多支慢性冠状动脉闭塞病变侧支循环形成的影响因素分析

目的探讨影响慢性冠状动脉闭塞病变(CTO)多支病变侧支循环形成的因素。方法选择2003—2008年沈阳市第四人民医院心血管内科40例既往无心肌梗死的CTO患者,分为侧支良好组(A组)和侧支不良组(B组)。对两组患者的冠脉造影特点、临床特征进行对比分析。结果 A组中左优势冠脉即回旋支粗大占67.8%,B组中左优势冠脉仅占25.0%(P0.05),A组近端病变患者明显多于B组(P0.01),心绞痛病程(3个月)在A组中占96.4%,在B组中占66.6%(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分揭示冠脉近端病变和糖尿病是良好侧支循环形成与否的独立影响因素。结论冠脉近端部位闭塞及左优势冠脉类型易于在CTO多支病变中建立侧支循环,心绞痛病程(3个月)时侧支循环明显增多,冠脉近端病变和糖尿病是侧支循环形成的独立影响因素。     

急性心肌梗死后侧支循环的形成及糖尿病对其影响

目的 了解急性心肌梗死（AMI）后侧支循环形成的情况及糖尿病对其影响。方法 采用1996年12月－1999年12月阜外医院介入治疗中心收治的AMI后3个月内冠状动脉造影显示梗死相关病变仍完全闭塞者共210例作为研究对象。回顾性分析每例患者有无侧支循环形成、侧支循环形成的时间以及侧支循环与梗死相关病变部位、梗死前心绞痛和室壁瘤形成之间的关系，并比较合并（48例）与不合并糖尿病（162例）患者侧支循环形成的不同。侧支循环的评价采用计分法。结果 AMI后2周内42．8％的患者可见侧支循环，第3周达60．0％，1个月时高达75．3％，说明AMI后2周即有侧支循环的形成，多数形成于3－4周。梗死后1－3个月左室造影显示有室壁瘤形成的11例非糖尿病AMI患者中只有2例可侧支循环（18．2％），而无室壁瘤形成的87例非糖尿病AMI患者中83例可侧支循环（95．4％）。与非糖尿病患者相比，合并糖尿病的AMI患者梗死后第4周方可见侧支循环。48例糖尿病患者侧支循环计分平均0．35，只有9例可侧支循环（18．8％）；而162例非糖尿病患者侧支循环计分平均2．42，140例有侧支循环形成（86．4％）。结论 AMI后如梗死相关病变仍完全闭塞，绝大多数于3－4周形成侧支循环。室壁瘤患者很少形成侧支循环，糖尿病影响侧支循环的建立。     

慢性心肌缺血中侧支循环作用的研究

目的:运用冠脉造影和非介入性方法研究冠状动脉慢性闭塞多支病变(Chronic Occlusive Multivessle Disease)中侧支循环与临床状况及表示侧支循环状况的临床指标。方法:选择既往无心肌梗塞、有稳定型和不稳定型心绞痛病史,冠脉造影示至少一支冠脉完全闭塞并有多支病变的病人,根据CAG判断侧支循环的分级情况,病人被分为侧支良好组(A组:侧支循环2．3级)和侧支不良组(B组:侧支循环0,1级),对两组患者临床特征进行对比分析。结果:40例冠脉慢性闭塞多支病变患者中侧支良好的有28例(A组),侧支不良的有12例(B组)。心绞痛病程(>3个月)在A组中占96．4％,在B组中占66．6％,B组明显少于A组(P<0．05)。异常Q波的出现率两组分别为28．5％(A组),66．6％(B组),B组明显高于A组(P<0．05)。室壁运动正常者A组占39．2％,明显高于B组的10％(P<0．01)。左室射血分数(LVEF)A组明显高于B组(50±8．0:44．8±5．5,P<0．05)。结论:病程较短,有异常Q波,室壁运动异常,左室射血分数<50％者提示侧支循环不佳。     

冠状动脉侧支循环在急性心肌梗死的发生率、预测因素及预后研究

目的探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者侧支循环发育良好的发生率、预测因素及其对预后的影响。方法研究共入选1125例成功接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的AMI患者,依据Rentrop分级法分为侧支循环良好组(181例)和侧支循环较差组(944例),比较两组患者基线资料、介入相关指标与预后情况,分析影响侧支循环形成的可能因素。结果AMI患者侧支循环发育良好的比例为16.1%,侧支循环良好组患者糖尿病(23.2%vs.35.2%,P=0.002)和吸烟比例(26.5%vs.37.3%,P=0.005)显著低于侧支循环较差组,心绞痛病程显著长于侧支循环较差组(6.5±3.8 vs.4.2±2.5,P=0.024),SYNTAX评分更高(39.3±14.8 vs.32.2±12.6,P=0.039),PCI相关心肌梗死发生率更低(17.7%vs.26.7,P=0.011),其慢血流/无复流发生率更低(16.6%vs.23.8%,P=0.033)。随访1年,侧支循环良好组心力衰竭发生率(13.8%vs.22.1%,P=0.012)和总MACCE(34.3%vs.48.3%,P=0.001)显著低于侧支循环较差组。多因素回归分析显示目前吸烟(OR=1.329;95%CI:1.029~3.917,P=0.028),糖尿病(OR:2.266;95%CI:1.326~3.924,P=0.044),心绞痛病程(OR=0.769;95%CI:0.567~0.928,P=0.031),SYNTAX评分(OR=0.801;95%CI:0.608~0.937,P=0.046)是侧支循环形成的独立预测因素。结论AMI患者侧支循环发育良好者PCI相关心肌梗死和慢血流/无复流发生率更低,吸烟、糖尿病、心绞痛病程和SYNTAX评分是其独立预测因素。     

急性心肌梗死患者侧支循环形成的相关因素分析

目的探讨急性心肌梗死患者侧支循环形成的相关因素,以期为临床提供科学依据及治疗指导。方法选取南方医科大学附属珠江医院2015年1月至2017年9月156例急性心肌梗死患者为研究对象,所有患者均行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,按Rentrop分级分为侧支循环良好组(n=53)和侧支循环不良组(n=103),比较两组患者的临床资料及冠状动脉病变特点等与侧支循环形成的相关性。结果两组年龄、性别、心肌梗死类型、原发性高血压史、吸烟史、糖尿病史、肾功能不全史、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度、糖化血红蛋白等比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。侧支循环良好组的心率稍低于侧支循环不良组,而舒张压稍高于侧支循环不良组,差异有统计学意义。右冠状动脉、完全闭塞、近端病变、弥漫性病变及血管病变数对良好侧支循环形成有统计学意义。多因素回归分析提示,心率、舒张压水平及梗死后心肌缺血可能是心肌梗死后冠状动脉侧支循环形成的独立危险因素。结论梗死后心肌缺血控制心率可能有利于心肌梗死后冠状动脉侧支循环形成,为提前干预心肌梗死高危患者提供理论依据。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者冠脉侧支循环形成不良的影响因素及对预后的指导意义

目的 探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）患者冠脉侧支循环(CCC)形成不良的影响因素及对预后的影响。 方法 选取2016年5月至2020年1月在我院心血管内科住院并接受PCI手术治疗的STEMI患者110例,依据Rentrop分级将患者分为CCC形成良好组和CCC形成不良组,比较两组患者临床资料,采用Logistic回归法分析STEMI患者CCC形成不良的影响因素,并建立CCC形成不良的预测模型。术后对患者随访1年,比较两组患者心血管事件发生率及全因死亡率。 结果 单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,无梗死前心绞痛、无梗死后心肌缺血、Killip心功能分级≥Ⅱ级、病变血管支数及冠状动脉狭窄程度均为STEMI患者CCC形成不良的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。利用以上独立危险因素构建列线图模型,其一致性指数（C-index）为0.756（95%CI:0.711~0.801）,ROC曲线AUC为0.766（95%CI:0.709~0.823）,具有较好的区分度;Calibration校准曲线评价结果提示模型准确性较好。两组患者术后1年心血管事件发生率无显著差异,但CCC形成良好组STEMI患者全因死亡率与CCC形成不良组比较显著降低（P<0.05）。 结论 无梗死前心绞痛、无梗死后心肌缺血、Killip心功能分级≥Ⅱ级、病变血管支数及冠状动脉狭窄程度是STEMI患者CCC形成不良的独立危险因素,CCC形成良好与否对STEMI患者PCI术后1年心血管事件发生率无显著影响,但CCC形成良好对降低STEMI患者全因死亡率具有积极作用。     

红细胞分布宽度对非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者冠状动脉侧支循环形成的临床意义

目的研究红细胞分布宽度(RDW)、平均血小板体积(MPV)与非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者冠状动脉侧支循环形成的关系,探讨相关指标对冠状动脉侧支循环的预测价值。方法选取南阳市中心医院和河南省人民医院心血管内科非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者166例,采用Rentrop分级方法,对冠状动脉侧支循环进行分级,分为侧支循环不良组(n=98)和侧支循环良好组(n=68)。红细胞分布宽度值和平均血小板体积值采用全自动血细胞分析仪测定。结果侧支循环不良组红细胞分布宽度水平显著高于侧支循环良好组(18.20%±1.83%比13.17%±0.84%),平均血小板体积值显著低于侧支循环良好组(8.16±1.22 fl比11.31±1.34 fl)(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示高水平的红细胞分布宽度、肌酸激酶同工酶、低水平的平均血小板体积和无梗死前心绞痛与不良侧支循环密切相关。结论高红细胞分布宽度、低水平的平均血小板体积、高肌酸激酶同工酶、无梗死前心绞痛是非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者冠状动脉侧支循环不良的独立预测因子。     

影响冠状动脉侧支循环形成的因素分析

目的:探讨冠脉病变特点,影响冠脉侧支循环(CCC)形成的因素。方法:连续收录2013年9月至2014年7月在本院心内科住院治疗择期行冠脉造影术,任一支冠脉主要分支狭窄程度≥50%的患者268例。根据冠脉造影结果分为CCC组(70例)和无CCC组(198例)。对冠脉病变特点、冠心病危险因素与侧支循环形成的关系进行统计分析。结果:(1)与无CCC组比较,CCC组的吸烟率明显降低(54.5%比35.7%),冠状动脉多支病变率(23.7%比52.9%)及重度(≥95%)狭窄率(32.3%比100%)明显升高(P0.05或0.01);(2)左前降支(LAD)、左回旋支(LCX)和右冠状动脉(RCA)作为供血支的比例基本相等,作为受血支RCA所占比例明显高于LAD和LCX(48.7%比32.1%比23.1%,P=0.004)。结论:1吸烟抑制侧支循环的形成;2冠脉狭窄程度及病变支数与侧支循环形成有密切关系,冠脉重度狭窄,病变支数多易形成侧支循环;3右冠闭塞几率较高也易形成侧支循环。     

急性心肌梗死前心绞痛对预后的影响

目的观察急性心肌梗死（AMI）前心绞痛（AP）对AMI者临床症状及近期预后的影响。方法对266例AMI者以AMI前有无AP分为两组,且比较两组对肌酸激酶（CK）峰值浓度、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）峰值浓度、冠脉侧支循环和左室功能的影响。结果有AP组（A组）的188例与无AP组（B组）的78例的严重心律失常、心源性休克、病死率等A组明显低于B组（P〈0.01）,侧支循环发生率、梗死范围、左室功能A组明显优于B组。结论既往及AMI前心绞痛可使心肌循环作出适应性调节,促进冠脉侧支循环的建立,梗死前反复的AP所致的缺血刺激,具有缺血预适应的保护作用,从而减少梗死面积和心肌的损害程度。     

急性心肌梗死后侧支建立的新型评估方法

日前临床上多采用连续冠脉造影来评价急性心肌梗死(AMI)后的侧支建立情况。然而在某些AMI即期,与梗死相关冠脉的灌注区内已存在良好的侧支循环,因此难以对侧支的进一步发展进行准确的评价。对此作者认为,倘若侧支一旦建立,则受血冠脉内压会随之增高,而冠脉内径亦将相继增加,因此测定相应冠脉内径将有助于评估侧支情况。方法研究对象为7例AMI患者(男5例,女2例,均龄64岁)。研究中借助计算机辅助分析系统分别于AMI即期(梗死后6小时内)和后期(梗死后约42天)就其梗死相关冠脉及其侧支循环的相应受血、供血冠脉内径进行测定。除在即期、后期冠脉造影前5分钟含化硝酸甘油0.3mg外,余药均于24小时前停用。     

Determinants of collateral development in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: The presence or absence of collateral circulation to the infarct-related coronary artery in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) significantly impacts on infarct size and resulting left ventricular function. However, the determinants of collateral development have not been clarified. HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the determinants of collateral development in humans. METHODS: The study group consisted of 248 patients (178 men, 70 women; mean age 63 years) undergoing coronary angiography within 12 h after the onset of a first AMI. All patients exhibited complete occlusion of the infarct-related artery. The extent of collateral circulation to the area perfused by the infarct-related artery was graded as none, or poorly or well developed, depending on the degree of opacification of the occluded coronary artery on the contralateral injection of contrast. RESULTS: Well-developed collateral circulation was observed in 92 of the 248 patients (37.1%). The prevalence of well-developed collaterals was 57% in patients with a history of angina pectoris prior to AMI, which was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher than the 26% in those without a history of angina. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was then applied to identify predictors of collateral development. Possible determinants of collateral development were long-standing preinfarction angina, severity of coronary artery disease, age, gender, and coronary risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking). This analysis revealed that only the presence of a history of angina pectoris prior to AMI was a significant predictor of collateral development (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: A history of angina pectoris prior to AMI is a clinical marker for coronary stenoses. Since severe coronary stenoses can provide stimuli that lead to collateral development, it is reasonable that a history of angina would also be a clinical marker for collateral vessels.     

心肌缺血预适应及冠脉侧支循环对急性心肌梗塞患者的保护

目的：探讨心肌缺血预适应（IP）与冠脉侧支循环形成是否独立或协同地对急性心肌梗塞（AMI）患者起保护作用。方法：收集2006年9月~2010年4月择期行冠脉介入治疗（PCI）的103例初发AMI患者的住院资料,按梗塞前24~48 h内有、无心绞痛分为缺血预适应组（IP组,有心绞痛）53例,无缺血预适应组（NIP组,无心绞痛）50例。根据冠脉造影结果,每组再按有无梗塞相关冠脉侧支循环形成分为两个亚组。计算各组在心梗面积,左室射血分数（LVEF）,并发症等方面的差异。结果：①与NIP组比较,IP组的肌酸激酶[CK,（2163.2±962.1）U/L∶（1312.4±681.1）U/L],肌酸激酶同工酶[CK-MB,（292.6±126.7）U/L∶（161.8±58.9）U/L]峰值,心电图QRS积分[（11.6±4.6）分∶（6.9±2.3）分],肌钙蛋白I[cTnI,（29.8±13.4）U/L∶（15.7±6.1）U/L]峰值水平,以及严重心律失常（26.00%∶13.61%）、Killip分级（Ⅱ~Ⅲ）（26.00%∶16.98%）、心源性休克（14.00%∶7.55%）、室壁瘤发生率（12.00%∶5.66%）等显著降低（P均〈0.05）;IP组的LVEF[（55.5±5.6）%]显著高于NIP组[（45.1±6.1）%,P〈0.05];②两组内亚组间相比,有侧支循环亚组的Killip分级、心源性休克、室壁瘤形成率等,显著低于无侧支循环亚组（P均〈0.05）,而有侧支循环亚组的LVEF显著高于无侧支循环亚组（P均〈0.05）;而严重心律失常发生率,两组的两亚组间均无显著差异（P〉0.05）。结论：心肌缺血预适应和冠脉侧支循环形成均能减少急性心肌梗塞患者的心梗面积,阻止室壁瘤形成,改善左室收缩功能,并存在协同保护关系。     

梗塞前心绞痛对急性心肌梗塞短期预后及侧支循环的影响

目的 为探讨梗塞前心绞痛(AP)对急性心肌梗塞(AMI)的短期预后及侧支循环的影响.方法 根据AMI前有无AP发作情况进行分组.AP组(88例)及无AP组(63例),比较两组间年龄、性别、冠心病高危因素、入院时心率血压、溶栓再通情况、磷酸肌酶激酶(CK)及同功酶MB(CK-MB),左室射血分数(LVEF),严重心功能衰竭或心源性休克,严重心律失常,心脏破裂及死亡率,用冠脉造影诊断冠脉病变,侧支循环,室壁瘤情况.结果 AP组年龄较大,两组间差异有显著性,P<0.01.冠心病高危因素两组间差异无显著性,P>0.05,AP组溶栓再通率较高,CK及CK-MB峰值较低,左室功能(LVEF)保存较好,严重心律失常及心脏破裂发生率较少,AMI死亡率降低,两组间有显著意义,P<0.05,提示AP组临床短期预后较好.冠脉造影示AP组三支病变发生率高,侧支循环丰富,无AP组以单支病变多见,两组间有显著意义,P<0.05.结论 AMI前的AP发作,提示临床短期预后较好,可能部分与侧支循环丰富有关.     

Association between the dosage and duration of statin treatment with coronary collateral development

BACKGROUND: The coronary collateral circulation is an alternative source of blood supply to myocardium in the presence of advanced coronary artery disease and the therapeutic promotion of collateral growth appears to be a valuable treatment strategy in these patients. Although it has been shown in in-vivo studies that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) promote vasculogenesis and accelerate coronary collateral development in ischemic tissues, there are discordant results in clinical studies. Our aim was to investigate the effect of statin therapy, including dosage and duration of treatment, on coronary collateral growth in patients with advanced coronary artery disease. METHODS: Study population consisted of 400 (306 men, with the mean age of 62+/-10 years) consecutive patients who have undergone clinically indicated coronary angiography and had at least one major coronary artery stenosis of > or =95%. Coronary collaterals were graded from 0 to 3 according to the Cohen-Rentrop method and patients with grade 0-1 collateral development were regarded as having poor collateral and patients with grade 2-3 collateral development were regarded as having good collateral. RESULTS: Among 400 patients, 196 (48%) were on statin therapy. Patients with good collateral score were more likely to have stable angina pectoris as clinical presentation (P<0.001), and were on statin therapy (P=0.001), and have multivessel disease (P=0.003). Statin therapy for less than 3 months had no effect on collateral development (P=0.19); however, patients who were on statin therapy for more than 3 months had significantly better collateral development (P=0.002). Statin therapy had no effect on coronary collateral development in patients having <10 mg atorvastatin-equivalent dose (P=0.13); however, patients having > or =10 mg atorvastatin-equivalent dose had better collateral development (P<0.001). Diabetes mellitus was the only negative predictor for coronary collateral formation (P=0.03). On multivariate analysis, stable angina pectoris [odds ratio 2.88, 95% confidence interval (1.8-4.7), P<0.001], statin therapy with > or =10 mg atorvastatin-equivalent dose [odds ratio 2.06, 95% confidence interval (1.3-2.6), P<0.001] and having multivessel disease [odds ratio 1.86, 95% confidence interval (1.16-3), P=0.01] were found to be associated with rich collateralization. CONCLUSION: Statin therapy (> or =10 mg atorvastatin-equivalent dose), stable angina pectoris and having multivessel disease are associated with enhanced coronary collateral development in patients with advanced coronary artery disease.     

Predictor of poor coronary collaterals in chronic kidney disease population with significant coronary artery disease

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Coronary collateral circulation plays an important role to protect myocardium from ischemia, preserve myocardial contractility and reduce cardiovascular events. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with poor coronary collateral development and cardiovascular outcome. However, limited research investigates the predictors for collateral development in the CKD population. METHODS: We evaluated 970 consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography and 202 patients with CKD, defined as a glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, were finally analyzed. The collateral scoring system developed by Rentrop was used to classify patients into poor (grades 0 and 1) or good (grades 2 and 3) collateral group. RESULTS: The patients with poor collateral (n = 122) had a higher incidence of hypertension (82 % vs 63.8 %, p = 0.005), fewer diseased vessels numbers (2.1 [PLUS-MINUS SIGN] 0.9 vs 2.6 [PLUS-MINUS SIGN] 0.6, p < 0.001) and a trend to be diabetic (56.6 % vs. 43.8 %, p = 0.085) or female sex (37.7 % vs. 25.0 %, p = 0.067). Multivariate analysis showed hypertension (odd ratio (OR) 2.672, p = 0.006), diabetes (OR 1.956, p = 0.039) and diseased vessels numbers (OR 0.402, p < 0.001) were significant predictors of poor coronary collaterals development. Furthermore, hypertension and diabetes have a negative synergistic effect on collateral development (p = 0.004 for interaction). CONCLUSIONS: In the CKD population hypertension and diabetes might negatively influence the coronary collaterals development.     

Relationship between plasma apelin level and coronary collateral circulation

Objective

Coronary collaterals play a crucial role during an acute ischemic attack. Angiogenesis has an important role in the formation of coronary collateral vessels. Previously, it was shown that apelin is a potential angiogenetic factor. Thus, we aimed to investigate relationship between plasma apelin levels and coronary collateral circulation in patients with stable coronary artery disease.

Methods

Among patients who underwent coronary angiography with stable angina pectoris, patients with a stenosis of ≥90% were included in our study. Collateral degree was graded according to Rentrop–Cohen classification. Patients with grade 2 or 3 collateral degree were included in good collateral group and patients with grade 0 or 1 collateral degree were included in poor collateral group.

Results

Plasma apelin level was significantly higher in good collateral group (0.69 ± 0.2 vs 0.59 ± 0.2 ng/dl, p < 0.001). Serum nitric oxide levels were similar between two groups. In multivariate regression analysis apelin [6.95 (1.46–33.15), p = 0.015] and presence of total occlusion [4.40 (1.04–18.62), p = 0.044] remained as independent predictors for good coronary collateral development.

Conclusions

Higher plasma apelin level was related to better coronary collateral development. Demonstration of favorable affects of apelin on good collateral development may lead to consider apelin in antiischemic treatment strategies in order to increase collateral development.     

Effect of pre-infarction angina on ventricular late potentials in patients with acute myocardial infarction and successful thrombolysis

OBJECTIVE: Pre-infarction angina is considered as a good clinical model of ischaemic preconditioning which facilitates myocardial protection. Late potentials (LP) have prognostic significance following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It is also well established that thrombolytic therapy reduces the incidence of LP. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between pre-infarction angina and LP in patients receiving successful thrombolytic therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS: We prospectively studied 55 patients presenting with AMI (<6 hours). All patients received thrombolytic therapy and were evaluated with coronary angiography at predischarge. Signal-averaged recordings (SAECG) were obtained serially prior to thrombolysis, 48 hours after and 10 days later. Pre-infarction angina was present in 14 (25%) patients. There were no significant differences between the clinical characteristics and angiographic findings of the groups. Baseline SAECG parameters of the groups were also similar. After thrombolysis, the 48th hour values of LAS (the duration of the terminal low amplitude signals), and both the 10th day values of LAS and RMS (root mean square voltage of the last 40 ms of the QRS) were significantly better in the pre-infarction angina group. The mean filtered QRS duration and RMS 40 values changed significantly at the 10th day recordings of patients with pre-infarction angina [QRS duration, 110+/-34 ms before to 91+/-11 ms after (p = 0.039); RMS 40, 40+/-17 microV before to 50+/-14 microV after (p = 0.02)]. The incidence of LP significantly decreased after thrombolytic therapy in the pre-infarction angina group, however, this change was not observed in patients without angina. CONCLUSION: Presence of pre-infarction angina reduces the incidence of LP following thrombolysis in AMI. This might be explained by the possible beneficial effect of ischaemic preconditioning on the arrhythmogenic substrate.     

Absence of myocardial ischemia during sudden controlled occlusion of coronary arteries in patients with well-developed collateral vessels

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the presence of well-developed collateral vessels (visualized by baseline angiography) prevents myocardial ischemia associated with electrocardiographic ST-segment deviation or anginal pain during subsequent coronary balloon occlusion. METHODS: Study patients with stable effort angina but without complete coronary obstruction were divided into two groups on the basis of whether myocardial ischemia was observed during the first minute of coronary balloon occlusion in order to compare the degrees of collateral development at baseline. Patients in group A (n = 47) had electrocardiographic ischemic ST-segment deviations or angina, or both, during balloon inflation, whereas patients in group B (n = 13) had neither. RESULTS: The incidences both of poor anterograde perfusion with TIMI grade 1 or 2 (77 versus 38%, P < 0.05) and of well-developed collateral vessels (Rentrop grade 3) in the perfusion territory of the target vessel for coronary angioplasty (77 versus 15%, P < 0.01) were higher for patients in group B than they were for those in group A. The incidence of no myocardial ischemia during balloon inflation among the patients with well-developed collateral vessels was higher than that among those without (59 versus 7%, P < 0.01). The prediction of the absence of myocardial ischemia during balloon inflation according to whether well-developed collateral vessels were present had the sensitivity 77% (10 of 13) and the specificity 93% (40 of 43) for the study patients. CONCLUSION: Absence of myocardial ischemia (revealed by electrocardiographic changes or angina during transient coronary balloon occlusion) was associated with presence of well-developed collateral vessels (Rentrop grade 3; visualized by baseline angiography), suggesting that the patients with well-developed collateral vessels have a low risk of developing acute myocardial infarction or hemodynamic instability upon abrupt closure of the culprit coronary artery.