弓形虫RH株致密颗粒蛋白GRA4基因的克隆与表达

目的 克隆和表达弓形虫RH株致密颗粒蛋白GRA4基因。方法 根据GRA4基因序列,设计合成一对引物,用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法从弓形虫RH株基因组DNA中扩增GRA4基因片段,插入pMD18-T载体,并转化大肠杆菌JM109,经PCR、双酶切、测序验证后,将GRA4基因片段定向亚克隆到载体pGEX-4T-2中构建原核表达重组质粒pGEX-4T-2.GRA4,重组子在E.coli BL21中经IPTG诱导表达,并对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE及Westem blot分析。结果 从弓形虫RH株基因组DNA中扩增出GRA4基因片段并诱导表达出能被兔抗弓形虫血清识别的重组GRA4蛋白。结论 成功构建和表达了弓形虫pGEX-4T-2-GRA4重组质粒,为弓形虫病诊断抗原和疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

弓形虫GRA8真核表达质粒的构建与体外表达

目的构建弓形虫致密颗粒蛋白GRA8的真核重组表达质粒。方法设计GRA8的特异引物,采用多聚酶链反应(PCR)技术从弓形虫RH株基因组DNA中扩增编码GRA8的基因片段,经克隆至pMD18-T载体后,亚克隆至真核表达载体pVAC而构建真核重组表达质粒pVAC-GRA8,转化大肠杆菌DH5α;将构建的真核重组表达质粒pVAC-GRA8转染vero细胞,分析转染vero细胞中GRA8的表达状况。结果PCR扩增出GRA8基因的特异片段,所获克隆的序列正确,并被亚克隆到真核表达载体pVAC,构建了真核重组表达质粒pVAC-GRA8;在vero细胞中获得表达。结论成功构建了GRA8的真核重组表达质粒pVAC-GRA8。     

重组弓形虫GRA8的表达及其诱导的免疫应答

目的表达和纯化弓形虫RH株GRA8的截短型片段,分析其诱导的免疫应答。方法从重组克隆pMD18-GRA8中切取GRA8的插入片段,亚克隆至原核表达质粒pET-23a(+)中,转化大肠杆菌BL21,PCR和酶切鉴定转化菌落的插入序列;将构建的原核表达菌株经IPTG诱导,SDS-PAGE分析重组蛋白的表达;大量诱导表达GRA8,金属螯合层析予以纯化,将纯化蛋白免疫小鼠,观察其诱导的免疫应答。结果GRA8基因的特异片段被亚克隆到原核表达质粒pET-23a(+),在大肠杆菌中未见GRA8的明显表达;表达的蛋白经金属螯合层析获得纯化;纯化蛋白能被弓形虫感染兔血清识别。结论成功构建了GRA8的原核重组表达质粒,纯化的蛋白具有良好的抗原性。     

弓形虫致密颗粒蛋白GRA8截短型片段在原核中的表达

目的 构建弓形虫GRA8原核重组表达质粒，分析其表达状况。 方法 采用PCR技术扩增GRA8及其截短型片段的基因序列，经克隆后，亚克隆至原核表达载体中，构建GRA8及其截短型片段的重组表达质粒，分析GRA8的表达；将各重组菌进行诱导，将裂解上清用谷胱甘肽-琼脂糖亲合层析法和SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)纯化目的蛋白，免疫印迹法(Western blotting)分析纯化蛋白的活性。 结果 GRA8基因被正确插入原核表达质粒中，原核重组表达质粒在大肠埃希菌JM109中表达GRA8的水平低，几乎无完整GRA8的表达，截短型GRA8经谷胱甘肽-琼脂糖亲合层析法和SDS-PAGE获得纯化。纯化的截短型GRA8能被弓形虫感染兔血清识别。 结论 GRA8的原核重组表达质粒表达GRA8的水平低，纯化的截短型GRA8具一定的抗原反应性。     

弓形虫表面抗原SAG1 DNA疫苗的构建

目的　构建真核重组表达质粒 pVAX1-SAG1,并探讨其诱导的体液免疫应答。 方法　采用多聚酶链反应技术 ,从弓形虫RH株基因组DNA中扩增截短型的SAG1基因片断 ,并克隆至载体pMD18-T ,经菌落PCR鉴定和测序分析后 ,亚克隆至真核表达载体 pVAX1,构建重组真核表达质粒pVAX1-SAG1,并予菌落PCR和双酶切鉴定。以此为疫苗候选分子免疫小鼠 ,检测其诱导产生的抗体。结果　PCR扩增出SAG1基因的截短型片段 ,其大小约 780bp ;测序的阳性TA克隆除两处发生同义突变外 ,其余序列与原序列一致 ;TA克隆的插入片段被亚克隆到真核表达载体 pVAX1,构建了重组表达质粒pVAX1-SAG1;该质粒诱导小鼠产生了抗弓形虫抗原的抗体。 结论　成功构建了弓形虫表面抗原SAG1的DNA疫苗。     

弓形虫不同分离株致密颗粒蛋白基因的序列分析及其在大肠埃希菌中的表达

目的?摇分析弓形虫不同分离株致密颗粒蛋白7（dense granule protein,GRA7)基因的异同及在大肠埃希菌中表达致密颗粒蛋白。 方法 从弓形虫不同分离株（RH株、ZS2株和GT株）的基因组中特异地扩增出GRA7基因，将目的基因定向克隆至原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1，转化大肠埃希菌JM109并测序。利用互联网上的在线工具CLUSTALW进行序列分析。异丙基-B-D-硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）体外诱导pGEX-4T-1/GRA7重组质粒菌的表达，对表达的目的蛋白进行十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE），分别以抗抗谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶（GST）抗体、人抗弓形虫阳性血清为一抗进行Western blotting分析。以纯化的重组蛋白作为包被抗原，ELISA 法检测抗弓形虫阴性、阳性血清。 结果 弓形虫不同分离株GRA7的基因序列相同；pGEX-4T-1/GRA7重组质粒在大肠埃希菌中表达了目的蛋白，Western blotting分析表明该蛋白为GST融合蛋白，且能被人抗弓形虫阳性血清所识别；ELISA结果表明该蛋白能与人抗弓形虫阳性血清、兔抗弓形虫阳性血清特异结合，而与抗弓形虫阴性血清无反应。 结论 弓形虫不同分离株GRA7基因具有高度保守性；GRA7基因在大肠埃希菌中以GST融合蛋白的形式得到表达，且该重组蛋白具有一定免疫反应性。     

弓形虫致密颗粒蛋白GRA2真核表达质粒的构建与体外表达

目的构建弓形虫致密颗粒蛋白GRA2的真核表达重组质粒。方法设计合成GRA2引物，运用PCR方法扩增其基因片段，经克隆至pMDl8-T载体后，亚克隆至真核表达质粒pcDNA3．1（-）而构建重组表达质粒pcDNA3．1-GRA2。脂质体法将构建的重组质粒转染HFF细胞，RT—PCR法检测转染细胞中GRA2的表达情况。结果PCR扩增GRA2基因序列正确，构建的重组表达质粒pcDNA3．1-GRA2经PCR、EcoRⅠ／HindⅢ双酶切和测序鉴定正确；转染GRA2基因的细胞，RT—PCR可见目的条带。结论成功获得真核表达重组质粒pcDNA3．1-GRA2，为进一步研究弓形虫疫苗的免疫保护性奠定基础。     

弓形虫Rhomboid-1蛋白基因的克隆及原核表达

目的克隆并原核表达刚地弓形虫（Toxoplasmagondii）Rhomboid-1（TgROMl）蛋白。方法收集、纯化弓形虫速殖子,用Trizol法提取总RNA,应用RTPCR技术扩增TgROMl基因,回收的PCR产物与pMDl8-T载体连接,构建重组克隆质粒pMDl8-T-TgROMl。将重组克隆质粒亚克隆至原核表达载体pGEX一4T—l中,构建重组表达质粒pGEX-4Tl-TgR（）M1并转化至Rosetta感受态,用IPTG诱导表达,表达产物进行SDS-PAGE和Westernblot分析。结果成功克隆了643bp的TgROMl基因,双酶切鉴定重组表达质粒pGEX-4T-1-TgROMl构建正确。SDS-PAGE检测重组表达质粒表达的TgROMl蛋白分子质量约为48ku,Westernblot检测表明该蛋白能被鼠抗弓形虫血清识别。结论成功克隆了弓形虫ROMl基因并原核表达了具有反应原性的重组TgROMl蛋白,为该蛋白的功能研究奠定了基础。     

弓形虫GRA8基因真核表达重组质粒的构建、鉴定及测序

目的 构建弓形虫RH株pcDNA3，1( )-GRA8真核表达重组质粒，为进一步DNA免疫做准备。方法 用聚合酶链反应(PCR)从弓形虫RH株的基因组DNA中扩增编码致密颗粒蛋白(GRA8)的基因片段，纯化后重组入pUC-19克隆载体，再经含IPTG，XGal氨苄培养基蓝白筛选，挑选白色克隆酶切，低溶点琼脂糖纯化，回收目的基因亚克隆入pcDNA3．1( )，经氨苄培养基过夜培养挑选6个克隆提纯酶切，PCR鉴定和测序。结果 从RH株基因组DNA中扩增出特异的GRA8基因片段，克隆成功pcDNA3．1( )-GRA8重组质粒。测序表明GRA8这部分基因与GENEBANK相应基因序列完全一致。结论 本结果为研究抗弓形虫核酸疫苗打下基础。     

弓形虫GRA1基因的体外扩增、克隆及鉴定

目的　体外扩增弓形虫RH株致密颗粒蛋白GRA1基因 ,并构建真核表达质粒。方法　从接种了弓形虫RH株的小鼠腹水中收集、纯化速殖子 ,提取基因组DNA ;据已知的GRA1基因列 ,设计合成一对引物 ,并引入EcoRⅠ和BamHⅠ酶切位点。应用PCR技术 ,从弓形虫RH株基因组DNA中扩增GRA1基因片段。扩增目的基因片段经纯化、双酶切后 ,插入真核表达质粒pEGFP -N3中 ,转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞 ,于卡那霉素阳性LB平板上筛选阳性克隆。重组子经EcoRⅠ和BamHⅠ双酶切、PCR鉴定。结果　从弓形虫RH株基因组DNA中扩增出 785bp的GRA1基因片段 ,构建重组质粒pEGFPN3-GRA1,酶切和PCR鉴定产物大小均与预期值相符。 结论　成功地从弓形虫RH株基因组DNA中获取了GRA1基因 ,并构建了pEGFPN3-GRA1重组质粒。为重组质粒的进一步表达和核酸疫苗的研究创造了条件     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis： Randomized,placebo-controlled pilot study

AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine （NAC） co-administration with mesalamine in ulcerative colitis （UC） patients.
METHODS： Thirty seven patients with mild to moderate UC were randomized to receive a four-wk course of oral mesalamine （2.4 g/d） plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （0.8 g/d） （group A） or mesalamine plus placebo （group B）. Patients were monitored using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index （MTWSI）. The primary endpoint was clinical remission （MTWSI ≤ 2） at 4 wk. Secondary endpoints were clinical response （defined as a reduction from baseline in the MTWSI of ≥ 2 points） and drug safety. The serum TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and MCP-1 were evaluated at baseline and at 4 wk of treatment. RESULTS： Analysis per-protocol criteria showed clinical remission rates of 63% and 50% after 4 wk treatment with mesalamine plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （group A） and mesalamine plus placebo （group B） respectively （OR = 1.71; 95% CI： 0.46 to 6.36; P = 0.19; NNT = 7.7）. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） of data indicated a significant reduction of MTWSI in group A （P = 0.046） with respect to basal condition without significant changes in the group B （P = 0.735） during treatment. Clinical responses were 66% （group A） vs 44% （group B） after 4 wk of treatment （OR = 2.5; 95% CI： 0.64 to 9.65; P = 0.11; NNT = 4.5）. Clinical improvement in group A correlated with a decrease of IL-8 and MCP-1. Rates of adverse events did not differ significantly between both groups.
CONCLUSION： In group A （oral NAC combined with mesalamine） contrarily to group B （mesalamine alone）, the clinical improvement correlates with a decrease of chemokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8. NAC addition not produced any side effects.     

Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse

Surgical therapy of functional outlet obstruction in patients with internal rectal intussusception may include abdominal, perineal, or transrectal procedures. Because abdominal procedures often result in significant physiologic impact but unrelieved constipation, the authors have elected Delorme's transrectal excision for management of these patients. Since a short-term placebo effect attends many therapies, this report describes results of transrectal excision only after a threeyear postoperative period. Delorme's transrectal excision of internal intussusception accomplished sustained symptomatic relief in over 70 percent of otherwise refractory constipated patients. The association of internal intussusception with other abnormalities underscores the importance of defining both anatomic and functional components when selecting patients whose constipation may require surgical therapy. Critical technical elements, surgical pitfalls, and potential complications of the procedure are discussed.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Toronto, Canada, June 11 to 16, 1989.     

The oral glucose tolerance test: A comparison of the time points on the basis of limit values,normal dispersion,and reproducibility

Summary Time points in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) are compared on the basis of limit values, dispersion within a reference population, and reproducibility. We suggest using the distance between a limit value and the median reference value as a measure of the magnitude of abnormality. The distance between 140 mg/100 ml and the median fasting plasma glucose value is chosen as a standard distance and limits for other points in the GTT are calculated to equal this standard distance of abnormality. We suggest that the probability of correctly interpreting an inividual result is directly related to the reproducibility of the test and inversely related to the percentage of the total range of values which is dispersed among the normal population. The ratio of reproducibility to percentage normal dispersion is proposed as an index of the probability of correctly interpreting an individual result. According to this index, the probability of correct interpretation varies in order: fasting plasma glucose concentration>3-h>2-h>0.5-h>1-h plasma glucose concentration.