3-6岁儿童自立行为问卷的编制

目的:编制3-6岁儿童自立行为问卷并进行信度和效度的检验。方法:基于前期对幼儿园教师及幼儿家长的开放式访谈的内容分析结果,确定3-6岁儿童自立行为的单维(自我行动功能维度)多层次(日常自立、社会自立、心理自立和学业自立4个领域维度)结构,在此基础上建立了3-6岁儿童自立行为问卷。结果:探索性因素分析结果表明,问卷可提取5个因子,分别是日常自立、社会自立-安全常识、社会自立-社交行为、心理自立-自我控制、学业自立。信度检验提示该问卷具有较好的内部一致性和重测稳定性。儿童自立行为表现出随年级增长而提高的趋势。提示问卷具有一定的外部效度。结论:本研究编制的3-6岁儿童自立行为问卷结构清晰,具有较好的信度和效度,可以作为评估3-6岁儿童自立行为的工具。     

3-6岁儿童自立行为问卷的结构分析

目的:探讨自主编制的3-6岁儿童自立行为问卷的因素结构。方法:369名3-6岁儿童接受儿童自立行为问卷测试,采用探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析进行因子结构分析和验证。结果:3-6岁儿童自立行为问卷包括27个项目,探索性因素分析提取5个因子,分别是日常自立、社会自立-安全常识、社会自立-社交行为、心理自立-自我控制以及学业自立。5因子累积解释方差变异的53.796%。验证性因素分析结果支持探索性因素分析的5因素模型,主要拟合指数χ~2/df=1.980,NFI=0.809,IFI=0.895,TLI=0.881,CFI=0.894,RMSEA=0.057。一阶模型拟合优于二阶模型。各项目在所属因子上的负荷值在0.378~0.827之间,5个因子之间的相关系数在0.409~0.685之间。结论:3-6岁儿童自立行为问卷因子结构清晰,各因子之间有一定关联又相互区别。问卷为一阶结构,故使用该问卷评定3-6岁儿童自立行为时不宜计算总分。     

高低自立水平儿童的亲-子依恋特点的研究

目的:探讨儿童自立发展水平与其早期与父母之间的亲-子依恋状况的关系.方法:应用6-12岁儿童自立行为问卷和成人依恋问卷(AAQ 3.1)对193名5、6年级小学生进行测试;根据儿童在自立行为问卷上的总分排序,取上27%人群为高自立组,下27%人群为低自立组.结果:①低自立组在母爱缺失、父爱缺失、母亲拒绝、父亲拒绝、对母亲愤怒、对父亲愤怒等6个分量表上得分显著高于高自立组儿童;②母爱缺失、父爱缺失、母亲拒绝、父亲拒绝、对母亲愤怒、对父亲愤怒6个分量表与儿童自立行为各维度之间存在广泛的显著负相关.结论:儿童自立发展水平与其早期与父母之间的亲-子依恋状况密切相关.研究结果提示来自父母的拒绝、否定、爱的缺失、敌对愤怒的亲子关系,将对儿童自立发展产生不利影响.     

高低自立水平儿童的自我概念特点的研究

目的:探讨儿童自立发展水平与其自我概念之间的关系.方法:①应用6-12岁儿童自立行为问卷和田纳西自我概念量表(TSCS)对193名5、6年级小学生进行测试;②根据儿童在自立行为问卷上的总分排序.取上27%人群为高自立组,下27%人群为低自立组.结果:①高自立组在田纳西自我概念量表所有分量表上的得分均显著高于低自立组;②田纳西自我概念量表各分量表与自立行为问卷各维度分之间均存在显著正相关.结论:儿童自立行为与自我概念之间关系密切,自立水平越高,其自我概念越积极.     

父母养育方式与儿童自立水平关系的研究

目的:探讨父母养育方式与儿童自立发展水平之间的关系.方法:①应用6-12岁儿童自立行为问卷和父母养育方式问卷(EMBU)对79名5、6年级小学生进行测试;②根据儿童在自立行为问卷上的总分排序,取上27%人群为高自立组,下27%人群为低自立组.结果:①高自立组父情感温暖、母情感温暖两个因子分显著高于低自立组;而低自立组父惩罚严厉、母拒绝否认、母惩罚严厉三项因子分显著高于高自立组;②母拒绝否认和母惩罚严厉与儿童自立行为各维度之间存在广泛的显著负相关,父情感温暖、母情感温暖与儿童自立行为存在显著的正相关.结论:父母养育方式与儿童自立行为水平密切相关.与低自立水平儿童相比,高自立水平儿童体验着温暖、关爱的养育方式,而低自立水平儿童体验更多的是严厉惩罚和拒绝否认的养育方式.     

儿童内-外控制倾向与自立水平的关系

目的:探讨儿童自立发展水平与其心理控制源特点(内-外控倾向)之间的关系.方法:①应用6-12岁儿童自立行为问卷和儿童控制知觉多维度测查表(Multidimentional Measure of Children's Perception of Control, MMCPC)对193名5、6年级小学生进行测试;②根据儿童在自立行为问卷上的总分排序,取上27%人群为高自立组,下27%人群为低自立组.结果:①高自立组未知方控制和有势力的他人控制两个分量表得分显著低于低自立组,而内部控制分量表得分显著高于低自立组;②除社会自立维度外,自立行为问卷其他各维度分均与未知方控制和有势力的他人控制呈显著负相关,与内部控制呈显著正相关.结论:自立水平与儿童的心理控制源特点密切相关.内-外控倾向可能是影响儿童自立行为发展的重要人格特征之一.     

场依存-独立性认知方式与儿童自立水平的关系

目的:探讨场依存一独立性认知方式与儿童自立发展水平之间的关系.方法:①应用6-12岁儿童自立行为问卷对120名4-6年级小学生进行评定,根据儿童在自立行为问卷上的总分排序,取上27％人群高自立组,下27％人群为低自立组;②被试的认知方式是依据其在该年级组的镶嵌图形测验平均成绩确定的,将测验总分排序位于上25％的30名儿童确定为场独立性被试,测验总分排序位于下25％的30名儿童确定为场依存性被试.结果:①高自立组认知方式得分显著高于低自立组,场独立认知倾向组在自立行为问卷的学业自立和自我决断分量表上的得分显著高于场依存认知倾向组;②认知方式得分与自立行为问卷的学业自立、日常自立、自我决断、自我行动、自我负责以及自立总分呈显著正相关.结论:自立行为水平与儿童的认知方式特点密切相关.与低自立水平儿童相比,高自立水平儿童的认知方式更倾向于场独立性,场独立性倾向者自立水平较高而场依存性倾向者自立水平较低.     

离异型单亲家庭儿童自立行为的现状与特点研究

目的:了解当前单亲家庭儿童自立行为的现状及特点。方法:采用6～12岁儿童自立行为量表对2786名小学五、六年级学生进行问卷调查,其中有237名单亲家庭儿童。结果:(1)单亲家庭儿童在自立行为总分、自我决断、自我行动、自我负责、学业自立和道德自立上的得分显著低于完整家庭儿童;(2)单亲家庭儿童男生在一般自立、学业自立和道德自立上的得分显著低于女生;(3)主要抚养者为小学文化程度的单亲家庭儿童,其自立行为得分最低;主要抚养者为大学文化程度的单亲家庭儿童,其自立行为得分最高;(4)单亲开始年龄为8～12岁的儿童,其自立行为得分显著低于单亲开始年龄为0～3岁和3～8岁的儿童。结论:(1)单亲家庭儿童中男生的自立行为发展水平低于女生;(2)主要抚养者文化程度越高,单亲家庭儿童的自立行为发展水平也越高;(3)单亲开始年龄越大的儿童,其自立行为发展水平越低。     

高低自立水平儿童的自我图式的实验研究

目的:验证是否存在自立的自我图式、考察自立的自我图式的特点,以及高、低自立水平儿童的自我图式在回忆量、认可量、反应时上的差异。方法:应用6-12岁儿童自立行为问卷对湖南某小学300名六年级小学生的自立水平进行评定,根据儿童在自立行为问卷上的总分按由高至低排序,从高分到低分取35名儿童作为高自立组,由低分到高分取35名儿童作为低自立组,对两组被试采用自我相关编码任务(SRET)范式,进行自我图式的实验对照研究。结果:两组儿童对自立词的认可量均明显多于对非自立词的认可量;自立组的反应时间明显长于非自立组,对非自立词的反应时间明显长于对自立词的反应时间;两组儿童再认正确数无显著差异。结论:高自立组儿童主要具有自立的自我图式;而低自立组儿童不仅具有非自立的自我图式,同时具有自立的自我图式,提示自立不是非此即彼的二元构念的自我概念。     

家庭亲密度视角下的小学生自立行为测评与促进

探讨小学高年级学生家庭亲密度与自立行为之间的关系.选取家庭亲密度量表和6～12岁儿童自立行为问卷对321名五六年级小学生进行测量;根据儿童在家庭亲密度问卷上总分排序,选取前27％人群作为高家庭亲密度组,后27％人群为低家庭亲密度组.结果显示:①高家庭亲密度组学生在小学生自立行为功能维度得分均高于低家庭亲密度组学生的得分...     

校园心理剧促进小学一年级学生日常自立养成的实验研究

目的：探讨从日常自立入手制定的校园心理剧方案对小学一年级学生日常自立水平的影响。方法：采取6-12岁儿童自立行为问卷-日常自立分卷在长沙市某小学整群抽样2个班级施测,选取各班得分最低27%的儿童,以班为单位分别组成实验组（n=10）和控制组（n=10）,以校园心理剧的形式对实验组进行日常自立养成干预。结果：(1)实验组的后测得分和追踪测试得分显著高于前测得分（F=22.48, P<0.001）,控制组后测和追踪测试得分较前测得分也有显著提高（F=6.9, P<0.01）;(2)以前测分数为协变量,协方差分析结果发现,实验组的后测（F=20.94, P<0.001）及追踪测（F=4.74, P<0.05）结果均显著高于对照组。结论：以日常自立为主题的校园心理剧干预对小学一年级学生日常自立的发展有显著促进作用。     

Food allergy QoL questionnaire for children aged 0–12 years: content, construct, and cross-cultural validity

Background To date, there is no food allergy‐specific questionnaire that allows parents to report children's health‐related QoL (HRQL) from the child's perspective. Objective The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive, multi‐dimensional measure to assess parental perception of HRQL in children aged 0–12 years with food allergy. Methods The Food Allergy QoL – Parent Form (FAQLQ‐PF) was developed and validated in four stages: (1) item generation using focus groups, expert opinion, and literature review; (2) item reduction, using clinical impact and factor analysis; (3) internal and test–retest reliability and construct validity were evaluated using relevant scales of the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ)‐28 and the disease‐specific food allergy independent measure (FAIM); and (4) cross‐cultural and content validity was examined by administering the questionnaire in a US sample. Results Stage 1: Saturation was reached at 110 items. Stage 2: The reduced instrument has 14 items for children <4 years and 26 and 30 items for children aged 4–6 years and 7–12 years, respectively. Factor analysis revealed three subscales: emotional impact, food anxiety, and social and dietary limitations, accounting for 68% of the variance. Stage 3: Cronbach's α >0.7 for subscales and total score. Construct validity was demonstrated by significant correlations between relevant scales of the CHQ‐28 and FAQLQ‐PF subscales (r=0.69–0.77, P<0.01), and between FAQLQ‐PF subscales and the FAIM. Sensitivity was shown by significant within‐group differences in a sample of 124 food‐allergic children. Stage 4: The FAQLQ‐PF was validated in a sample of US children, Cronbach's α >0.7 for subscales and total score. Construct validity was demonstrated by significant correlations between FAQLQ‐PF and the FAIM (parent report) and between the FAQLQ‐PF and the FAIM (child report). No differences were observed between the US and Irish scores. Conclusion The FAQLQ‐PF is psychometrically robust, with excellent reliability and validity.     

Developmental Changes in Measures of Hierarchical Stimulus Recognition in Conditions of Directed Attention in Children Aged 5–10 Years

Reaction times and the accuracy of recognition of hierarchical letter stimuli at the local and global levels were studied in 95 children of four age groups (5–6, 6–7, 7–8, and 9–10 years) and 10 adults. Overall, children of all age groups and adults recognized hierarchical stimuli at the global level more accurately and rapidly than at the local level (the global advantage effect) and showed slowing of reactions on recognition of incongruent stimuli at the local level (the global interference effect). At younger ages (5–6 years), there were significant individual differences in measures of recognition of hierarchical letters – in some children of this age (seven of 37), the global advantage effect on recognition of incongruent stimuli was absent. Significant progressive changes in the accuracy of recognition of hierarchical stimuli at both the local and global levels were seen on development from 6–7 to 7–8 years, as well as in adults a compared with children aged 9–10 years. Different developmental dynamics in the speed of recognition of hierarchical stimuli were seen at the local and global levels: the speed of recognition of small letters increased significantly in each sequential age group, starting from 6–7 years, while recognition of large letters showed no significant decrease in reaction times in children aged 9–10 years as compared with those aged 7–8 years. In the two youngest age groups (5–6 and 6–7 years), the type of hierarchical stimulus was found to influence recognition speed: reaction times increased significantly, independently of the level of recognition, using both target (incongruent stimuli) and neutral elements at the irrelevant level. It is suggested that the nonlinear developmental dynamics of measures of the recognition of hierarchical stimuli at preschool and early school age are determined by the maturation of the mechanisms processing sense-specific information and by the formation of executive functions, especially those associated with selective extraction of significant signals.     

55对独生与多生子女MMPI配对研究

按同班、同性别、学号最邻近１：１配对原则从１６～１８岁青少年中选出５５对（男３４，女２１）独生与多生子女作为被试。ＭＭＰＩ测试结果：各量表Ｔ值，男性两组间无显著性差异；女性Ｋ量表独生组高于多生组，Ｄ和Ｓｉ两量表独生组低于多生组，其余１１项量表两组间亦无显著性差异。提示：总体上独生与多生子女间无显著个性差异，但独生女与多生女间有所差别。     

乌鲁木齐地区汉族及维吾尔族青少年和儿童手腕骨骨龄评价

背景：由于不同个体间,种族、性别、遗传、地理环境的不同而导致骨龄也会有所不同,因此有必要对新疆地区汉族,维吾尔族青少年儿童的手腕部骨发育状况作评价。 目的：评价乌鲁木齐地区汉族、维吾尔族青少年儿童手腕骨骨龄实际状况。 方法：选取乌鲁木齐地区汉族、维吾尔族760例4.0-14.0岁发育正常青少年儿童腕部X射线片,样本不区分左右手,以2岁为一个年龄段。采用《中国人手腕骨发育标准CHN法》对手腕部骨进行评分,确定参与研究的青少年儿童的骨龄情况。采用统计学方法分析骨龄和生活年龄的关系及两民族间骨龄与生活年龄的差异。 结果与结论：①乌鲁木齐地区汉族、维吾尔族青少年儿童骨龄与生活年龄明显相关(P值均< 0.05)。②骨龄和生活年龄的比较,有13组骨龄高于生活年龄,包括汉族女性4.0-11.9岁阶段4个年龄组,汉族男性4.0-9.9岁阶段3个年龄组,维族女性4.0-9.9岁阶段3个年龄组,维族男性4.0-9.9岁阶段3个年龄组。③两民族间青少年儿童骨龄与生活年龄差值比较,女性汉族女性10-11.9岁组骨龄与生活年龄差异高于维吾尔族;汉族男性12-13.9岁组骨龄与生活年龄差异高于维吾尔族。结果提示,两民族青少年儿童多个年龄组骨骼发育有提前成熟的趋势;两民族两性别骨龄与生活年龄的差值在部分年龄段存在差异。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：     

Feasibility of using unattended polysomnography in children for research--report of the Tucson Children's Assessment of Sleep Apnea study (TuCASA).

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The Tucson Children's Assessment of Sleep Apnea study (TuCASA) is designed to investigate the prevalence and correlates of objectively measured sleep-disordered breathing in pre-adolescent children. This paper documents the methods and feasibility of attaining quality unattended polysomnograms in the first 162 TuCASA children recruited. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study projected to enroll 500 children between 5 and 12 years of age who will undergo unattended polysomnography, neurocognitive evaluation, and physiological and anatomical measurements thought to be associated with sleep-disordered breathing. SETTING: Children are recruited through the Tucson Unified School District. Polysomnograms and anthropometric measurements are completed in the child's home. PARTICIPANTS: Of the 157 children enrolled in TuCASA, there were 100 children (64%) between 5-8 years old and 57 children (36%) between the ages of 9 to 12. There were 74 (47%) Hispanic children, and 68 (43%) female participants. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS & RESULTS: Technically acceptable studies were obtained in 157 children (97%). The initial pass rate was 91%, which improved to 97% when 9 children who failed on the first night of recording completed a second study which was acceptable. In 152 studies (97%), greater than 5 hours of interpretable respiratory, electroencephalographic, and oximetry signals were obtained. The poorest signal quality was obtained from the chin electromyogram and from the combination thermister/nasal cannula. Parents reported that 54% of children slept as well as, or better than usual, while 40% reported that their child slept somewhat worse than usual. Only 6% were observed to sleep much worse than usual. Night-to-night variability in key polysomnographic parameters (n=10) showed a high degree of reproducibility on 2 different nights of study using identical protocols in the same child. In 5 children, polysomnograms done in the home were comparable to those recorded in a sleep laboratory. CONCLUSIONS: The high quality of data collected in TuCASA demonstrates that multi-channel polysomnography data can be successfully obtained in children aged 5-12 years in an unattended setting under a research protocol.