甘肃省沈家坪村遗传病调查报告

目的 为了解民族地区农村遗传病现状,分析遗传病高发原因,有针对性地开展民族地区农村计划生育、优生优育和遗传病防治工作.方法 用普查法进行入户调查,通过发放调查表,走访乡邻亲友、查看病历、电话随访等方法进行遗传病病种、发病率及乡村婚姻、生育状况调查.结果 共调查198 户,989人,发现遗传病6类,患者17人,总患病率为1.719%.结论 自然环境恶劣、经济发展滞后、婚姻陋俗普遍、多子女生育观念盛行、医疗卫生状况较差等因素导致遗传病高发.提出了发展经济、扩大对外交流、提高受教育水平、实行有计划移民搬迁、完善社会保障体系、普及优生优育科学知识、加大计划生育宣传与执法力度、进行出生缺陷干预等措施改善民族地区农村人口遗传素质的建议.     

平凉地区智力低下儿童遗传因素分析与危险因素调查

目的 调查平凉地区智力低下儿童发病的遗传因素及危险因素.方法 以平凉地区为主,对来医院遗传室遗传咨询的智力低下儿童及父母作为调查对象,采取细胞遗传学和家系分析及抽样调查.结果 智力低下形成因素复杂,经遗传因素分析,135例弱智儿童中,与遗传因素有关的45例,占33.33%.其中39例为异常染色体核型,检出率为28.89%,占遗传因素的86.67%,并且男患者多于女患者(25:14).由基因突变引起的智力低下6例,占遗传因素的13.33%.其它为非遗传因素引起的智力低下儿童.危险因素分析,有87.5%来自城市流动人口和农村人群,其发病因素与父母的文化程度、优生知识了解程度、旧传统思想影响度等有关.结论 遗传因素、特别是染色体异常在智力低下形成因素中占有很重要的地位.产前诊断和优生优育宣传工作是防止由遗传因素引起的智力低下儿童的有效途径.     

智力低下婚配生育后果调查

为了唤起对婚姻保健工作的关注,做好妇幼保健工作,对559户,2 283人进行了智力低下(MR)婚配生育后果的调查.智力低下婚配所生子女智力低下的发生率大大高于正常婚配.户均智力低下子女2.18人,有明显家族集聚现象,而正常婚配户均智力低下子女为1.02人,无集聚现象.     

智力低下婚配生育后果调查

为了唤起对婚姻保健工作的关注,做好妇幼保健工作,对559户,2 283人进行了智力低下(MR)婚配生育后果的调查.智力低下婚配所生子女智力低下的发生率大大高于正常婚配.户均智力低下子女2.18人,有明显家族集聚现象,而正常婚配户均智力低下子女为1.02人,无集聚现象.     

智力低下婚配生育后果调查

为了唤起对婚姻保健工作的关注,做好妇幼保健工作,对559户,2 283人进行了智力低下(MR)婚配生育后果的调查.智力低下婚配所生子女智力低下的发生率大大高于正常婚配.户均智力低下子女2.18人,有明显家族集聚现象,而正常婚配户均智力低下子女为1.02人,无集聚现象.     

甘肃安定区404例智力低下人群分析

目的 分析甘肃安定区智力低下人群主要致残原因,提出预防智力低下的有效措施.方法 在第二代残疾人证换发期间,对甘肃省安定区残疾人群进行智力鉴定.抽样方法、智力低下标准、诊断和评定方法均参照第二次全国残疾人抽样调查中相关调查方法及标准.结果 调查对象共计404例,其中按性别分布,男性265人(65.76%),女性139人(34.41%);按居住地分布,农村调查对象343人(85.11%),城镇调查对象61人(15.10%);按年龄分布,18岁以下133人(33.01%),19～30岁89人(22.08%),31～40岁87人(21.53%),41～50岁65人(16.13%),51岁以上30人(7.44%);按病因是否明确分布,病因明确222(54.95%),病因不清182例(占45.05%).其中前三位的病因分别是:惊厥性疾病、外伤和新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病.结论 调查对象智力低下农村患者多于城镇患者,发病均处于婴幼儿期.应加强孕期卫生与营养宣教、出生前及围生期病因筛查,重视分娩及接生过程的操作等环节,提高居民健康素养,做到早发现、早诊断、早治疗,提高人群健康素质.     

全国0-14岁儿童智力低下流行学调查——智力低下的患病率

本调查的目的是了解我国儿童智力低下的患病率及分布特征。全国抽查了城市的8个地区和农村的6个地区。儿童智力低下总患病率为1.2％,城市0.7％,农村1.41％,男性高于女性,患病率随年龄增长而增高。智力低下程度,轻重之比约为1.5∶1。     

湖北省0—14岁儿童智力低下流行病学调查资料分析

本文通过对湖北两市三县12700名0～14岁智力低下儿童进行流行病学调查,确诊智力低下儿童128人,患病率为1.01％。农村高于城市,山区高于平原,无性别差异。患病随年龄增长,学龄期达高峰,轻度患者占56.25％,中、重度占43.7％。属于医学因素引起者占77.34％,其中遗传或产前因素占41.4％,产时因素占16.16％,产后因素占34.34％。属于非医学因素者占22.65％,包括社会、文化及原因不明等因素。所获数据对制定人口政策,落实优生优育法规提供了科学依据。     

包头市变应性鼻炎合并哮喘流行病学调查及影响因素研究

通过对包头市普通人群随机整群抽样现场流行病学调查,获得包头市变应性鼻炎、变应性哮喘、在普通人群中的患病率及分布特点;了解不同过敏原与变应性鼻炎、变应性哮喘的相关及影响因素,为临床防治工作提供科学依据.我们于2008年1至12月开展这项工作,现将研究情况报道如下.1对象与方法 1.1对象调查地区内所有年龄人口作为调查对象.调查.城市人口2 500人,农村人口2 500人,总共调查人数为5 000人.     

智力残疾儿童母亲生育二胎再风险的临床分析

【目的】　了解已生一个脑性瘫痪 (简称脑瘫 )、智力低下儿母亲再生第二胎的风险度。　【方法】　对宁波市鄞州地区近 10年间经医学鉴定 ,诊断为脑瘫、智力低下的 13 1例独生子女病残儿童的健康状况进行回顾性调查监测 ;并对以上病残儿母亲再生育第二胎健康状况作调查监测 ;同时与第二胎组 1∶1配对调查监测同地区、同年龄第一胎为非脑瘫、智力低下儿母亲生育的第二胎健康状况作对照研究。　【结果】　实际调查监测第一胎为脑瘫、智力低下儿 12 3例 ,其中脑瘫 68例 ,智力低下 5 5例。 12 3例中母亲生育第二胎 99例 ,脑瘫 3例 (1例己死亡 ) ,智力低下 4例。对照组 96例中未检出脑瘫、智力低下。两组经 χ2 检验差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。　【结论】　已生一胎为脑瘫、智力低下儿母亲再生育的第二胎 ,发生脑瘫、智力低下的风险与正常对照组比较显著增高 ,建议已生一胎为脑瘫、智力低下儿母亲应避免再生育。     

甘肃省农村空巢老年人心理健康状况调查

目的了解甘肃省农村老年人心理健康状况,并探讨与之相关的影响因素,进而为提高甘肃省老年人生活质量和心理卫生服务提供理论依据。方法采用多级抽样方法,根据自设老年人基本情况调查表、焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）,对甘肃省礼县、甘谷县、通渭县、临洮县、榆中县、靖远县和庆城县7个县共200名老年人入户一对一问卷调查。结果调查分析发现：（1）空巢组老年人焦虑、抑郁发生率高于非空巢组老年人（P〈0.05）;（2）与老年人焦虑相关的主要因素为是否空巢、性别、年龄、第一次结婚年龄和吸烟;与老年人抑郁有关的因素为第一次结婚年龄、吸烟、配偶健康状况和家庭月均收入。结论老年人的心理健康问题不容忽视,影响因素有多个方面,空巢、初婚年龄为主要因素。     

鹤峰县宫颈癌病因分析

目的:了解恩施土家族苗族自治州鹤峰县常住人群宫颈癌发病率及流行病学特征,为宫颈癌的防治提供依据。方法:以当地常住人口中年龄20～70岁、有2年以上性生活史的妇女为调查对象,进行病史询问、妇科检查、宫颈口及宫颈管刷片细胞标本采集及宫颈液基薄层细胞学检查。结果:2006年6月～2008年5月间对鹤峰县7个乡镇已婚妇女1774人进行了调查,宫颈癌发病率为0.676%,比全国发病率的0.015%高出0.661%,并有患病年轻化的趋势。结论:宫颈癌的发生与当地经济条件落后、卫生知识及疾病知识缺乏以及宫颈慢性疾病未得到及时治疗密切相关。在宫颈癌筛查过程中应尽量采用宫颈液基薄层细胞学检查,对可疑者常规进行宫颈病理检查,以真正起到筛查、防癌的作用。     

Trends and differentials in age at marriage in Korea

The findings of a study of time trends and demographic social, and economic differentials in age at marriage are presented. Korean birth rates declined between 1960 and 1970, and the major cause of this decline was delayed marriage. This article is based on a literature survey and on some analysis of the 1966 Special Demographic Survey. The findings indicated that around 28% of the women born before 1896 were still single at age 18 compared with 50% of the cohort born from 1911 to 1969. Data indicate that both urban and rural areas of Korea have departed from the traditional pattern of early marriage. Especially for females there is competition between marriage and high educational attainment. Also, a lower proportion of working women than nonworking women report a lower proportion married before age 20.     

山西省跨省婚嫁的农村育龄妇女艾滋病及母婴传播性疾病调查

目的:了解山西省跨省婚嫁的农村育龄妇女艾滋病及母婴传播性疾病的感染现状,降低新生儿感染的发生率。方法:对有跨省婚嫁的部分县进行摸底调查,面对面访谈、进行健康教育。并采集血样检测。结果:跨省婚嫁的农村育龄妇女对预防艾滋病及母婴传播性疾病的知识知晓率低,缺乏基本的妇女保健卫生知识。经检测发现艾滋病感染率1.21%(47/3870)、乙型肝炎感染率5.36%(66/1232)、丙型肝炎感染率0.97%(12/1232)、梅毒感染率1.87%(23/1232)。结论:跨省婚嫁的农村育龄妇女大都来自云南、四川、广西、河南等艾滋病高发省份,这部分妇女是艾滋病及母婴传播性疾病的高发人群,应引起高度重视。     

The timing of marriage and childbearing among rural families in Bangladesh: choosing between competing risks

Early marriage and childbearing among girls is often associated with a wide range of negative social and health consequences for young mothers and their infants, and contributes to rapid population growth. This paper presents findings from qualitative research in three villages of rural Bangladesh, where a range of interventions have been promoted to encourage later marriage and childbearing. Data from in-depth interviews and group discussions are used to describe socio-cultural supports for early marriage and childbearing, to examine evidence that change towards later marriage and childbearing is beginning, and to analyze the social dynamics behind these change processes. The findings suggest that norms supporting early marriage and childbearing are beginning to erode, and that changing gender ideals and aspirations for women are a key factor in this erosion. Interviews among the poorest families, however, show that this group tends to experience this changing social environment in terms of heightened risks. Marital strategies among the poorest are, above all, strategies for economic survival, and poor families tend to see the costs of education and delayed marriage for daughters as high and the outcomes as uncertain. At the same time, they have also become aware that early marriage and childbearing entails costs and risks. The authors conclude that further targeting of interventions to the poorest families may help to influence the economic strategies that so often result in early marriage.     

甘肃省糖尿病、糖尿病前期患病率及影响因素分析

目的 了解甘肃省20~80岁汉族人群糖尿病和糖尿病前期的患病率及影响因素。方法 本研究于2016年对甘肃省常住居民开展横断面调查。采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,对受试者进行面对面问卷调查、体格检查。使用直接标化法计算标化患病率。采用非条件Logistic回归模型进行影响因素分析。结果 甘肃省汉族人群糖尿病患病率为7.33%（男性:10.59%,女性:4.98%）,糖尿病前期患病率为18.75%（男性:20.50%,女性17.50%）。经年龄性别标化后,糖尿病标化患病率为5.77%（男性:7.63%,女性:3.86%）,糖尿病前期标化患病率为16.22%（男性:18.49%,女性:13.88%）;城镇人群糖尿病患病率高于农村,城镇中男性糖尿病患病率高于女性。多因素Logistic回归分析得出糖尿病和糖尿病前期共同的危险因素有男性、中老年、超重、患高血压、有糖尿病家族史以及甘油三酯、总胆固醇异常;农村地区、饮酒是糖尿病的保护因素。结论 甘肃省糖尿病和糖尿病前期患病率均低于全国平均水平,城镇患病率高于农村,男性、中老年超重、具有高血压、糖尿病家族史或血脂异常是糖尿病和糖尿病前期的危险因素,需对高危人群加强干预。     

Analysis of the current situation regarding the aging rural population in China and proposed countermeasures

China has become a country with an aging population. Compared with the aged in urban areas, the aged in rural areas have low income and are subject to social security deficiencies; the oldest among them are the most vulnerable group. If an effective mechanism for handling health risk is not available, the poor health of the rural elderly will cause an increase in their poverty level, which in turn will cause their health to become worse. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the current situation regarding rural population aging in China and to develop countermeasures. Data from 4 national health services surveys were used to analyze the differences between urban and rural populations. The results of the analysis revealed that the aged population in rural areas has poor health; economic security for the aged population is insufficient; and resources for the aged are lacking in rural areas. The Chinese government should improve medicare for the aged in rural areas, and establish a medical treatment subsidy system and a medical support system for the aged in rural areas.     

Rural perspectives on HIV/AIDS prevention: a comparative study of Thailand and Ghana

The paper compares rural perspectives in Thailand and Ghana on the level of condom acceptance in sexual relations, willingness to test oneself for HIV before and in marriage and sources of information on HIV/AIDS. We also compared the policy approaches to combating HIV/AIDS in both countries. The results indicates that in the villages studied in Thailand, all single men and the majority of the single women were in favour of using condoms in sexual relations. This group also showed a positive attitude to HIV/AIDS test before and in marriage. However, married men in rural Thailand disapproved of the use of condoms with their wives but married women in the sample population were open to the possibility of using condoms. Both married men and women were strongly against HIV/AIDS test in marriage. In contrast to Thailand, most single men in the communities studied in Ghana showed a disapproval to the use of condoms in sexual relations. However, they condoned HIV test before marriage. Married men and women in rural Ghana were against the use of condoms in sexual relations as well as HIV/AIDS test in marriage. In order to mitigate mother-to-child transmission, the Thais applied anti-retroviral drug care for HIV positive pregnant women during pregnancy and after delivery. In Ghana on the other hand, pregnant women were subject to HIV test and counselling. The mode of information acquisition on HIV/AIDS in both countries were through the media, campaigns and village volunteers. Finally, we observed that fighting poverty is a sine qua non for the success of any HIV/AIDS eradication programme.     

1996至2000年全国5岁以下儿童死亡监测主要结果分析

目的了解1996至2000年全国5岁以下儿童年龄别和主要死因别死亡率的变化趋势。方法采用全国5岁以下儿童死亡监测网收集的1996至2000年以人群为基础的监测资料,计算不同地区的新生儿、婴儿、5岁以下儿童死亡率及5岁以下儿童主要死因别死亡率。结果2000年全国新生儿、婴儿和5岁以下儿童死亡率分别为22．8‰、32．2‰和39．7‰,较1996年(24．0‰、36．0‰和45．0‰)分别下降了5．0％、10．6％和11．8％;2000年城市新生儿、婴儿和5岁以下儿童死亡率分别为9．5‰、11．8‰和13．8‰,较1996年(12．2‰、14．8‰和16.9‰)分别下降了22．1％、20．3％和18．3％;2000年农村新生儿、婴儿和5岁以下儿童死亡率分别为25．8‰、37．0‰和45．7‰,较1996年(26．7％0、40．9％0和51．4％0)分别下降了3．4％、9．5％和11．1％。1996至2000年,全国5岁以下儿童的痢疾、肺炎、腹泻、神经管缺陷和溺水死亡率有明显下降趋势。结论1996至2000年,我国城市和农村的新生儿、婴儿、5岁以下儿童死亡率有明显的下降趋势,且肺炎、腹泻等可避免死因的死亡率下降在农村地区尤为明显。     

Sexuality and Marriage of Women with Intellectual Disability in Male-Squeezed Rural China

Social attitudes towards sexual activity of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are historically negative, though they are now improving. However, marriage and procreation are distinctly common for women with ID in rural China. Based on ethnographic research in a village in North China, this article explores the social aspects of sexuality and marriage for women with ID through three cases. The socioeconomic context of rural society makes marriage for women with ID possible primarily because of their female body and biological attributes of reproduction. Being socially constructed as the embodiment of reproduction, women with ID lose their autonomy and face multiple risks in their experience of sexuality and marriage. Starting from the social constructionist view on intellectual disability, this article also highlights the importance of integrating social aspects in further research on sexuality, marriage and other issues around people with ID.