口腔颌面部缺损各类组织瓣修复后的护理

目的：探讨口腔颌面部缺损的各类修复方法,总结各类组织瓣转移术后的护理经验,探索提高组织瓣成活率减少并发症的方法。方法：复习病例,总结分析52例口腔颌面部缺损的修复病例,分别按缺损类型,组织瓣类型进行分组,观察其创口愈合情况和组织瓣成活情况。结果：口腔颌面部缺损给病人带来形态,生理功能和精神的影响,各类组织瓣的修复有利于提高病人的生存质量,修复的成功在相当程度上取决于术前术后护理。结论：认真做好术前准备和术后护理有利于提高各类组织的成活率。     

颌外动脉瓣修复口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤术后组织缺损

目的探讨颌外动脉瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤术后组织缺损的可靠性,拟为临床工作提供指导。方法回顾2005年6月至2010年6月期间,颌面部肿瘤切除术后应用颌外动脉瓣进行颌面软组织重建的临床病例39例,观察其近远期临床效果。结果本组39例中37例成活,2例出现皮瓣远心端部分坏死,经修整换药后存活,术后随访1～6年,无肿瘤复发或死亡病例,皮瓣功能及外观满意。结论颌外动脉瓣是一种很好的口腔颌面部肿瘤手术后软组织缺损的修复方法,具有血供足、静脉回流通畅、可靠性高、皮瓣存活率高、供区瘢痕隐蔽等优点,不需额外手术切口,皮瓣皮肤颜色、质地与受区匹配;但须术前排除颈部颌下淋巴结转移可能,并作好颌外动脉的血流评估。     

两种血管吻合方式对游离组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损中皮瓣成活的影响

目的比较国产73-Ⅱ型血管套接器与普通血管缝合两种血管吻合方式对游离组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损中皮瓣成活的影响。方法根据不同的血管吻合方式将2005年10月至2012年1月间本院63例应用游离组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损的患者分为两组,血管套接组（n=32）修复时采用国产73-Ⅱ型血管套接器吻合动脉及静脉,普通血管缝合组（n=31）采用血管缝线吻合血管,比较两组病例血管吻合时间,术后皮瓣危象发生率、皮瓣成活率,以及患者面部外形、面部功能恢复情况。结果血管套接组、普通血管缝合组血管吻合时间分别为（15.66±8.76）分钟、（65.55±15.14）分钟,两组吻合时间有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。两组共移植组织瓣63例,术后发生皮瓣危象3例,成活61例,皮瓣危象发生率4.76%,总成活率为96.83%。血管套接组移植游离组织瓣32例,术后发生皮瓣危象1例、成活31例,皮瓣危象发生率3.13%、成活率96.88%;普通血管缝合组移植游离组织瓣31例,术后发生皮瓣危象2例、成活30例,皮瓣危象发生率6.45%、成活率96.77%。两组术后皮瓣危象发生率、皮瓣成活率均无显著差异（P〉0.05）。所有患者的创口均一期愈合。所有患者面部外形恢复良好、舌体运动、咬合关系及吞咽功能基本正常。结论游离组织瓣移植修复口腔颌面部缺损安全有效,患者面部外形、功能恢复满意。术中血管套接和普通缝合吻合血管的方法,术后皮瓣危象发生率和皮瓣成活率基本相同,但血管套接法吻合速度快、易于掌握,临床上需根据具体病情,结合患者自身经济条件进行选择。     

口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤根治术的麻醉处理

口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤根治术的麻醉处理中山医科大学孙逸仙纪念医院（５１０１２０）徐忠东蔡华雄钟亮口腔颌面恶性肿瘤常需行联合根治术，手术时间较长、出血较多，给麻醉处理带来一定困难，现将６７例这类手术的麻醉处理总结如下。资料与方法１．一般资料本组６７例中，男...     

口腔颌面组织缺损的软组织瓣修复

组织缺损分口腔恶性肿瘤术后的软组织缺损和其它如爆炸伤、枪伤、动物咬伤等软组织缺损。常用的组织瓣有额瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣、胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、带状肌肌皮瓣、耳后软组织皮瓣、唇颊瓣和游离前臂皮瓣。以上组织瓣的运用极大地提高了手术根治范围和改善患者术后生存质量 ,取得了很好的临床效果。现将我科自 1985年起 ,资料较为完整的5 9例病例报告如下1　临床资料1.1　一般资料本组 5 9例中 ,男性 38例 ,女性 2 1例 ,最大年龄 70岁 ,最小年龄 16岁 ,平均年龄 5 0岁。1.2　病例类型舌颌颈 10例 ,颊颌颈 12例 ,口底癌根治 6例 ,…     

游离组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损183例临床分析

目的:总结游离组织瓣在口腔颌面部软、硬组织缺损修复中的应用及提高其成功率的经验。方法 :2001—2011年(10年)期间,我院行游离组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损的病例共计183例,其中前臂皮瓣91例,腓骨复合组织瓣78例,股前外侧皮瓣14例,用于修复舌、颊、腭、口底、上颌骨、下颌骨等部位缺损,回顾性分析其成活率及术后并发症。结果:179块组织瓣成活,总成活率为97.8%,失败率为2.2%。其中前臂皮瓣成活率为96.7%,腓骨复合组织瓣为98.7%,股前外侧皮瓣为100%。结论 :前臂皮瓣是口腔颌面部软组织缺损修复的首选皮瓣,股前外侧皮瓣只有在大范围缺损时使用,对于上、下颌骨缺损均可采用腓骨复合组织瓣修复。术后1周内监测皮瓣,及时发现血管危象并手术探查处理,是保证游离组织瓣成活的关键。     

游离组织瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤术后缺损血管危象的影响因素配对logistic回归分析

目的 探讨口腔颌面部肿瘤切除游离组织瓣移植术后发生血管危象的影响因素。方法 对2015—2020年某三甲专科医院头颈肿瘤外科病房完成游离组织瓣移植术且发生血管危象的所有患者进行回顾性分析。从同时期该病房未发生血管危象的患者中,根据手术医生、手术时间、患者性别和年龄进行1∶1配对,收集46个可能的影响因素,采用SPSS 26.0统计软件对数据进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析。结果 共纳入158例患者,其中危象组和配对组各79例,先对各变量进行单因素分析,将单因素分析P<0.2的变量进行配对logistic回归分析,仅术后血钾（P=0.048,OR=3.118,95%CI:1.008～9.641）和术前术后红细胞计数差值（P=0.004,OR=4.53,95%CI:1.609～12.750）有统计学意义。结论 术后血钾水平高及手术前后红细胞计数差值大是血管危象的危险因素。     

鼻唇沟瓣修复口腔肿瘤术后缺损的体会

口腔肿瘤术后组织缺损的修复方法很多,由于有些方法技术要求高、手术复杂、范围大、术时长、并发症多而使修复的困难加大。我们于１９９１～１９９６年间利用鼻唇沟皮瓣或复合瓣［１］为唇、舌、口底、颊部肿瘤术后的组织缺损进行即刻修复取得满意的效果。现将应用体会报...     

口腔颌面部43例吻合血管的游离组织瓣应用分析

目的　探讨吻合血管的游离组织瓣移植在口腔颌面部缺损修复中的应用价值。方法　对中山大学附属第二医院口腔颌面外科 2 0 0 0年 12月～ 2 0 0 3年 9月完成的 4 3例吻合血管的游离组织瓣移植患者的临床资料进行分析 ,包括临床病理诊断、手术后的缺损情况、所采用组织瓣的类型、受区血管和吻合方式、组织瓣成活情况及术后并发症等。结果　移植成活率为 97.7% (42 / 4 3)。出现血管危象 6例 ,5例抢救成功 ,1例失败。术后口腔和颈部创面均Ⅰ期愈合 ,无涎瘘、乳糜漏、口底颌下瘘和感染等并发症发生。组织瓣移植后外形和功能恢复良好。结论　吻合血管的游离组织瓣的运用拓宽了口腔颌面部缺损修复方式的选择范围 ,运用得当可以获得较高成功率。     

颏下岛状瓣修复口腔颌面部组织缺损

口腔颌面部组织缺损的修复方法多,修复效果也较好,但有组织瓣臃肿、蒂部粗长、手术创伤大、时间长、操作难度高等缺点.颏下岛状瓣能够避免这些缺点,且血供可靠、质地优良、制瓣简单.作者自1997年3月以来,应用颏下岛状瓣修复颜面部和口腔组织缺损,收效甚好.     

血管化平行折叠腓骨瓣重建下颌骨肿瘤术后骨缺损

目的：探讨应用血管化平行折叠腓骨瓣重建下颌骨肿瘤术后骨缺损的临床效果。方法 ：采用血管化游离平行折叠腓骨肌皮瓣修复重建下颌骨肿瘤术后缺损9例,男6例,女3例,年龄17-61岁,平均37岁;其中,折叠修复5例,部分折叠修复4例,下颌支缺损仅行单层腓骨修复。结果：9例患者术后移植腓骨肌皮瓣均成活,颌面部及腿部术区创口一期愈合,颌面部外形满意,无开口受限,语音清晰,吞咽功能基本正常,下肢腓骨供区无明显并发症。术后3例行二期种植义齿修复,4例因经济原因行可摘义齿修复,2例暂未行义齿修复。已行修复病例义齿与余留牙咬合关系基本正常,咀嚼功能恢复良好。术后6个月复查,全景片提示移植腓骨愈合良好,移植骨高度较正常下颌骨略低。所有病例均随访1-3 a,均无复发。所有患者自我评估对颌面部外形满意。结论：应用血管化平行折叠腓骨瓣技术重建下颌骨缺损,克服了传统腓骨瓣修复后骨质高度不足的缺点,为义齿修复提供足够的骨量,能获得良好的颌面部美学形态和功能效果。     

Bone resorption after maxillary reconstruction with the vascularized free iliac flap

The aim of this study was to evaluate the resorption of the iliac bone after maxillary reconstruction with a vascularized free iliac flap. Twenty-seven patients with maxillary defects who underwent maxillary reconstruction with the vascularized free iliac flap between January 2017 and January 2021 were included. Computed tomography (CT) images taken at 1 week, approximately 6 months, and 1 year after the surgery were used for evaluation. The total iliac bone thickness and height, cortical bone thickness, and cancellous bone density were measured in the CT images. Compared with 1 week after the surgery, the total thickness and height of the iliac bone were reduced significantly 1 year after the surgery, and the cortical bone thickness and cancellous bone density were reduced significantly at 6 months and 1 year after the surgery. Compared with 6 months after the surgery, cancellous bone density was reduced significantly 1 year after the surgery. In conclusion, during the first year after maxillary reconstruction with a vascularized free iliac flap, there was significant resorption of iliac bone, including the total iliac bone thickness and height, the cortical bone thickness, and the cancellous bone density.     

Bone volume change following vascularized free bone flap reconstruction of the mandible

BackgroundBone volume changes following vascularized bone flaps and possible confounding factors over time are described in the literature with some controversy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bone volume behavior of two frequently used free flaps.Materials and methodsComputed tomography (CT) scans were examined with regard to bone volume using the software program ITK-SNAP for all patients who required mandibular reconstruction with a free fibula flap (FFF, conventionally vs assisted by computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)) or iliac crest flap (DCIA) following mandibular resection because of benign or malign processes, between August 2010 and August 2015. Clinical data, complication rates, and CT scans were analyzed retrospectively. Additionally, complication rates (microvascular revision, flap loss, postoperative fistula or dehiscence, and postoperative bone exposure) were compared within early (≤30 days), late (31st–100th day), and overall (≤100th day) postoperative time intervals.Results113 cases, comprizing 89 FFF and 24 DCIA cases, were included. FFF showed superior bone volume behavior over the DCIA flap. Multivariable regression models assessed the relationships between the following and bone volume behavior: interval between operation and CT scan (p < 0.683), age (p = 0.004), gender (p = 0.006), BMI (p = 0.400), adjuvant radiation therapy (p = 0.334), reconstruction with DCIA flap (p < 0.0001), number of segments (p = 0.02), and incidence of dental implant insertion (p = 0.45).ConclusionsThe bone volume of FFFs remains stable. DCIA flaps show a higher bone volume reduction, but the postoperative course might be associated with fewer complications. Time interval between operation and CT scan, age, gender, reconstruction with DCIA flap, and number of fibula segments contributed significantly to bone volume behavior.     

Sensory recovery of noninnervated free flap in oral and oropharyngeal reconstruction

The sensory recovery of noninnervated free flaps used in oral and oropharyngeal reconstruction is analysed retrospectively to evaluate the degree of sensory recovery in different free flaps; and to assess the influence of various clinical and surgical factors on the recovery. A total of 40 patients who underwent oral and oropharyngeal reconstruction with noninnervated radial forearm (24), jejunal (10) or gastro-omental (6) free flaps were studied for at least 12 months postoperatively. The modalities examined were light touch, sharp prick, hot and cold temperature and static two-point discrimination. All the modalities showed statistically significant recovery in all flaps (p<0.05). The degree of sensory recovery for each modality is highest in the radial forearm followed by gastro-omental and lastly jejunal flaps. The differences between radial forearm and gastro-omental/jejunal flaps are statistically significant (p<0.05) except for light touch. The differences between the later two groups of flaps did not show statistical significance (p>0.05). Sensory recovery for all modalities in all flaps was not dependent on sex, age, smoking, flap size, postoperative radiotherapy or follow-up period (p>0.05).     

Risk factors for postoperative delirium in patients undergoing free flap reconstruction for oral cancer

The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors for postoperative delirium in patients undergoing free flap reconstruction for defects after oral cancer resection. This was a non-randomized, retrospective cohort study involving 102 patients who underwent oral cancer resection and free flap reconstruction. Data were collected from the medical records. Postoperative delirium occurred in 34 patients (33.3%), of whom 27 were male and seven were female. High preoperative total protein and albumin, diabetes mellitus, history of smoking, use of hypnotics or antipsychotics, time until getting out of bed after surgery, and postoperative insomnia were significantly related to delirium in the univariate analysis (P < 0.05). In a multiple logistic regression model, high preoperative albumin (odds ratio 4.45), postoperative insomnia (odds ratio 10.72), and history of smoking (odds ratio 2.91) were significant risk factors for delirium (P < 0.05). The analysis of laboratory data before and after surgery showed greater decreases in albumin, total protein, and haemoglobin after surgery in patients with postoperative delirium than in those without this condition. These results show that the perioperative maintenance of nutritional status and early postoperative management of the sleep cycle are important to prevent delirium after oral cancer resection and free flap reconstruction.     

Cost analysis of oral and maxillofacial free flap reconstruction for patients at an institution in China

Free flap transplantation has become a mainstay for the restoration of oral and maxillofacial defects. However, the complexity of the surgical procedure and long hospitalization time result in high hospitalization costs. This study was performed to retrospectively analyse the composition of hospitalization expenses and factors influencing this for 507 patients who underwent oral and maxillofacial free flap transplantation at a representative medical institution in China. The aim was to provide evidence for the reasonable control of expenditure and effective utilization of medical resources, and to gain an indirect reflection of the healthcare model characteristics of public hospitals in China. The average hospitalization cost was found to be US$ 9265 ± 2284. Factors affecting hospitalization expenses were the type of free flap, tracheotomy, postoperative complications, and length of stay. The largest proportion of hospitalization expenses was the cost of materials (44.94%). Although the total hospitalization cost was lower than that in Western countries, the medical burden of patients was higher, and the corresponding medical charges do not fully reflect the value of medical services. We recommend reducing hospitalization expenses and the medical burden by shortening the hospital stay, selecting reasonably priced medical materials, strengthening airway management of patients undergoing tracheotomy, and enhancing the control and treatment of comorbidities in order to reduce the incidence of postoperative complications.     

游离皮瓣移植修复口腔颌面部缺损的临床效果观察

目的探讨游离皮瓣在修复口腔颌面部缺损中的临床应用价值。方法选择2006年03月—2010年08月中国医科大学口腔医学院口腔颌面外科用游离皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损病例168例,前臂游离皮瓣90例,股前外侧游离皮瓣39例,腓骨肌皮瓣31例,背阔肌皮瓣8例。术后观察皮瓣成活率和并发症。结果成功164(97.6%)例,失败4例,患者出现术后早期局部并发症6.5%(11/168),术后皮瓣危象发生率为5.4%(9/168),其中静脉血栓形成66.7%(6/9),手术探查抢救成功率55.6%(5/9),前臂桡侧皮瓣成活率97.8%(88/90);股前外侧皮瓣成活率97.4%(38/39);腓骨肌皮瓣成活率96.8%(30/31);背阔肌皮瓣8例全部成活,随访2～2.5年大部分患者外形及功能满意。结论游离皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损的成活率高,前臂皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣、腓骨肌(皮)瓣、背阔肌皮瓣是修复口腔颌面部缺损的常用皮瓣。     

Long-term outcomes of implant-based dental rehabilitation in head and neck cancer patients after reconstruction with the free vascularized fibula flap

The study aimed at evaluating, comprehensively, implant-based dental rehabilitation in head and neck cancer patients after maxillofacial reconstruction with a vascularized free fibula flap (FFF).Data were obtained by retrospectively reviewing the medical records of patients treated in Amsterdam UMC-VU Medical Center. Dental implant survival and implant success according to the Albrektsson criteria were analyzed. Additionally, prosthetic-related outcomes were studied, with a focus on functional dental rehabilitation.In total, 161 implants were placed in FFFs, with a mean follow-up of 4.9 years (range 0.2–23.4). Implant survival was 55.3% in irradiated FFFs and 96% in non-irradiated FFFs. Significant predictors for implant failure were tobacco use and irradiation of the FFF. Implant success was 40.4% in irradiated FFFs and 61.4% in non-irradiated FFFs, mainly due to implant failure and non-functional implants. Implant-based dental rehabilitation was started 45 times in 42 patients, out of 161 FFF reconstructions (27.9%). Thirty-seven patients completed the dental rehabilitation, 29 of whom achieved functional rehabilitation. Irradiation of the FFF negatively influenced attainment of functional rehabilitation. For patients with functional rehabilitation, the body mass index varied at different timepoints: FFF reconstruction, 24.6; dental implantation 23.5; and after placing dental prosthesis, 23.9.Functional implant-based dental rehabilitation, if started, can be achieved in the majority of head and neck cancer patients after FFF reconstruction. Actively smoking patients with an irradiated FFF should be clearly informed about the increased risk for implant and prosthetic treatment failure.     

Preoperative three-dimensional reconstruction in vascularized fibular flap transfer

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate the added value of preoperative computerized tomographic angiography (CTA) and three-dimensional reconstruction of the lower limb in vascularized fibular flap transfer.MethodsEighteen patients who underwent mandibular or maxillary reconstruction with a vascularized fibular flap were studied retrospectively by image analysis. The original DICOM data of preoperative CTA were analysed and applied to the reconstruction of the lower limb using SimPlant Pro software (version 11.04).ResultsThe course of the peroneal artery in 17 patients was the same except for one patient. The peroneal artery originates from the posterior tibial artery. The original external diameters of the peroneal artery were 2.99 ± 0.64 mm. The perpendicular lengths from fibular head to the origin of the peroneal artery and to the fibular perforator vessel were 42.88 ± 8.84 mm and 174.55 ± 25.62 mm, respectively.ConclusionThe course of peroneal artery was relatively invariable, its original external diameter was thick. Preoperative CTA and three-dimensional reconstruction of the lower limb, which are noninvasive, accurate and direct-viewing methods, play an important, preoperative role in vascularized fibular flap transfer for lower limb vascular assessment.