米诺环素与头孢哌酮/舒巴坦联合应用对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌体外抗菌活性的研究

目的探讨米诺环素与头孢哌酮,舒巴坦联合应用对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的疗效,为有效治疗多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌（MDR-ABA）感染提供理论依据。方法常规方法培养分离细菌共54株,获得纯培养后用VITEK-2全自动分析仪鉴定鲍曼不动杆菌,应用纸片扩散法进行多种抗菌药物的药敏试验,确定其中34株为多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌。随机选取30株采用微量肉汤稀释法测定米诺环素和头孢哌酮／舒巴坦（1：1）的单药MIC值。再采用棋盘法测定米诺环素和头孢哌酮街巴坦（1：1）的联用MIC值。计算FIC指数并进行相关统计学分析。结果米诺环素与头孢哌酮,舒巴坦联合应用F1c指数0～0．5者占35-3％,0．5～1者占58．8％,1～2者占5．9％。结论米诺环素与头孢哌酮／舒巴坦联合应用具有协同和叠加作用,二者之间无拮抗作用,临床上治疗由MDR-ABA引起的重症感染,可根据药敏试验结果选择联合用药。     

216株鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布与耐药性分析

目的了解本院鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布和耐药现状。方法应用VITEK-2鉴定系统对216株鲍曼不动杆菌进行微生物鉴定和药敏分析,采用WHONET 5.6软件对药敏结果进行分析。结果2013年1月至2013年12月共分离鲍曼不动杆菌216株,均来自住院患者,其中痰标本的分离率高达83.3%（180/216）,主要抗菌药物的药敏情况为米诺环素敏感率为90.9%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、美罗培南、左氧氟沙星和复方新诺明的敏感率分别为57.1%、44.44%、59.6%和55.2%。对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林、庆大霉素、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢他啶和环丙沙星的敏感率均低于30.0%。结论鲍曼不动杆菌的感染主要以呼吸内科与ICU最为常见,其中对米诺环素的敏感率最高。     

肝移植术后肺部鲍曼不动杆菌感染13例临床分析

目的探讨肝移植术后肺部鲍曼不动杆菌感染的临床特点、药物敏感情况及预后。方法分析13例鲍曼不动杆菌肺部感染受者的临床特点,其耐药情况及敏感药物,并了解患者的预后。结果在85例肝移植病例中鲍曼不动杆菌感染受者占15%。69%的术后肺部感染发生于术后1周内,症状以发热、咳嗽、咳痰为主,呼吸困难少见。体格检查以肺呼吸音减弱和干、湿啰音为主。外周血白细胞计数及中性粒细胞升高7例。药物敏感试验结果显示84%为多药耐药菌,38%为泛耐药菌,但对多黏菌素B、米诺环素和头孢哌酮钠-舒巴坦敏感。有细菌培养结果后给予敏感抗菌药物。治愈11例,2例死于呼吸衰竭或中毒性休克。结论肝移植术后肺部鲍曼不动杆菌感染的临床特点不典型,对多黏菌素、米诺环素和头孢哌酮钠-舒巴坦敏感,经及时治疗预后尚可。     

三种碳青霉烯类抗菌药物联用头孢哌酮舒巴坦对耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌的抗菌活性分析

目的：探讨亚胺培南、美罗培南、厄他培南3种碳青霉烯类抗菌药物与头孢哌酮舒巴坦联用,对耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌的抗菌活性。方法分别检测亚胺培南、美罗培南、厄他培南对36株耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）值,及3种抗菌药物与头孢哌酮舒巴坦联用的部分抑菌浓度（FIC）指数,计算3种碳青霉烯抗菌药物与头孢哌酮舒巴坦联用累计抑菌率曲线。结果36株泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌,亚胺培南、美罗培南MIC50为16 mg/L,亚胺培南MIC90为64 mg/L;美罗培南MIC90为128 mg/L。厄他培南MIC50为32 mg/L,MIC90为256 mg/L。亚胺培南、美罗培南、厄他培南与头孢哌酮舒巴坦联用,FIC指数≤0.5、0.5～1、1～2和＞2者分别为1株、16株、14株、5株;1株、17株、13株和5株;0株、1株、30株和5株。三种药物与头孢哌酮舒巴坦联用后,亚胺培南累计抑菌率曲线左移,美罗培南累计抑菌率曲线改变不明显;厄他培南联用后,累计抑菌率曲线轻度右移。结论亚胺培南、美罗培南与头孢哌酮舒巴坦联用对耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌多数呈相加或无关作用,厄他培南与头孢哌酮舒巴坦联用呈无关作用;3种碳青霉烯抗菌药物与头孢哌酮舒巴坦对部分耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌具有拮抗作用。     

2014-2015年烧伤科细菌耐药情况及临床对策分析

目的:分析2014-2015年湖南省浏阳市人民医院烧伤科细菌流行变迁及耐药的相关因素,从而指导临床合理用药.方法:对2014年1月-2015年12月于湖南省浏阳市人民医院住院治疗的烧伤患者创面培养病原菌(943株)以及药敏试验结果进行分析比较.结果:2014年铜绿假单胞菌为绝对优势菌,2015年优势菌群不明显,但鲍曼不动杆菌所占构成比增加.鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青酶烯类耐药率并没有随着药物用量下降而下降;铜绿假单胞菌随着碳青酶烯类抗生素使用量的下降,耐药率在下降;头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、碳青酶烯类抗生素对阴沟肠杆菌依然敏感,头孢类、半合成青霉素、喹诺酮耐药率在上升;头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、碳青酶烯类抗生素对肺炎克雷伯菌依然敏感,头孢类变化不大,喹诺酮耐药率在下降;头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、碳青酶烯类抗生素对大肠埃希菌依然敏感.结论:2014年耐药菌以铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等为主,2015年耐药菌以鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌,金黄色葡萄球菌等菌分布为主.鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星耐药率有差异,铜绿假单胞菌对大部分抗生素耐药率有差异,大肠埃希菌对大部分抗生素耐药无明显差异.2015年较2014年治愈好转率高.     

ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌的构成及耐药性分析

目的;分析医院综合ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）病原菌的分布特点及其耐药性。为vAP治疗提供合理用药参考。方法：回顾性分析210例VAP患者的下呼吸道分泌物细菌培养及药敏结果。结果：210例VAP患者下呼吸道分泌物培养如瘸原菌394株．革兰阴性杆菌占784％．革兰阳性球菌占12.6％．真菌感染9．0％：各类病原燕混台感染者占83．8％：常见病原菌为鲍曼不动杆菌20,3％,铜绿假单胞菌188％。肺炎克雷伯菌16．2％,金黄色葡萄菌8,1％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）检出率87．5％,白色念珠菌7．6％。鲍曼不动杆菌仅对头孢碾酮／舒巴坦敏感,铜绿假单胞菌仅对头孢哌酮／舒巴垣和碳膏酶烯类药物敏感,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对碳青酶烯类药物敏感,金黄色葡萄球菊耐药现象严重．对万古霉素和替考拉宁敏感,白色念珠菌对氟康唑、伊曲康瞪、伏立康唑敏感。结论：VAP的主要瘸原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,耐药现象严鬣．多数为混合感染。治疗困难。进行细菌培养和药物敏感性试验．对合理选用抗菌药物治疗VAP具有重要意义。     

抗菌药物用药频度与铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率的相关性

目的分析抗菌药物用药频度与铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率的相关性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物,降低细菌耐药率提供依据。 方法对云南省第三人民医院2013年1月至2017年12月年常用抗菌药物用药频度以及同期分离的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌耐药情况进行回顾性调查分析。 结果本院抗菌药物2014年用药频度（28 809）较2013年（16 259）显著上升,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、氨曲南、庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星、亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率,鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、庆大霉素、亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦抗菌药物的耐药率亦有所上升。鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦较敏感,但对其他常用抗菌药物的耐药率,特别是对头孢类（平均耐药率为78.23%）和碳青霉烯类药物（平均耐药率为72.69%）的耐药率仍居高不下。抗菌药物年用药频度分析结果显示,2013年至2017年铜绿假单胞菌耐药率与左氧氟沙星用药频度呈高度正相关（r = 0.70、P = 0.20）;鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率与美洛培南用药频度呈显著正相关（r = 0.94、P = 0.02）。 结论本院所分离铜绿假单胞菌耐药率与左氧氟沙星用药频度,鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率与美洛培南用药频度均呈显著正相关,为避免常见的感染菌和定植菌耐药的发生,应加强抗菌药物的监管。     

替加环素治疗肝移植术后鲍曼不动杆菌感染患者的护理

目的总结应用替加环素治疗肝移植术后耐药鲍曼不动杆菌感染患者的护理经验。方法对15例肝移植术后鲍曼不动杆菌感染患者给予替加环素治疗,规范用药、观察用药作用和不良反应,给予预见性护理。结果患者均治愈出院,随访1年肝功能良好。结论替加环素用于肝移植术后耐药鲍曼不动杆菌感染的治疗过程中注重针对性护理,有利于防止相关不良反应,保障疗程的顺利实施。     

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布特征及耐药性分析

目的动态监测多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌分布及耐药性变迁,指导临床合理用药。方法收集2011年1月至2013年12月本院住院患者各类送检标本,采用DL-96细菌测定系统进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验。结果共分离出多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌220株,检出率逐年上升,主要分布在ICU(35.9%)、老年病内科(16.8%)和呼吸内科(13.2%);60岁以上患者检出占76.8%;在痰液中共检出170株,占77.3%。多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌除米诺环素的耐药率21.8%较低外,其他抗菌药物的耐药率均在60.0%以上,特别是头孢菌素的耐药率已达90.0%以上。对于多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的治疗临床应根据药敏结果采用两药联合或三药联合。结论制定合理有效的感染控制措施,合理使用广谱抗菌药物,避免及减少多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌菌株医院感染的暴发流行。     

烧伤病房鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性及OXA基因型检测

目的:了解烧伤病房患者创面鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性和OXA碳青霉烯酶基因携带情况,为预防和控制多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染提供依据.方法:收集2013年1月—2015年12月皖南医学院第一附属医院烧伤整形外科收治2572例患者创面分泌物进行细菌培养;使用VITEK2 Compact型全自动微生物检测仪鉴定鲍曼不动杆菌,通过药敏实验检测其对18种抗菌药物的敏感性;应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法检测4种OXA碳青霉烯酶基因(OXA-23-like、OXA-24-like、OXA-51-like、OXA-58-like)的携带情况,并对其中10株进行OXA-23-like基因测序.结果:分离出44株鲍曼不动杆菌,对亚胺培南耐药率为79.55%(27株),对米诺环素及替加环素的耐药率较低,分别为20.45%(9株)和31.82%(14株),对庆大霉素耐药率高达100%,对其他抗菌药物也具有较高的耐药率(59.09%~97.73%).所有菌株OXA-51-like基因均为阳性,共有35株OXA-23-like基因阳性(阳性率79.55%),均未检测到OXA-24-like基因和OXA-58-like基因.结论:鲍曼不动杆菌呈多重耐药现象,对米诺环素耐药率最低,我院创面鲍曼不动杆菌主要耐药机制可能与OXA-23-like基因有关.     

外科重症监护病房老年患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的相关因素分析及防治

目的：了解外科重症监护病房（SICU）老年患者呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的发生率、病死率、易感因素,指导VAP的临床防治。方法：对近3年内我院SICU65例机械通气的老年患者进行回顾性分析。结果：VAP发生率为66．2％,病死率为67．4％,长时间机械通气及高APACHE Ⅱ分、低GCS分和不恰当初始抗菌治疗等是VAP的易感因素。结论：在SICU病房,通过有效的防治措施,可降低老年患者VAP的发生率,提高治愈率。     

Laboratory and clinical study of sulbactam/cefoperazone (SBT/CPZ) on bacterial prostatitis]

The cefoperazone and sulbactam concentrations in human prostatic fluid were measured following intravenous administration of sulbactam/cefoperazone (SBT/CPZ) and its clinical efficacy and safety in the treatment of 11 patients with acute or chronic bacterial prostatitis were evaluated. Cefoperazone concentrations in prostatic fluid (PF) one hour after an intravenous infusion of SBT/CPZ at a dose of 1 g and 2 g were 0.57 +/- 0.26 micrograms/ml and 1.37 +/- 0.86 micrograms/ml, respectively, both exceeding the MIC against most of the isolated strains from expressed prostatic secretion (EPS). The sulbactam levels in PF at doses of 1 g and 2 g of SBT/CPZ were 0.30 +/- 0.18 micrograms/ml and 0.38 +/- 0.13 micrograms/ml, respectively, both of which were high enough to potentiate antimicrobial activity of cefoperazone. The peak of MIC distribution of sulbactam/cefoperazone against E. coli (14 strains) and S. epidermidis (21 strains) isolated from EPS of patients with bacterial prostatitis was in a range of 0.1-0.2 micrograms/ml and 0.2-0.78 micrograms/ml as described for the cefoperazone concentration, respectively, which were superior to those of cefoperazone, ceftazidime and piperacillin, all compared as control, SBT/CPZ exhibited 8 fold or more potent antimicrobial activity than cefoperazone against beta-lactamase producing E. coli and CNS. Clinically, SBT/CPZ was given to 11 patients diagnosed as having bacterial prostatitis in a daily dose of 2-4 g for 5 to 8 days. The drug was found to be effective in all (100%) of 5 patients with acute prostatitis and in 3 (75.0%) of 4 patients who were judged to be assessable among 6 chronic patients. No side effects of any kind were observed in any of the patients treated. In laboratory tests, a transient thrombocytopenia was reported for one patient. SBT/CPZ is particularly useful in the treatment of acute bacterial prostatitis caused by GNR. This drug is useful for chronic prostatitis those, caused primarily by CNS which is susceptible to this agent. This drug is available as an injectable form, subjects for its appropriate usage will be those who show acute exacerbation of infection or who do not respond to oral therapy.     

Risk Factors for Early-onset, Ventilator-associated Pneumonia in Critical Care Patients: Selected Multiresistant versus Nonresistant Bacteria

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is the leading nosocomial infection in critically ill patients. The frequency of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria has increased in recent years, and these pathogens cause most of the deaths attributable to pneumonia. The authors, therefore, evaluated factors associated with selected multidrug-resistant ventilator-associated pneumonia in critical care patients.

Methods: The authors prospectively recorded potential risk factors at the time of intensive care unit admission. An endotracheal aspirate was obtained in all patients who met clinical criteria for pneumonia. Patients were considered to have ventilator-associated pneumonia only when they met the clinical criteria and aspirate culture was positive for bacteria 48 h or more after initiation of mechanical ventilation. Pediatric patients were excluded. Adult patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia were first grouped as "early-onset" (< 5 days) and "late-onset," determined by episodes of ventilator-associated pneumonia, and then, assigned to four groups based on the bacteria cultured from their tracheal aspirates:Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, methicillin-resistant staphylococci, and all others. The first three bacteria were considered to be multidrug resistant, whereas the others were considered to be antibiotic susceptible. Potential risk factors were evaluated with use of univariate statistics and multivariate regression.

Results: Among 486 consecutive patients admitted during the study, 260 adults underwent mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h. Eighty-one patients (31%) experienced 99 episodes of ventilator-associated pneumonia, including Pseudomonas (33 episodes), methicillin-resistant staphylococci (17 episodes), Acinetobacter (9 episodes), and nonresistant bacteria (40 episodes). Sixty-six of these episodes were early onset and 33 episodes were late onset. Logistic regression analysis identified three factors significantly associated with early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by any one of the multidrug-resistant bacterial strains: emergency intubation (odds ratio, 6.4; 95% confidence interval, 2.0-20.2), aspiration (odds ratio, 12.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.4-64.6), and Glasgow coma score of 9 or less (odds ratio, 3.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-11.3). A. baumanii-related pneumonia cases were found to be significantly associated with two of these factors: aspiration (odds ratio, 14.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-133.8) and Glasgow coma score (odds ratio, 6.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-32.6).     

Risk factors for early-onset, ventilator-associated pneumonia in critical care patients: selected multiresistant versus nonresistant bacteria

BACKGROUND: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is the leading nosocomial infection in critically ill patients. The frequency of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria has increased in recent years, and these pathogens cause most of the deaths attributable to pneumonia. The authors, therefore, evaluated factors associated with selected multidrug-resistant ventilator-associated pneumonia in critical care patients. METHODS: The authors prospectively recorded potential risk factors at the time of intensive care unit admission. An endotracheal aspirate was obtained in all patients who met clinical criteria for pneumonia. Patients were considered to have ventilator-associated pneumonia only when they met the clinical criteria and aspirate culture was positive for bacteria 48 h or more after initiation of mechanical ventilation. Pediatric patients were excluded. Adult patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia were first grouped as "early-onset" (< 5 days) and "late-onset," determined by episodes of ventilator-associated pneumonia, and then, assigned to four groups based on the bacteria cultured from their tracheal aspirates: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, methicillin-resistant staphylococci, and all others. The first three bacteria were considered to be multidrug resistant, whereas the others were considered to be antibiotic susceptible. Potential risk factors were evaluated with use of univariate statistics and multivariate regression. RESULTS: Among 486 consecutive patients admitted during the study, 260 adults underwent mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h. Eighty-one patients (31%) experienced 99 episodes of ventilator-associated pneumonia, including Pseudomonas(33 episodes), methicillin-resistant staphylococci (17 episodes), Acinetobacter(9 episodes), and nonresistant bacteria (40 episodes). Sixty-six of these episodes were early onset and 33 episodes were late onset. Logistic regression analysis identified three factors significantly associated with early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by any one of the multidrug-resistant bacterial strains: emergency intubation (odds ratio, 6.4; 95% confidence interval, 2.0-20.2), aspiration (odds ratio, 12.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.4-64.6), and Glasgow coma score of 9 or less (odds ratio, 3.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-11.3). A. baumanii-related pneumonia cases were found to be significantly associated with two of these factors: aspiration (odds ratio, 14.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-133.8) and Glasgow coma score (odds ratio, 6.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-32.6). CONCLUSIONS: The authors recommend that patients undergoing emergency intubation or aspiration or who have a Glasgow coma score of 9 or less be monitored especially closely for early-onset multidrug-resistant pneumonia. The occurrence of aspiration and a Glasgow coma score of 9 or less are especially associated with pneumonia caused by A. baumanii.     

Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Leading to Acute Lung Injury after Trauma: Importance of Haemophilus influenzae

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a clear risk factor for acute lung injury which has been poorly described in trauma patients. This prospective study was undertaken to estimate the incidence of such ventilator-associated pneumonia leading to acute lung injury, the risk factors, and the associated morbidity and mortality in a group of multiple trauma patients.

Methods: Trauma patients who were mechanically ventilated and survived at least 24 h were included. Ventilator-associated pneumonia was confirmed by a bacterial culture of a blind protected telescoping catheter with at least 103 colony-forming units/ml of at least one pathogen. Episodes of acute lung injury were prospectively recorded.

Results: Ventilator-associated pneumonia was documented in 78 patients of the 175 included (44%) and led to the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia acute lung injury in 18 patients (23%). The sole independent risk factor for ventilator-associated pneumonia leading to acute lung injury was the presence of Haemophilus influenzae (hazard ratio, 8.8; 95% confidence interval, 2.7-28.6). Eleven (61%) of the 18 patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia leading to acute lung injury had development of a ventilator-associated pneumonia recurrence, as compared with 20 (33%) of the 60 patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia alone (P = 0.03). Seven (39%) of the 18 trauma patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia leading to acute lung injury died, as compared with 9 (15%) of the 60 trauma patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia alone (P = 0.04).     

Ventilator-associated pneumonia leading to acute lung injury after trauma: importance of Haemophilus influenzae

BACKGROUND: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a clear risk factor for acute lung injury which has been poorly described in trauma patients. This prospective study was undertaken to estimate the incidence of such ventilator-associated pneumonia leading to acute lung injury, the risk factors, and the associated morbidity and mortality in a group of multiple trauma patients. METHODS: Trauma patients who were mechanically ventilated and survived at least 24 h were included. Ventilator-associated pneumonia was confirmed by a bacterial culture of a blind protected telescoping catheter with at least 10 colony-forming units/ml of at least one pathogen. Episodes of acute lung injury were prospectively recorded. RESULTS: Ventilator-associated pneumonia was documented in 78 patients of the 175 included (44%) and led to the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia acute lung injury in 18 patients (23%). The sole independent risk factor for ventilator-associated pneumonia leading to acute lung injury was the presence of Haemophilus influenzae (hazard ratio, 8.8; 95% confidence interval, 2.7-28.6). Eleven (61%) of the 18 patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia leading to acute lung injury had development of a ventilator-associated pneumonia recurrence, as compared with 20 (33%) of the 60 patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia alone (P = 0.03). Seven (39%) of the 18 trauma patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia leading to acute lung injury died, as compared with 9 (15%) of the 60 trauma patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia alone (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Acute lung injury complicated the course of 15% of ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients. H. influenzae seemed to be one of the most frequent bacteria involved and the sole risk factor identified. Occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia leading to acute lung injury modified the prognosis of trauma patients.     

胆道感染患者196例胆道细菌培养及耐药分析

目的：了解胆道感染患者胆汁中主要致病菌的分布及其抗生素敏感情况。方法对福建医科大学附属龙岩第一医院2008年1月至2012年1月间收治的196例胆道感染患者进行胆汁细菌培养和抗生素敏感情况分析。结果从164例患者的胆汁中共分离171株需氧菌,总阳性率为83.67%（164/196）。171株中革兰阴性菌112株,占65.50%;革兰阳性菌59株,占34.50%。革兰阴性菌的主要致病菌包括大肠埃希菌（35.00%）、肠球菌（27.49%）、肺炎克雷白菌（10.00%）和铜绿假单胞菌（4.00%）。革兰阴性菌对碳青酶烯类药物、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦仍比较敏感,耐药率分别为低于1.8%、3.5%、11.1%;革兰阳性菌对氨苄西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾的耐药率分别为低于6.1%、0。耐万古霉素的肠球菌（VRE）检出率依然较低,粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率分别为2.6%、0。结论头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星可作为治疗胆道感染的首选用药。当革兰阳性菌如肠球菌或耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为致病菌时,应根据胆汁培养结果选用窄谱抗生素。     

莫西沙星在胆道疾病手术中应用的前瞻性研究

目的 1.评价莫西沙星对胆道疾病手术病人的临床及细菌学疗效.2.观察莫西沙星治疗胆道疾病的安全性.方法 选取2008年6～ 10月确诊为胆道疾病行手术治疗的52例病人,随机分为实验组(莫西沙星治疗组,32例)和对照组(头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗组,20例).术中留取胆汁作细菌培养和药敏试验,并观察临床疗效.结果 41例病人胆汁共培养出48株细菌,另11例胆汁培养无菌生长,胆汁细菌培养阳性率为78.8％(41/52).菌株药敏结果和临床疗效两组间比较无显著差异(P＞0.05).莫西沙星治疗组有1例病人发生胸闷和气促.结论 莫西沙星是胆道疾病手术治疗病人一种可供选择的抗生素.     

康复期脊髓损伤患者医院感染的致病菌及其耐药性

目的研究康复期脊髓损伤患者医院感染的致病菌与耐药性。 方法选择2013年6月至2015年6月于本院接受康复治疗的脊髓损伤患者400例,其中136例患者发生医院感染。采用MicroScan WalkAway微生物鉴定药敏测试系统对分离出的感染样本进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验,探究康复期脊髓损伤患者医院感染的致病菌及耐药性。 结果400例脊髓损伤患者中136例发生医院感染,感染率为34.00%。脊髓损伤患者医院感染部位的分布较广,主要分布在泌尿道（68.42%）和下呼吸道（23.03%）。脊髓损伤患者医院感染的病原菌主要为大肠埃希菌（44.74%）和铜绿假单胞菌（18.42%）。脊髓损伤患者医院感染病原菌的耐药性整体较强,其中大肠埃希菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药性较弱,分别为4.41%和8.82%,铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮舒巴坦、异帕米星和阿米卡星的耐药率为0.00%,肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮舒巴坦的耐药性较弱,分别为17.65%和0.00%。 结论脊髓损伤患者医院感染的部位主要为泌尿道和呼吸道,以大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌为主,耐药性较强。