退变性腰椎滑脱症的手术治疗

退变性腰椎滑脱症的手术治疗吴继功刘永才刘景发周明钦刘洪涛退变性腰椎滑中是指因腰椎退变引起损害节段的上位椎体向前或向后滑动，若伴神经根压迫症状，称为退变性腰椎滑脱症。自１９９１年元月至１９９７年１２月间对退变性腰椎滑脱症２１例，实施手术治疗，随访１至６...     

退变性腰椎滑脱症治疗进展

退变性腰椎滑脱症是引起中老年患者腰腿疼痛的重要原因,其治疗方法一直存在争议。近年国外对退变性腰椎滑脱症的研究增多,是否需要手术治疗是讨论的焦点。该文就退变性腰椎滑脱症治疗进展作一综述。     

退变性腰椎侧凸现代概念及治疗策略

腰椎退变性疾病包括椎间盘退变所致椎间盘突出症、退变性腰椎椎管狭窄症、退变性椎滑脱症及退变性腰椎侧凸症。     

退变性腰椎管狭窄的手术治疗

退变性腰椎管狭窄(Degenerative Lumba Steno-sis)是腰椎退变形成的骨性或纤维性结构占据椎管腔使椎管容积减少引起神经受压的一种疾病。随着保健及医疗水平的提高,人类寿命延长,社会的老龄化越加明显,人们对这种较常见的退变性老年病的认识也随之增加。它给众多老年人带来生活上的不便和痛苦,虽经保守治疗可使部分病人症状得到缓解,但有部分病人最终仍需手术治疗以解除神经压迫。退变性腰椎管狭窄是由腰椎间盘变性、骨质增生、关节突肥大、黄韧带肥厚、脊柱不稳及滑脱等诸多病理因素共存压迫神经根及马尾引起的一系列神经病理学的改变,随着对其病理认识的加深,人们不断改进手术方式,以求获得更为满意的临床效果。     

腰椎退变性滑脱的病理变化及诊断与治疗

目的：探讨因退行性病变因素，造成相邻椎节相互位移并导致该节段椎管变形和狭窄，引起马尾神经或神经根压迫症。方法：报告９２例腰椎退变性滑脱伴有神经根压迫，均经手术治疗。根据临床表现及影像学特征分别采用了３种手术方法，其中４５例实施病变节段椎板部分切除减压及植骨融合术；单纯神经根减压２１例；前路植骨融合术２６例。结果：８４例获随访平均５年６个月，根据Ｍａｃｎａｂ评定法，优良者７３例（８６９％）。研究认为，退变性腰椎滑脱在病理和临床上与因峡部因素的滑脱有明显差别，因此，治疗方法的选择也不同     

腰椎退变性疾病（续）

3 退变性腰椎滑脱 退变性腰椎滑脱是指因腰椎退变引起损害节段的上位椎 体向前或向后滑动;若伴有神经根压迫症状,称为退变性腰椎 滑脱症。 3.1 病理 由于腰椎椎间盘和两个小关节突关节软骨进行性退变, 关节囊及棘上、棘间韧带松弛,腰椎不稳,导致小关节突的相 互制约能力逐步减弱,损害节段的上位椎体向前或向后滑动, 但与峡部崩裂导致的椎体滑脱不同,退变性滑脱通常不超过 椎体前后径的30％,Ⅰ°为主,占90.5％,Ⅱ°仅占9.5％;后 者是椎节间丧失了制约关系,随着剪应力的加大,上位椎体前 滑脱可达Ⅱ°、Ⅲ °,甚至位移至下位椎体的前面。 发生退变性滑脱的椎节通常有节段性椎管狭窄,当两侧 关节突退变破坏不对称时,上位脊椎相对下位脊椎发生旋转, 导致侧隐窝和椎管变形和狭窄,引起相应的神经根压迫。     

腰椎后路手术椎间融合器应用的专家共识

椎间融合器(interbody fusion cage)联合椎弓根钉棒系统实施腰椎后路减压融合内固定术是治疗腰椎退变性疾病如腰椎管狭窄症、腰椎滑脱症、腰椎间盘突出症合并腰椎不稳等的常用手术方法,包括后路腰椎椎间融合术(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)和经椎间孔入路腰椎椎间融...     

退变性腰椎滑脱当前手术的进展和争议

退变性腰椎滑脱是在1955年由Newman首先提出,他记载了腰椎关节突关节退变性关节炎所产生具有完整椎弓的椎体的滑动。腰椎退变与退变性滑脱腰椎退变的病变基础是椎间盘,在其退变的基础上,脊椎的关节软骨、关节突及其韧带发生相关的变化,而出现神经根的压迫,腰椎的滑动。与之对应     

脊柱骨盆矢状位参数预测退变性腰椎滑脱发生及发展的危险因素

目的探讨脊柱骨盆矢状位参数预测退变性腰椎滑脱发生及发展的危险因素。方法退变性腰椎滑脱及退变性腰椎管狭窄症病人71例,其中退变性腰椎滑脱病人36例,退变性腰椎管狭窄症病人35例。在站立位全脊柱侧位片上测量骨盆投射角(PI)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)、骨盆倾斜度(PT)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、胸椎后凸角(TK)、腰椎骨盆前凸角(PR-LI,PR-L2,PR-L3,PR-L4,PR-L5)、骨盆形态(PR-S1)、腰4椎体倾斜角(L4S)、腰5椎体倾斜角(L5S)。所测退变性腰椎滑脱病例脊柱骨盆参数分别与退变性腰椎管狭窄症及正常国人脊柱骨盆参数进行比较,采用两独立样本t检验比较两组参数间的差异。结果退变性腰椎滑脱组PI[(57.67±11.78)°]、SS[(37.83±9.17)°]、LL[(54.65±11.45)°]明显大于退变性腰椎管狭窄症组[(44.47±8.75)°,(28.18±9.02)°,(38.97±15.59)°]及正常参考值[(44.75±9.01)°,(33.57±7.64)°,(48.75±10.03)°](P0.05);退变性腰椎滑脱组L4S[(8.18±9.98)°]、L5S[(19.96±8.33)°]明显大于退变性腰椎管狭窄症组[(3.32±7.95)°,(10.87±8.02)°](P0.05);退变性腰椎滑脱PR-L4[(57.63±13.44)°]、PR-L5[(45.76±10.92)°]及PR-S1[(27.91±10.41)°]明显小于退变性腰椎管狭窄症组[(65.48±10.70)°,(56.33±9.15)°,(38.63±7.29)°](P0.05)。结论高PI可能引起退变性腰椎滑脱发生及发展,L5椎体倾斜角是退变性腰椎滑脱发生的预测因素之一,退变性腰椎滑脱下腰椎骨盆前凸明显小于退变性腰椎管狭窄症。     

椎间植骨加压融合内固定治疗退变性腰椎滑脱症合并椎管狭窄的手术疗效分析

目的 评价椎间植骨加压融合内固定治疗退变性腰椎滑脱症合并椎管狭窄的手术效果.方法 对退变性腰椎滑脱症合并椎管狭窄79例采取椎间植骨椎弓根固定加压融合术治疗,根据融合术式分为两组,即单纯植骨融合组(A组)和cage融合组(B组).结果 79例得到1年以上随访,术前两组JOA评分和VAPS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后两组优良率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 椎间植骨加压融合内固定治疗退变性腰椎滑脱症合并椎管狭窄,是一种有效的手术方法,cage应用与否与手术疗效关系不大.     

Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with an intact neural arch (pseudospondylolisthesis).

Twenty patients treated for degenerative spondylolisthesis with an intact neural arch principally at the L4-5 interspace had neural compression caused by dislocation of the vertebral bodies and intrusions of lamina and enlarged, arthrotic facets into a stenotic spinal canal. The resulting "pincer" effect caused complete or partial block demonstrable on myelography, with nerve root and cauda equina compression. Most of the patients were women aged 45-84 years. Seven had neurogenic claudication. The majority had unrestricted straight-leg raising, and no signs of acute neural entrapment were seen as in patients with a herniated disc. Absent ankle reflexes, and weakness and atrophy of the anterior tibial muscle group were common, while sensation was relatively undisturbed. Treatment consisted of liberal laminar decompression including foraminotomy and medial or total facetectomy. Good-to-excellent results were obtained, and no patient was made worse by the procedure.     

Cauda equina syndrome after in situ arthrodesis for severe spondylolisthesis at the lumbosacral junction

Relative stretching of the cauda equina over the posterosuperior border of the sacrum can be found in all patients who have Grade-III or IV spondylolisthesis at the lumbosacral junction. We identified twelve patients, all less than eighteen years old, who had cauda equina syndrome after in situ arthrodesis for Grade-III or IV lumbosacral spondylolisthesis. In all twelve patients, posterolateral arthrodesis had been done bilaterally through a midline or paraspinal muscle-splitting approach. Nothing in the operative reports suggested that the cauda equina had been directly injured during any of the procedures. Five of the twelve patients eventually recovered completely. The remaining seven patients had a permanent residual neurological deficit, manifested by complete or partial inability to control the bowel and bladder. If dysfunction of the root of the sacral nerve is noted preoperatively in a patient who has lumbosacral spondylolisthesis, decompression of the cauda equina concomitant with the arthrodesis should be considered. An acute cauda equina syndrome that follows a seemingly uneventful in situ arthrodesis for spondylolisthesis is best treated by an immediate decompression that includes resection of the posterosuperior rim of the dome of the sacrum and the adjacent intervertebral disc. In addition, posterior insertion of instrumentation and reduction of the lumbosacral spondylolisthesis should be considered.     

Facet joint cysts causing cauda equina compression

Facet joint cysts are commonest at the L4-L5 level and are associated with facet joint degeneration and type III (degenerative) spondylolisthesis. It is extremely rare for facet joint cysts to cause symptomatic cauda equina compression. Three elderly patients presented to us with significant cauda equina compression caused by facet joint cysts. One presented with classic symptoms and signs of a cauda equina syndrome, a second with bilateral lower limb neurologic loss associated with uncontrolled epilepsy, and the third with bilateral leg symptoms as well as an upper limb tremor and fasciculation. The diagnosis was easily made after magnetic resonance scanning in two patients, although in one patient, it was significantly delayed because of his confounding neurologic picture. Lumbar spine surgery (decompression and cyst resection) was successful in resolving symptoms in all three, even though two patients had significant neurologic compromise before surgery. The occurrence of facet joint cysts in older patients can be associated with other degenerative neurologic conditions, and the diagnosis might not be apparent early. We suggest that in older patients who have a mixed picture of central and peripheral neurologic compromise, this diagnosis should be considered and investigation of the whole of the spine, not just the brain and spinal cord, should be undertaken.     

对治疗腰椎峡部裂和滑脱症的几种手术方法的估价——介绍加压钩钉植骨固定术

１９８７年４月～１９９１年１２月作者采用各种不同的手术方法治疗腰椎峡部裂和滑脱症共６３例，总优良率为８４．９％。经随访，对各种手术方法的效果作出估价，认为：１．腰痛伴有腰椎峡部裂或轻度滑脱患者，加压钩钉植骨固定术应是首选术式。２．有神经根压迫症状时，应作椎板切除减压木，同时作腰椎融合术．３．减压术后植骨内固定方法以后外侧（横突间融合）法简便、效果可靠。本文同时介绍了加压钩钉植骨固定手术方法。     

Intact arch spondylolisthesis. A review of 50 cases and description of surgical treatment

Over the past 11 years, the authors have treated 50 cases of intact arch spondylolisthesis. There were 38 female and 12 male patients, and all but 11 were older than 60 years of age. Almost all had severe low-back pain made worse by standing or walking. Other common manifestations were unilateral leg pain, numbness or weakness of the leg, and evidence of mild cauda equina compression. Severe cauda equina compression was rare. Myelography invariably showed an extradural dorsal compression. A waist deformity was characteristic in many patients, but 12 had a complete block. In 15 patients (30%) the myelographic impression was that of a herniated intervertebral disc. Most subluxations were of L-4 on L-5. At operation, the facets were found to be thickened, distorted, and irregular. All patients were treated with a wide decompression and laminectomy, which included a medial facetectomy of the inferior and superior facets. An intervertebral disc was removed in 10 patients. Follow-up monitoring of 41 patients (for an average period of 36 months) showed that 26 (63%) were pain-free, 11 had less pain, and four were unimproved. Five other patients with short follow-up periods (average 5 months) were all improved.     

Dorsal compression of the epidural cord due to free sequestral lumbar prolapse

Due to the anatomical situation, intervertebral disc herniation usually results in compression of the anterior epidural space, with lateral or medial irritation of nerve root or cauda equina. Rare locations are an intra- or extraforaminal position or dislocation dorsally. Three patients with dorsal cauda equina compression caused by a sequestered herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) are reported. The patients complained mainly of severe back pain. In two patients nondermatome-related leg pain was observed; one patient suffered additionally from incomplete cauda equina syndrome. In all cases magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography diagnosed neoplastic tissue.     

Posterior lumbar interbody fusion

This paper reports the posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) that has been performed on fourteen patients. It includes 6 cases of spondylolytic spondylolisthesis, 3 cases of degenerative spondylolisthesis, 2 cases of postoperative recurrence of lumbar disc protrusion, 2 cases of unstable prolapse of intervertebral disc, 1 cases of consequent spinal canal stenosis after lumbar lamina fusion. As a result 92 per cent of the operations are successful. The method of operation and it's modification are reported in detail. The indication of operation and the evaluative criteria of interbody bone union discussed. The intact of lumbar posterior structures, the condition of bone grating bed, the quality and disperse of bone graft are main factors that influencing bone union. Bleeding from venous plexus of spinal canal and from vertebral cancellous bone, injury of lumbosacral nerve root and cauda equina are the main surgical complications that should be stressed.     

腰椎间盘突出症致马尾神经损伤的原因与防治

目的 了解腰椎间盘突出症合并马尾神经损伤的发病原因,由此探讨其预防及治疗的措施。方法 对腰椎间盘突出症合并马尾神经损伤21例进行分型、手术治疗和随访,并对发病原因及术中所见进行分析。结果 腰椎间盘突出症合并马尾神经损伤好发于腰椎间盘突出症反复多次发作者,多有外伤、不合理治疗等诱因。术后恢复优5例,良11例,可4例,差1例。结论 腰椎间盘突出症反复多次发作者其马尾神经损伤比例增加,对此类病人应避免腰部损伤,避免做重手法推拿、大重量牵引等加重腰部损伤的治疗,发现有马尾神经损伤者应作早期手术治疗。     

Posterior epidural migration of an extruded free fragment from a lumbar disc herniation

The majority of symptomatic lumbar disc herniations are located in a posterolateral position with resultant nerve root compression. Although caudal, rostral and lateral migrations of disc fragments are common, posterior epidural migration of an extruded free fragment from a lumbar disc herniation is a rare occurrence and sometimes may cause a dural sac compression with cauda equina syndrome. This retrospective case report describes a 63-year-old man with intractable lower back pain and cauda equina syndrome. Emergency magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a posterior epidural soft tissue compressing the dural sac. The lesion was hypointense on T1-weighted images, hyperintense on T2-weighted images and showed rim enhancement after intravenous injection of gadolinium. A laminectomy at L3 was performed and the extruded disc fragment was removed with dural sac decompression. Postoperatively the patient's radicular symptoms completely resolved. At the 2-year follow-up visit, the patient had recovered full motor, sensory and urinary functions. MRI is the modality of choice in the evaluation of an extruded free disc fragment and a cauda equina compression. In such cases a wide decompressive laminectomy is recommended. Received: 13 November 2000; Accepted: 4 December 2000     

Nitric oxide induced ectopic firing in a lumbar nerve root with cauda equina compression

Nitric oxide is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of radiculopathy attributable to herniated intervertebral disc, but its effect on ectopic firing, which is the main source of sciatica, has not been investigated. The authors investigated whether ectopic firing is elicited when the lumbar nerve root is exposed to nitric oxide using rats with and without cauda equina compression. A group of animals had partial L3 laminectomy, and a silicone tube was inserted in the epidural space to compress the cauda equina. A sham operation group and nontreated control group also were prepared. Seven days later, ectopic firing of the nerve root was recorded from the sural nerve. The animals with cauda equina compression showed significantly higher spontaneous firing rates than other groups. After a lumbar epidural administration of sodium nitroprusside, only the animals with cauda equina compression showed a marked increase in the firing rate. These results showed that the nerve roots became hyperexcitable under compression as indicated by increased spontaneous firing and marked sensitivity to nitric oxide. This mechanism may play an important role in the development of sciatica.