喉环状软骨上部分切除术治疗喉声门上型癌

目的总结喉环状软骨上部分切除术治疗喉声门上型癌的疗效。方法对32例接受喉环状软骨上部分切除术(环状软骨舌骨固定术)治疗的喉声门上型癌病例进行随访和回顾性分析。结果本组T2、T3病例的3年生存率分别为85.7%(18/21)和66.6%(2/3),T2、T3病例的5年生存率分别为83.3%(5/6)和50%(1/2);所有患者术后都能发音,发音比较粗或沙哑,但能听懂;所有患者术后都有不同程度的误咽,经过练习96.8%的患者误咽克服,1例患者(3%)因术后始终无法克服误咽,改为喉全切除术;拔管率为100%。结论喉环状软骨上部分切除术手术操作简便,术后肿瘤学结果和功能结果满意,是治疗侵犯一侧或两侧声带的喉声门上型癌的有效术式。     

声门水平切除胸骨舌骨肌喉功能重建术治疗T2期声门癌

目的　探讨喉部分切除后胸骨舌骨肌喉功能重建对T2期声门癌的疗效。方法　对1992～ 1998年 66例T2期声门癌患者行喉声门水平部分切除术 ,同时以胸骨舌骨肌重建声带。结果全部患者术后 2～ 3周均顺利拔管 ,恢复了呼吸、吞咽和发音的全部喉功能。复发 3例 ,复发率为4 5 % ;失访 3例 ,3年生存率为 97 0 % (64 / 66例 ) ,5年生存率为 93 8% (45 / 48)。结论　喉部分切除后胸骨舌骨肌喉功能重建术在保证患者的生存率的同时 ,提高了患者的生存质量     

跨声门癌扩大部分喉切除术重建方法与疗效评价

目的探讨跨声门癌在保证根治肿瘤的前提下恢复喉的发音、呼吸、吞咽防护功能。方法对41例跨声门癌施行扩大部分喉切除术,包括扩大垂直喉切除术26例（26/41）,扩大额侧喉切除术5例（5/41）,次全喉切除术10例（10/41）。主要应用胸骨舌骨肌、颈阔肌双蒂转门肌皮瓣等同期进行缺损喉腔的重建。其中应用转门肌皮瓣修复27例,胸骨舌骨肌瓣修复7例,舌骨肌瓣修复5例,胸锁乳突肌和筋膜修复2例。结果总的3年、5年生存率分别为85.7%(30/35)、74.1%(20/27),III期患者3年、5年生存率分别为84.6%(22/26)、76.2%(16/21),IV期患者分别为3/4、1/2。总的气管套管拔出率为87.8%(36/41),应用颈前转门肌皮瓣修复组拔管率为96.3％（26/27）,胸骨舌骨肌瓣为5/7,舌骨肌瓣为4/5,胸锁乳突肌瓣为1/2。全部患者恢复了发音功能,语音响亮清晰者92.7%(38/41),吞咽防护功能全部恢复。结论中、晚期跨声门癌选择性地施行功能保全性喉手术是可行的;应用转门肌皮瓣进行缺损喉腔重建可获得满意的喉功能恢复效果。     

喉大部切除术后喉功能重建

为23例喉癌患者行喉大部分切除术,采用下列方法重建喉功能,(1)重建声门关闭功能;(2)重建会厌覆盖功能;(3)保留或重建梨状窝;(4)保护喉上神经和喉返神经;(5)保持宽大的下咽部;(6)切断环咽肌.23例中21例获得随访,术后均能发音,术后2～4周拔除鼻饲管,无误吸及呛咳.5年生存11例,生存率47.8%.     

保留喉功能的T4声门癌的手术治疗

目的　探讨T4声门癌喉功能保留手术的方法和临床疗效。方法　对 1982～ 1998年间2 2例T4声门癌患者进行手术治疗 ,切除肿瘤及受累的软骨和喉外组织 ,以胸骨舌骨肌筋膜瓣、颈阔肌皮瓣、颈阔肌筋膜瓣、甲状软骨膜瓣、下咽黏膜瓣等修复组织缺损 ,保留会厌或环状软骨板重建喉功能。全部患者均接受术后放射治疗 (5 0 0 0～ 6 0 0 0cGy)。结果　全组病例 3年生存率 86 4 % (19/ 2 2 ) ,5年生存率 75 0 % (15 / 2 0 )。喉功能恢复 (吞咽保护、呼吸、发音 )为 6 8 2 % (15 / 2 2 ) ,喉功能部分恢复(吞咽保护、发音 ) 31 8% (7/ 2 2 )。结论　T4声门癌尽管可累及喉软骨和喉外组织 ,但经仔细选择的病例在彻底切除肿瘤的前提下保留喉功能是可行的     

喉部分切除术的远期疗效观察

目的　观察喉部分切除术的远期疗效及喉功能的恢复情况。方法　总结 1986～ 1995年间各种喉部分切除术 379例 ,男 2 90例 ,女 89例。声门上癌 184例 (按 1992年UICC标准T1 8例 ,T2115例 ,T348例 ,T413例 ) ,声门癌 192例 (T1 115例 ,T2 6 3例 ,T313例 ,T41例 ) ,跨声门癌 3例 (T2 1例 ,T32例 )。共 8种术式 ,即声带切除术 2 6例 ,垂直部分切除术 138例 ,额侧切除术 7例 ,声门水平 (喉中段 )切除术 12例 ,声门上水平部分切除术 5 8例 ,水平垂直 ( 3 4)部分切除术 95例 ,喉次全切除环舌根会厌吻合术 2 4例 ,喉近全切除环舌根吻合术 (保留一侧杓状软骨 ) 19例。同期颈廓清术 193例 (单侧12 1例 ,双侧 72例 )。结果　全部病例恢复发音功能。 7～ 2 3d全部克服误咽拔掉鼻饲管 ,36 2例在术后 9d～ 3个月拔除套管 ,另 8例经二次手术修整拔除气管套管 ,拔管率为 97 6 %。 3、5、10年生存率分别为 86 8% ( 32 9 379)、81 3% ( 2 6 6 32 7)、6 9 4% ( 12 0 173)。结论　喉部分切除术是保存喉功能的根治性手术。严格掌握手术适应证、正确选择术式、熟练的手术技巧及完善的修复技术是提高生存质量及疗效的根本。     

环状软骨上喉次全切除术疗效分析

目的:探讨环状软骨上喉次全切除术的疗效.方法:回顾性分析实施该术式的24例患者(包括5例老年患者)的资料,其中声门癌14例,声门上癌9例,跨声门癌1例;14例行环状软骨会厌舌骨吻合术,10例行环状软骨舌骨吻合术.结果:24例患者的3年及5年生存率分别为91.7%和78.6%,拔管率为91.7%,拔管后所有患者均恢复了发声功能,术后2个月均恢复了吞咽功能.结论:环状软骨上喉次全切除术既能有效切除肿瘤,又可以保留喉的生理功能,且只要严格掌握适应证,老年喉癌患者亦可实施该术式.     

累及双侧喉腔的T2声门癌的手术治疗

目的探讨累及双侧喉腔的T2声门癌的手术方法和临床疗效.方法对22例累及双侧喉腔的T2声门癌患者行额侧喉部分切除术,以会厌、双蒂接力肌甲状软骨膜瓣、颈阔肌皮瓣、胸骨舌骨肌筋膜瓣、甲状软骨膜瓣、胸锁乳突肌骨膜瓣等修复组织缺损并重建喉功能.结果全组病例3年生存率为90.9%(20/22),5年生存率为88.9%(16/18).喉功能全恢复(吞咽保护、呼吸、发声)为90.9%(20/22),喉功能部分恢复(吞咽保护、发声)9.1%(2/22).结论额侧喉部分切除术是治疗累及双侧喉腔的T2声门癌的较好方法,肿瘤切除彻底,喉功能恢复良好.     

会厌在喉部分切除喉功能重建术中的应用

目的　探讨会厌在喉部分切除喉功能重建术中的应用价值。方法　 1 992年 1 2月～1 996年 1月 32例不同分期的声门型、声门上型喉癌行喉部分切除术 ,将残存会厌下移保留喉功能。结果　 2 1例声门型喉癌术后 1 9例拔除气管套管恢复喉的全部功能 ;1 1例声门上型喉癌 5例恢复喉全部功能 ,并于术后 1 4～ 1 8d恢复吞咽功能 ,无 1例出现误吸引起严重并发症。 3年生存率 87 5 %(2 8/ 32 ) ,5年生存率 5 8 3%(7/ 1 2 )。结论　喉部分切除喉功能重建术中会厌取材方便 ,无需重新进行皮肤切口 ;其喉面有完整粘膜 ,创面愈合时间短 ;喉结构重建扩大了喉的左右径 ,提高了术后拔管率同时防止误咽发生 ,对提高喉部分切除术患者术后生存质量有一定作用。     

保留杓状软骨喉次全切除喉功能重建的体会

目的　探讨应用保留杓状软骨的喉次全切除喉功能重建术治疗T3 喉癌 (声门及声门上型 )的拔管率和 3、5年生存率。方法　对 2 0例T3 级喉癌 ,其中声门型 3例 (T3 N0 M0 )、声门上型 17例(T3 N1 M0 5例 ,T3 N0 M0 12例 ) ,根据病变范围行保留单侧或双侧杓状软骨喉次全切除及功能重建术 ,并设计环咽吻合术式。结果　 3、5年生存率分别为 16/ 17(94 1% )和 11/ 12 (91 8% )。全部患者均恢复了吞咽和发音功能 ,拔管率为 95 0 %。结论　保留杓状软骨喉次全切除及功能重建术是治疗T3 喉癌的一种很好术式。手术的关键是不能损伤杓状软骨及喉返神经 ,设计好环咽吻合方案。     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.