metastasis V occurred more frequently in patients with T3 stage (26.27%) and T4 stage (40.00%) than in patients with T1 and T2 stages (0% and 2%, respectively). Metastasis V was frequently detected in patients with N2a and N2b stage tumors (51.72% and 61.54%, respectively). Metastasis V was more frequently detected in patients with perineural metastasis and local vessel invasion. In addition, metastasis V incidences in colon and rectal cancer were similar.

Conclusion

The incidence rate of metastasis V is correlated with tumor staging factors and occurs more frequently in advanced-stage patients.

     

Extramammary Paget's disease of scrotum--report of 25 cases and literature review

ObjectivesWe evaluate the clinical manifestations, management, and prognostic characteristics of scrotal extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD).MethodsThe study comprised 25 patients with scrotal EMPD at our institute from January 1982 to February 2005, with all available clinical and pathological data reviewed.ResultsOf these 25 patients, 1 received radiotherapy and 24 received local wide excisions. In 24 operated patients, 7 had local recurrence and/or metastasis of groin lymph node. Five of the 7 with recurrence had a positive surgical margin postoperatively and they received a second local extensive excision. One of the 7 with recurrence and metastasis of the groin lymph node had a second local extensive excision with groin lymphadenectomy, and the last one who only had metastasis of the groin lymph node had a groin lymphadenectomy. Four of 13 patients with dermal invasion by Paget's cell had metastasis. None of the other 12 patients without dermal invasion had metastasis. However, there was no statistical metastasis rate difference (P = 0.096) between the patients with dermal invasion by Paget's cell and without. There was no statistical difference (P = 0.947) in mean delay time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis between the 2 groups either. The follow-up duration varies from 17 to 243 months (mean 119 + 86.2 months). One patient with stage D died of EMPD of the scrotum.ConclusionsWe found that EMPD of the scrotum is usually a slow progressive disease, mainly seen in elderly patients, and has a good prognosis when there is noninvasive disease. The primary treatment for EMPD of the scrotum is wide surgical excision. The key to decreasing tumor recurrence, however, is a precise, preoperative histological examination to define the range of the lesion.     

低位直肠癌保肛扩大根治手术

探讨扩大根治术在低位直肠癌保肛手术中的临床意义。方法:在265例低位直肠癌中选择158例实施保肛手术,对其中62例在扩大根治术同时完成保肛手术。结果:总转移率54.8％。上方淋巴结转移率53.4％,侧方淋巴结转移率17.2％,下方淋巴结转移率0％,转移度9.1％。术后随访结果:扩大保肛组;3年生存率73.1％,局部复发率0％;一般保肛组:3年生存率65.2％,局部复发率5.16％。排便功能:优占80％,可占16.5％,差占3.5％。结论:扩大根治术可有效防止低位直肠癌保肛术后局部复发,术后排便功能良好,不增加手术合并症。