呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素及护理体会

目的:通过对ICU病房患者发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素进行分析,总结护理体会,重视基础护理操作.方法对2008年9月至2011年9月248例住院患者的年龄、病史、用药情况、机械通气时间等因素进行分析,并提出护理体会.结果:248例患者中,发生VAP60例,感染率为25％,发生VAP的患者中,死亡15例,病死率27％.结论:除原发疾病外,机械通气、病房环境、患者体位、医务人员因素、侵入性操作、应用抗酸药物、滥用抗生素等均易发生VAP.护理人员要重视体位管理、气道管理、口腔护理、严格无菌操作、合理应用抗生素、注意营养支持等基础护理措施,减少并发症发生,从而减少VAP的发生.     

气囊上滞留物清除预防呼吸机相关性肺炎

目的 观察气囊上滞留物清除技术对降低机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发生率的作用。方法 将58例行气管插管机械通气治疗48h以上患者随机分为观察组（32例）和对照组（26例），对照组采用常规气道护理，观察组在此基础上实施气囊上滞留物清除技术。观察两组机械通气1周、2周及2周后VAP发生率以及机械通气时间。结果 机械通气1周、2周观察组VAP发生率显著低于对照组（均P〈0．05），机械通气时间显著短于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论 气囊上滞留物清除技术可显著减少VAP的发生，缩短机械通气时间，但气囊上滞留物并不是引起VAP的唯一因素。     

老年心脏病患者体外循环术后行序贯机械通气效果观察

目的 探讨呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的影响因素并提出针对性的护理对策。方法 回顾性分析2002-2006年46例VAP患者的相关因素及病原菌感染情况。结果 基础疾病多、机械通气时间长、不用人工鼻湿化及没有气囊上吸引的患者VAP发生率显著增高（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；病原菌中铜绿假单孢菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和白色念珠菌占前3住，2种及以上病原菌感染占89．1％。结论 缩短机械通气时间，采用合适的湿化方式，加强呼吸道管理以及进行肺部物理治疗可以降低VAP的发生。     

预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的集束化护理策略

呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)是指应用机械通气48小时发生的肺实质感染[1],,在接受机械通气的ICU患者中,肺部感染明显升高,约为无机械通气支持的患者的3-21倍,机械通气病人VAP的发生率为9％-69％,机械通气每增加l天,发生肺炎的危险性增加1％-3％[2].     

应用氟康唑预防重症急性胰腺炎真菌感染

目的探讨用氟康唑预防重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）合并真菌感染的效果。方法将1998年7月至2004年6月收治的SAP并存真菌感染易感因素79例患者随机分预防组和对照组。预防组在常规治疗的基础上加每日静脉点滴氟康唑200mg，对照组仅给予常规治疗；观察两组患者的真菌感染的发生率、发生时间、抗真菌治疗后的真菌清除率和因真菌感染的死亡率，两组患者的住院时间。结果预防组的真菌感染率（5．3％：27．5％，P〈0．05）。因真菌感染的死亡率（5．1％：12．5％。P〈0．05），住院时间（38．3：57．4，P〈0．05）均明显低于对照组。但预防组发生真菌感染后抗真菌治疗的真菌清除率低（33％：72．7％，P〈0．05）。结论氟康唑能有效降低SAP合并真菌易感因素患者的真菌感染发生率和死亡率。缩短住院时间。     

机械通气患者并发症的发生与对策

目的探讨ICU病房危重患者行机械通气的治疗情况及并发症的发生,总结护理经验。方法对128例机械通气患者进行回顾性分析,患者均建立人工气道,使用呼吸机支持呼吸。结果93例顺利脱机,35例死亡,死亡率为27％,机械通气期间并发症的发生以自主呼吸与呼吸机不同步发生率最高,为63.3％;其次为机械通气相关性肺炎,发生率为42．2％;其后依次为通气不足或通气过度23．4％;气压伤12．5％;人工气道阻塞7．0％;气道黏膜坏死或出血5例,发生率为3．9％;脱管2例,发生率为1．56％。结论机械通气是一种呼吸支持术,它不能消除呼吸衰竭的病因,它只为采取针对呼吸衰竭病因的各种治疗争取时间和创造条件。其并发症的发生与使用机械通气、正压通气、人工气道的建立等有关。     

原位肝移植术后肺部感染与易感因素分析

目的 探讨原位肝移植（OLT）术后肺部感染的特点和易感因素。方法 回顾性总结128例原位肝移植的临床资料，分析肺部感染的主要致病菌、感染发生的时间及易感因素。结果 128例患者OLT术后共发生肺部感染48例（37．5％），其中27例（56．3％）发生在术后7d内，34例（70．8％）为混合感染；死亡6例（12．5％），其余治愈。致病菌前几位依次为铜绿假单胞菌，鲍曼／溶血不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和曲霉菌。结论 多种病菌可致肝移植术后肺部感染，并与受者的体质、机械通气及免疫抑制剂应用等诸多因素有关。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎患者下呼吸道病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析重症监护病房（ICU）呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）患者下呼吸道分离病原菌的分布及耐药性。方法回顾性分析2008年7月—2011年12月温州市第三人民医院综合性ICU接受有创机械通气治疗的1324例患者的临床资料。根据患者发生VAP的时间将其分为早发性VAP（EOP,于气管插管后4d内发生）和晚发性VAP（LOP,气管插管4d后发生）。采用,检验和t检验比较2组患者下呼吸道分离的病原菌构成和药敏结果等。结果1324例患者中,552例发生VAP,发生率为41．7％,其中EOP患者74例（5．6％）,LOP患者382例（28．9％）,二者均发生96例（7．3％）。EOP患者分离前6位的病原菌分别为鲍曼不动杆菌（72株,22．6％）、铜绿假单胞菌（45株,14．1％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（32株,10．0％）、白假丝酵母菌（31株,9．7％）、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌（31株,9．7％）和金黄色葡萄球菌（28株,8．8％）;LOP患者分离前6位的病原菌分别为鲍曼不动杆菌（235株,21．2％）、白假丝酵母菌（201株,18．1％）、铜绿假单胞菌（111株,10．0％）、光滑假丝酵母菌（86株,7．8％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（81株,7．3％）和金黄色葡萄球菌（46株,4．2％）。其中,EOP患者金黄色葡萄球菌的分离率明显高于LOP患者（∥=10．780,P=0．002）,而白假丝酵母菌的分离率明显低于LOP患者（X2=12．907,P=0．000）。无论EOP还是LOP患者,革兰阴性杆菌（特别是鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌）的耐药形势均较为严重;金黄色葡萄球菌中大部分为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（EOP患者：67．9％,19／28;LOP患者：63．o％,29／46）;真菌中的白假丝酵母菌和光滑假丝酵母菌对目前临床常用抗真菌药物的敏感性较好。结论EOP与LOP患者下呼吸道分离的菌株均以革兰阴性菌为主,菌株耐药形势不容乐观。     

强化冷凝水控制对呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响

目的探讨呼吸机冷凝水的管理对呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生的影响。方法将106例行机械通气治疗48h以上患者分为观察组(53例)和对照组(53例),对照组采用常规的冷凝水管理方法,观察组采用加热导线型湿化器防止冷凝水形成,观察及比较两组机械通气VAP发生率及病死率。结果观察组VAP发生率为20.8%、病死率为17.0%,对照组分别为41.5%、35.8%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论强化冷凝水的控制可明显减少VAP发生率及病死率。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的原因分析及护理对策

呼吸机相关性肺炎通常指无肺部感染的患者,在气管插管或气管切开行机械通气治疗48小时后所并发的肺部感染[1].国外报道VAP的发生率为9.0%～70.0%,病死率50.0%～69.0%[2].国内调查VAP 发生率为43.1%,病死率为51.6%[3], Herbert Tanowitz,MD报告发生率10%～60%,其中死亡者可能高达20%[4].不同报告的差异性可能与不同的条件、机械通气管理水平及统计方法有关.     

美罗培南联合头孢哌／／舒巴坦与米诺环素联合治疗泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌性呼吸机相关肺炎临床观察

目的：观察美罗培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、米诺环素联合治疗泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌性呼吸机相关肺炎患者临床疗效。方法：选择泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌性呼吸机相关肺炎患者48例,应用5％GS（NS）100ml＋美罗培南2g、静脉滴注、1次／8小时、60分钟滴入,5％GS（NS）100ml＋头孢哌酮／舒巴坦3g、静脉滴注、1次／8小时、60分钟滴入,米诺环素0．1g、鼻饲、3次／日,联合治疗10～14天,观察其临床疗效、细菌清除率、肝肾功能、C反应蛋白、降钙素原、血常规和不良反应。结果：联合抗菌治疗泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌性呼吸机相关肺炎临床治愈率62．50％,有效率81．25％,细菌清除率62．50％：治疗过程中对肝肾功能无明显影响,无明显不良反应。结论：美罗培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、米诺环素联合治疗泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌性呼吸机相关肺炎患者效果较好。     

ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌的构成及耐药性分析

目的;分析医院综合ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）病原菌的分布特点及其耐药性。为vAP治疗提供合理用药参考。方法：回顾性分析210例VAP患者的下呼吸道分泌物细菌培养及药敏结果。结果：210例VAP患者下呼吸道分泌物培养如瘸原菌394株．革兰阴性杆菌占784％．革兰阳性球菌占12.6％．真菌感染9．0％：各类病原燕混台感染者占83．8％：常见病原菌为鲍曼不动杆菌20,3％,铜绿假单胞菌188％。肺炎克雷伯菌16．2％,金黄色葡萄菌8,1％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）检出率87．5％,白色念珠菌7．6％。鲍曼不动杆菌仅对头孢碾酮／舒巴坦敏感,铜绿假单胞菌仅对头孢哌酮／舒巴垣和碳膏酶烯类药物敏感,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对碳青酶烯类药物敏感,金黄色葡萄球菊耐药现象严重．对万古霉素和替考拉宁敏感,白色念珠菌对氟康唑、伊曲康瞪、伏立康唑敏感。结论：VAP的主要瘸原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,耐药现象严鬣．多数为混合感染。治疗困难。进行细菌培养和药物敏感性试验．对合理选用抗菌药物治疗VAP具有重要意义。     

Nosocomial pneumonia. Prevention and diagnostic

Pneumonia occurring more than 48?h after induction of mechanical ventilation is called ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). VAP is the most common nosocomial infection in intensive care medicine and is associated with prolonged intensive care and hospital stay and a higher mortality. The main pathomechanism for development of ventilator-associated pneumonia is not so much the mechanical ventilation per se but more the pathogens passing along the tube towards the lungs. Avoidance of tracheal intubation, strict hygienic measures, reduction of oropharyngeal colonization and the avoidance of microaspiration are the most promising prevention strategies. Therapeutic success in treatment of VAP is coupled to an early diagnosis and therapy. Suspicion of pneumonia is based on clinical and radiologic criteria. Biomarkers and microbiological findings are important for follow-up and reevaluation of the suspected diagnosis.     

Incidence and risk factors for the development of acute renal failure in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia

AIM: Infections are one of the most important risk factors for the development of acute renal failure (ARF) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) has been reported as one of the most frequent infection in intensive care units (ICU). Sepsis, shock, multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS), use of nephrotoxic antibiotics and mechanical ventilation are potential risk factors for development of ARF during VAP. The objective of the study was to evaluate the incidence of ARF in patients with VAP and the role of VAP-related potential risk factors in the development of ARF. METHODS: One hundred and eight patients who were admitted to the pulmonary ICU of a university hospital and developed VAP were included in this prospective observational cohort study. Only first episodes of VAP were studied. Diagnosis was based on microbiologically confirmed clinical findings. Potential outcome variables including responsible pathogens, recurrence, polymicrobial aetiology, bacteraemia, multidrug resistance of microorganisms, late/early VAP and sepsis and other known risk factors for development of ARF were evaluated. Risk factors were analysed by logistic regression analysis for significance. RESULTS: Incidence of ARF was 38% (n = 41). Pneumonia with multidrug resistant pathogens (odds ratio, (OR) 5; 95% confidence interval (95%CI), 1.5-18; P = 0.011), sepsis (OR, 5.6; 95%CI, 1.7-18; P = 0.005) and severity of admission disease (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score: OR, 1.1; 95%CI, 1.02-1.3; P = 0.017) were independent risk factors for the development of ARF during VAP episodes in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: These results showed that the incidence of ARF is high during the VAP episodes and that VAP developed with multidrug resistant pathogens and sepsis have an independent effect on the development of ARF.     

Decreasing ventilator-associated pneumonia in a trauma ICU

BACKGROUND: The incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia ranges from 10 to 25%, with mortality of 10 to 40%. It prolongs hospital stay and drives up hospital costs. Our Intensive Care Unit (ICU) ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rates were hovering at the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) 90th percentile (22.3-32.7 infections per 1,000 ventilator days from January 2002 through October 2002) necessitating a performance improvement initiative designed to decrease the incidence of VAP. METHODS: A ventilator bundle that incorporates the Center for Disease Control (CDC) Guidelines for Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia was instituted in June of 2002. In October 2002, an intervention that audited compliance with the ventilator bundle and provided real-time feedback to ICU staff was started. VAP rates were followed using NNIS criteria. Costs were evaluated using hospital TSI data. RESULTS: VAP did not decrease with institution of the ventilator bundle alone. However, VAP did significantly decrease when the compliance with the ventilator bundle was audited daily and weekly feedback was provided to the caregivers. From November 2002 through June 2003 VAP stayed between 0 and 12.8 per 1,000 ventilator days. The average cost of a VAP was 50,000 dollars. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention of VAP requires a concerted effort on the part of hospital administration, physicians, and ICU personnel. The program must be evidence-based, maintained, and accepted by ICU personnel. Continued education and feedback are crucial to maintaining a low VAP rate.     

No influence of burn size on ventilator-associated pneumonia in burn patients with inhalation injury

Objective

Burn size and inhalation injury are important predictors of mortality following burn. The important factors for predicting ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) following burn remain unclear. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of burn size on VAP in burn patients with inhalation injury.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 52 burn patients with inhalation injury requiring mechanical ventilation admitted to the Department of Acute Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School Hospital, Okayama, Japan, between June 2007 and October 2010.

Results

The overall mortality for all patients was 15%. Twenty-six patients (50%) developed VAP. Patients with VAP required longer ICU stay and mechanical ventilation than those without VAP. There was no difference in age, gender, mortality, and TBSA between burn patients with inhalation injury with and Without VAP. VAP rate had no difference with increasing TBSA in burn patients with inhalation injury.

Conclusions

Our data indicated that burn size had no relationship with the development of VAP in burn patients with inhalation injury.     

Ventilator-associated pneumonia: Incidence,risk factors,outcome, and microbiology

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence, risk factors, outcome, and pathogens of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in a cardiac surgical intensive care unit (ICU). DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Escorts Heart Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India. PARTICIPANTS: Nine hundred fifty-two consecutive patients undergoing cardiac operations who received intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV). INTERVENTIONS: All patients were assigned into VAP (n = 25) and non-VAP (n = 927) groups. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Risk factors and other variables were analyzed with univariate and multivariate analysis. Of the 952 patients studied, 25 (2.6%) had VAP. On univariate analysis, significant risk factors were emergency surgery, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), reintubation, coma, steroid treatment, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC), enteral feedings, tracheostomy, acute physiology, age, and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) score, prior antibiotics, and IPPV hours. On multivariate analysis, IPPV hours (153.75 +/- 114.44 v 19.65 +/- 7.99; p < 0.001) and steroids (20% v 0%; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of VAP. The most common pathogens isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22), Escherichia coli (10), Klebsiella pneumoniae (4), Staphylococcus species (4), and Acinetobacter species (2). The mortality rate in VAP was 16% as compared with 0.2% in non-VAP cases (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that by univariate analysis the risk factors for VAP were emergency surgery, COPD, reintubation, coma, steroid treatment, IABC, enteral feedings, tracheostomy, APACHE II score, prior antibiotics, and IPPV hours. On multivariate analysis, only IPPV hours and steroids were independent predictors of VAP. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common pathogen associated with VAP, and the mortality is increased with VAP.     

Impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with severe head injury

BACKGROUND: The impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) on outcome seems to vary depending on the critically ill patients we analyze. Our objective, therefore, has been to evaluate the influence of VAP on the mortality and morbidity in patients with severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score 相似文献   

Independent Risk Factors for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia After Cardiac Surgery

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the related factors and pathogens of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) after heart surgery so as to provide evidences for clinical prevention and therapy. Methods: In total 1,688 cases were collected from January 2004 to January 2011. Overall 105 patients developed VAP. Retrospectively analyzed these patients after heart surgery to determine the clinical data, pathogens and treatment measures. Results: The frequency of ventilator-associated pneumonia was 6.2% (105/1 688), and mortality was 25.7% (27/105), 198 pathogen strains were isolated by bacterial culture, in which Gram negative bacteria accounted for 69.2% (137/198), Gram positive bacteria 27.8% (55/198), and fungi 3.0% (6/198). The independent risk factors for VAP after cardiac surgery were: age >70 (p < .01), emergent surgery (p < .01), perioperative blood transfusions (p < 0.01), reintubation (p < .01) and days of mechanical ventilation (MV) (p < .01). Median length of stay in the ICU for patients who developed VAP or not was, respectively, (24.7 ± 4.5) days versus (3.2 ± 1.5) days (p < .05), and mortality was, respectively, 25.7% versus 2.9% in both populations (p < .05). Conclusion: Age >70, emergent surgery, perioperative blood transfusions, reintubation and days of MV are the risk factors for VAP in patients following cardiac surgery. P. aeruginosa, P. klebsiella, S. aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii were the main pathogens of VAP. According to the cause of VAP, active prevention and treatment measures should be developed and applied to shorten the time of MV and improve chances of survival.     

Ventilator associated pneumonia

Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is a nosocomial lower respiratory tract infection that ensues in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. The reported incidence of VAP varies between 9% and 68% with a mortality ranging between 33% and 71%. Two key factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of VAP: bacterial colonization of the upper digestive-respiratory tract and aspiration of oral secretions into the trachea. Preventive measurements are advocated to reduce the incidence of VAP, such as selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD), supraglottic aspiration and positioning. Prompt recognition and treatment of established VAP has also been demostrated to affect outcome. Therefore, the knowledge of risk factors associated with the development of VAP and the implementation of strategies to prevent, diagnose and treat VAP are mainstems in the nursing of mechanically ventilated patients.