Theoretical and Empirical Considerations of Resourcefulness

Resourcefulness is important in preventing depression and promoting mental health. Three theoretical dimensions of resourcefulness are identified: self-control, self-direction, and self-efficacy. This small study evaluates Rosenbaum's (1980) Self-Control Schedule (SCS) as a measure of resourcefulness and provides initial reliability and validity estimates. Nursing clinicians were able to classify 83% of the SCS items into the three theoretical dimensions of resourcefulness. Subscales resulting from this classification were internally consistent. Factor analysis conducted in samples of depressed and nondepressed adults supported the classification of the SCS items. Future research is recommended to establish usefulness of the SCS instrument as an outcome measure of nursing interventions designed to promote resourcefulness.     

Health practices of adult Hispanic women

The purpose of this focused ethnography was to discover the patterns and variability of health practices used by Hispanic women aged 20-40 years. Seven adult Hispanic women from an urban New Mexico county were interviewed four to seven times each about their health practices. The women described their views of good health. They were aware of current health promotion practices such as good nutrition and exercise. They also practised safety measures for themselves and their families. These women did not report any information on specific cultural disease prevention behaviours and described few practices related to their Hispanic culture. A theme that also emerged from the data was an emphasis on the importance of spirituality and the integration of the spiritual dimension as important to healthy living. Implications for health care providers include knowing that urban adult Hispanic women are versed in contemporary health literature and take better care of their families than of themselves.     

Relationships among maternal-fetal attachment, prenatal depression, and health practices in pregnancy

The purpose of this study was to investigate a conceptual model in which depression was proposed to have direct negative effects on positive health practices as well as indirect negative effects through maternal-fetal attachment (MFA). Participants were 252 adult pregnant women, between 20 and 40 weeks postgestation, who were recruited from five prenatal care sites. Data were collected using mailed self-report instruments measuring MFA, depression, health practices, and demographic and pregnancy information. Hierarchical regression was used to examine direct and indirect effects of depression, person characteristics (maternal age, pregnancy risk status, parity, ethnicity, education, income, marital status), and MFA on health practices. Results of the study supported the conceptual model. Higher education, lower parity, and being partnered predicted more positive health practices (p <05). After controlling for person characteristics, depression was found to be a significant predictor of MFA. Both depression and MFA were significant predictors of positive health practices but in opposite directions. Depression had a negative relationship and MFA a positive relationship with positive health practices.     

Psychometric Testing of the Children's Resourcefulness Scale

PROBLEM: Resourcefulness is known to reduce depression in adults, but its effects on children are less well known, possibly for lack of a psychometrically sound measure. METHODS: This study examined the reliability and validity of the 32-item Children's Self-Control Scale (C-SCS), which measures resourcefulness, in 122 school-aged children. FINDINGS: Standard scale refinement methods produced a 10-item scale with α= .72 and correlations with the C-SCS (r = .86), positive thoughts (r = .38), and depressive symptoms (r =–.32). Factor analysis revealed two factors: problem-solving and delay of gratification. CONCLUSIONS: The 10-item scale may be useful for identifying children who are not resourceful and are at risk for depression.     

Role of psychological factors in studying recovery from a transactional stress-coping approach: implications for mental health nursing practices

Over the last decade, the experience of recovering from psychiatric disabilities has received increased attention in mental health nursing. Recovery is a complex experience that can be understood in terms of construct, process, and outcomes. New theoretical frameworks are needed to better understand antecedents, process variables, and outcomes related to recovery. Considering that recovery is a stressful and challenging experience, the transactional stress-coping theory appears relevant to explore the appraisal and coping processes involved in recovery. Based on this theory, a new framework has been built to better understand the phenomenon of stress in recovery. More specifically, a review of the recovery literature had led to the identification of several key recovery concepts, which were then linked to major stress-coping concepts, namely contextual factors, potential stressors, primary and secondary appraisals, coping strategies, and short-term and long-term outcomes. This paper focuses on specific types of personal characteristics that are included in the broad category of contextual factors, namely psychological factors. These factors may act as coping resources, helping people to deal successfully with events interfering with the achievement of recovery goals. The main purpose of this paper is to offer a detailed discussion about how mental health nursing practices may promote the role of psychological factors within the stress-coping process. Three categories of psychological factors are discussed: views about oneself, psychological empowerment, and personal/philosophical orientations in life. A brief summary of the new framework is first offered to introduce its major concepts and basic mechanisms.     

Lifestyle practices and the health promoting environment of hospital nurses

This paper examined the lifestyle practices of hospital nurses and the impact of specific interventions in the hospital environment. The perception of nurse as health promoter and as carer of AIDS patients was also examined. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data at two different time periods. The sample represented 729 nurses (at pre- and post-time periods), both qualified and student nurses. Qualified nurses reported the highest stress levels while student nurses reported more negative lifestyle practices such as smoking, alcohol consumption and drug use. A greater number of current smokers (29%) consumed alcohol and used drugs than non-smokers. The impact of intervention strategies around compliance with smoking policy and work-site walk routes reduced exposure to passive smoking at work for qualified nurses and increased exercise participation for both groups of nurses. Workplace was identified as the main source of stress which included relationships at work and demands of the job. Hospital nurses experiencing high work stress were more likely to use professional support and personal coping (discuss problems with friends/family, have a good cry and eat more) than others. Nurses believed in the importance of health promotion as part of their work; however, qualified nurses felt more confident and gave more health related information than student nurses. Student nurses perceived a lower risk of contacting AIDS through work and a higher concern/worry in caring for AIDS patients than qualified nurses.     

Does learned resourcefulness predict the response to cognitive behavioral therapy for depression?

We attempted to replicate findings that depressed patients with high learned resourcefulness, as measured by the Self-Control Schedule (SCS), respond better to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in a pooled sample of 112 depressed patients, including 53 patients participating in a controlled research investigation and 59 private practice patients participating in a naturalistic research study. As predicted, patients with high learned resourcefulness at intake improved the most during the first 12 weeks of treatment in the combined sample. However, the size of the effect was quite small and did not emerge when the two groups were analyzed separately. The relationship between learned resourcefulness and recovery was moderated by the severity of initial depression: SCS scores predicted improvement only among subjects who were more severely depressed at intake. These results may help to explain previous inconsistencies in reports regarding the ability of the SCS to predict the degree of response to CBT for depression.     

永久性肠造口患者智谋现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解永久性肠造口患者智谋现状及影响因素,为提高永久性肠造口患者智谋水平提供理论依据。方法 采取便利抽样,使用一般资料调査表、智谋量表（Resourcefulness Scale,RS）、社会影响量表（Social Impact Scale,SIS）,对2020年1月—2021年3月就诊于福建省某三级甲等肿瘤专科医院的260例永久性肠造口患者进行问卷调査。结果 永久性肠造口患者智谋总分为（77.02±14.27）分,其中个人智谋得分为（46.41±9.04）分,社会智谋得分为（30.61±5.79）分。多元线性回归分析结果显示,年龄、文化程度、是否参加过造口组织、有无造口并发症、社会排斥和社会隔离是永久性肠造口患者智谋水平的主要影响因素（P<0.05）,共解释永久性肠造口患者智谋变异的75.7%。结论 永久性肠造口患者智谋处于中等水平,医护人员需加强永久性肠造口患者智谋的提升,尤其是高龄、低学历、未参加过造口组织、有造口并发症的患者;社会影响对永久性肠造口患者智谋有负向影响,尤其是存在社会排斥和社会隔离的患者,以进一步提升其智谋水平,降低患者病耻感水平。     

中老年乳腺癌患者智谋水平及其影响因素

目的调查中老年乳腺癌患者智谋水平,分析其影响因素。方法采用方便抽样法,选取2012年10月至2014年10月福州市某三级甲等医院乳腺外科的273例中老年乳腺癌患者。以智谋量表对其智谋水平进行调查,并对调查结果进行分析。结果中老年乳腺癌患者智谋总分为(75.31±16.69)分,其中个人智谋得分(42.93±12.85)分,显著高于社会智谋得分(32.98±10.87)分(P0.01),其影响因素有文化程度和年龄(均P0.01)。结论中老年乳腺癌患者智谋处于中等水平,医务人员应对不同年龄和文化程度的乳腺癌患者采取个性化的心理行为干预,以促进中老年乳腺癌患者的身心健康。     

Positive and negative depression coping in low-income African American women

The purpose of the study was to examine positive and negative depression coping (DC) in low-income African American women. Because low-income African American women have been shown to be vulnerable to depression symptom onset yet less accepting of treatment, DC in this population is of interest to researchers. Depression symptom severity, defense mechanisms, difficult life circumstances (DLC), and social support were examined as possible determinants of DC. In 244 mildly or moderately to severely depressed women, mature defense mechanisms predicted positive DC, and DLC predicted negative DC. Social support had no effect on positive or negative DC. Findings are discussed in terms of individual and community tailored rehabilitative psychotherapy to promote positive DC.     

Adolescent mothers: resilience, family health work and health-promoting practices

AIMS: This paper reports a study examining the relationships among mother's resilience, family health promotion (i.e. health work) and mother's health-promoting lifestyle practices in single-parent families led by adolescent mothers by testing hypotheses derived from the Developmental Model of Health and Nursing. BACKGROUND: Research on families led by adolescent mothers has focussed primarily on negative maternal and child outcomes while ignoring the capacities of these families, including their efforts to promote the health and well-being of both mothers and children. METHODS: This replication study was conducted with convenience sample of 41 adolescent mothers recruited using a variety of strategies. Mothers were asked to provide verbal responses to items on three study instruments: The Resilience Scale, a measure of mother's resilience, the Health Options Scale, a measure of family health work and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile a measure of mother's health promoting lifestyle practices, as well as a demographic questionnaire. RESULTS: Consistent with the theory, moderate positive relationships were observed between mothers' resilience and both family health work (r = 0.34, P = 0.01) and mothers' health-promoting lifestyle practices (r = 0.42, P < 0.001). As predicted, moderate correlations were also observed between health work and mother's health promoting lifestyle practices (r = 0.62, P < 0.001). With the effects of employment status and professional support held constant, mother's resilience and health work explained 30.2% of the variance in mother's health-promoting lifestyle practices. CONCLUSIONS: The study validates theoretical relationships among concepts in the developmental model of health and nursing and contributes to better understanding health promotion in families led by adolescent mothers.     

Diabetes and oral health: doctors' knowledge,perception and practices

Objectives To assess Jordanian doctors' knowledge of the connection between diabetes and oral health and assess their willingness to advise their diabetic patients to seek dental treatment and determine the associated factors. Methods Data were collected from 164 doctors practising in Jordan using a structured questionnaire. Chi‐squared test and regression analyses were conducted to reveal factors influencing the awareness, perception and knowledge of health care professionals regarding diabetes and oral health. Results Of the respondents, 70% had heard of the link between diabetes and oral health. The majority agreed that diabetes increased the tendency to have periodontitis but only half advised their diabetic patients to consult a dentist concerning their oral health. Only a third of doctors agreed that oral health was an issue in controlling diabetes. Books, magazines and pamphlets were the main source of information with the rate of 58%, medical journals and medical curriculum were the second and third sources, respectively. General medical practitioners were less informed than specialized doctors about the relationship between oral health and diabetes. Factors that significantly predicted doctors would advise dental visits were: (1) being a specialist (P = 0.037); (2) having positive knowledge about the association between diabetes and oral health (P = 0.02, P = 0.007 and P = 0.004, respectively). Conclusion There is limited knowledge of the relationships between oral health and diabetes. The more knowledgeable doctors are, the more likely they are to make dental referrals. Screening and referral by health professionals may benefit diabetic patients by improving access to dental care. Therefore, there is a need to educate doctors about oral health and diabetes.     

Positive health practices and temporal perspective in low-income adults

Aims. The purpose of this study was to describe health‐promoting behaviours and temporal perspective in low‐income adults. Background. Positive health practices represent a broad range of health‐promoting behaviours. The ability to adopt positive health practices may be influenced by many factors, one of which is temporal perspective, the perceived relationship between past, present and future times. Methods. This exploratory study was conducted in a south central Pennsylvania community with a convenience sample of individuals who were eligible for a subsidised low‐income housing programme. Positive health practices were measured using the Personal Lifestyle Questionnaire. Temporal perspective was measured with the Circles Test. Results. The sample consisted of 75 subjects, 61 women (81%) and 14 men (19%). Positive health practices were relatively high (mean = 70 out of a possible score of 96). Forty three per cent of the subjects expressed future temporal dominance and 80% of the subjects in this study expressed non‐continuous temporal relatedness. Conclusions. Health‐promoting behaviours in this low‐income sample were similar to those reported in other samples in middle‐class adult samples. The percentage of subjects who expressed future dominance was similar to findings in other samples. The percentage of subjects who expressed non‐continuous temporal relatedness was different from findings reported in other samples, suggesting that perception of the relationship of past, present and future times is different in this low‐income sample compared with other samples. Relevance to clinical practice. The temporal relatedness findings suggest that low‐income individuals may not believe that adopting positive health practices will influence future health.     

延续性健康教育对糖尿病患者的影响

目的了解出院后延续性健康教育对糖尿病患者血糖控制、糖尿病知识掌握和情绪变化的影响。方法将308例糖尿病患者随机分为教育组与对照组各154例,教育组接受出院后延续性糖尿病门诊教育,对照组未进行教育,采用血糖及糖化血红蛋白、糖尿病健康知识评分、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)分别进行患者教育前后测评,同时与对照组比较。结果教育后教育组血糖、糖化血红蛋白比对照组明显改善(均P<0.05),健康教育知识评分教育组较对照组明显提高(P<0.01),SAS、SDS较对照组明显改善(均P<0.01)。结论糖尿病出院后延续性健康教育可改善患者糖代谢、提高患者糖尿病知识水平及改善患者不良情绪状态。     

Dimensions of self-control in a sample of depressed women

Interrelationships between factors that emerged from three self-control instruments in a sample of depressed women were examined. Empirical dimensions corresponded fairly well to dimensions described by self-control theoreticians. For example, groups of items reflecting various facets of planning and systematic problem solving clustered together regardless of the particular instrument from which they were drawn, as did item groups that reflected attention to positive information. These results also suggest several elaborations of self-control models as applied to depressed women. For example, positive thoughts and behaviors and negative thoughts and behaviors did not seem to be perceived by subjects as functionally opposite. And there was evidence of greater differentiation and complexity in subjects' perceptions of negative as compared with positive dimensions.     

糖尿病视网膜病变病人健康教育需求调查

[目的]了解糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）病人的健康教育需求，以便采取有效的教育对策。[方法]采用自行设计的问卷对96例DR病人进行调查。[结果]65％以上的DR病人对糖尿病（DM）有一定的了解，需要了解视网膜病变方面的相关知识，教育方式最好是与医护人员面谈。[结论]对DR病人的健康教育重点是DM眼病的防治教育。     

糖尿病视网膜病变病人健康教育需求调查

[目的]了解糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)病人的健康教育需求,以便采取有效的教育对策.[方法]采用自行设计的问卷对96例DR病人进行调查.[结果]65%以上的DR病人对糖尿病(DM)有一定的了解,需要了解视网膜病变方面的相关知识,教育方式最好是与医护人员面谈.[结论]对DR病人的健康教育重点是DM眼病的防治教育.