胸腹部扩张后穿支皮瓣跨区远位修复颌面部及上肢瘢痕术后缺损

目的探讨胸腹部扩张后穿支皮瓣跨区远位修复颌面部及上肢瘢痕切除后创面的方法及疗效。方法 2000年8月-2011年2月,收治25例颌面部及上肢烧烫伤后瘢痕患者。男14例,女11例;年龄7～36岁,平均27岁。颌面部瘢痕15例,其中双侧6例;上肢及手部瘢痕10例,其中双侧6例。瘢痕形成时间6个月～7年,平均4.5年。一期手术于胸三角及腹部穿支发出点附近埋置扩张器,常规注水并持续扩张3个月。二期手术彻底切除瘢痕后,缺损范围为9 cm×7 cm～17 cm×8 cm。颌面部瘢痕患者采用大小为17 cm×7 cm～20 cm×8 cm的胸三角穿支皮瓣修复,上肢及手部瘢痕患者采用大小为10 cm×9 cm～25 cm×14 cm的腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣修复。供区直接拉拢缝合。结果 2例扩张过程中未见明显穿支血管,皮瓣切取后远端坏死,经换药及植皮后愈合;其余皮瓣扩张过程中均见明显穿支血管,切取后皮瓣完全成活。供区切口均Ⅰ期愈合。10例获随访,随访时间6个月～4年,平均13个月。皮瓣色泽、质地及弹性佳,外形满意。结论应用胸腹部扩张后穿支皮瓣跨区远位修复颌面部、上肢及手部瘢痕切除后创面,可获满意疗效。     

游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复胫前皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨应用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣移植修复胫前皮肤、软组织缺损的临床效果。方法对14例胫前皮肤、软组织缺损伴骨外露患者,应用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣移植修复,皮瓣切取面积14cm×6cm～23cm×12cm,供区直接缝合或以全厚皮片植皮修复。结果术后14例皮瓣全部存活,创面一期愈合,术后随访3～24个月(平均8个月),皮瓣质地优良,无溃疡发生,8例获保护性感觉,骨折愈合后下肢可负重行走。结论股前外侧穿支皮瓣是修复胫前皮肤、软组织缺损的有效方法。     

趾腓侧皮瓣与腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手部缺损疗效比较

目的：探讨游离趾腓侧皮瓣与腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手部皮肤软组织缺损的设计切取方法及临床疗效。方法2009年2月—2013年1月,对46例手部不同部位、形态的皮肤软组织缺损,分别采用游离趾腓侧皮瓣修复25例,游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复21例,皮肤缺损范围为1.5 cm＆#215;2.5 cm～3.0 cm＆#215;6.5 cm,根据受区皮肤软组织缺损大小、形状设计和切取皮瓣。结果本组46例皮瓣全部成活,1例出现静脉危象,经小切口放血后危象解除,皮瓣成活。术后随访6～12个月,手部整体外观、功能恢复良好,皮瓣感觉部分恢复,供区无并发症。结论应用游离趾腓侧皮瓣或腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手部皮肤软组织缺损,可恢复手部良好的外观与功能。趾腓侧皮瓣皮肤质地、外观更接近正常手部掌侧皮肤;腓动脉穿支皮瓣可根据手部创面大小灵活切取,二者均可作为理想的游离皮瓣修复手部皮肤软组织缺损。     

腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复上下肢创面

目的介绍吻合血管的腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复上下肢创面的临床方法和经验。方法采用吻合血管的腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复上下肢创面11例，女6例，男5例。皮瓣设计区域为同侧小腿，腓肠内侧肌肌腹以远1／2的表面部分，前内界为胫骨的内后缘，后外侧界为小腿后正中纵轴线，皮瓣的轴行线为前内界和后外侧界的中线。皮瓣长8～15cm，宽6～14cm。结果10例皮瓣成活，皮瓣质地柔软，富有弹性，不臃肿，恢复了一定的触觉；1例皮瓣全部坏死，经扩创、断层皮片修复创面；不影响供区的运动功能。结论腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣可以用来修复上下肢创面，尤其对手足部创面的修复有较为满意的临床疗效。     

臀上部改良菱形筋膜皮瓣修复骶尾部褥疮的临床应用

目的探讨臀上部改良菱形筋膜皮瓣修复骶尾部褥疮的方法及疗效。方法 2004年1月-2011年3月,收治骶尾部褥疮43例。男25例,女18例;年龄38～95岁,平均63岁。褥疮发生时间3个月～2年6个月,平均8.5个月。褥疮范围6 cm×5 cm～18 cm×13 cm。按褥疮范围及病变程度分度:Ⅲ度23例,Ⅳ度20例。采用改良菱形皮瓣设计方法,应用单侧(19例)或双侧(24例)臀上部筋膜皮瓣移位修复。一侧皮瓣切取范围为6.5 cm×4.5 cm～18.0 cm×11.5 cm。结果术后7 d发生皮瓣下积液1例,皮瓣边缘部分坏死3例,经引流、换药处理后皮瓣成活;其余皮瓣均顺利成活,切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者术后均获随访,随访时间6个月～3年,平均11个月。2例分别于术后5个月和8个月褥疮复发;其余患者均无复发,皮瓣颜色正常,外观及弹性良好。结论采用臀上部改良菱形筋膜皮瓣修复骶尾部褥疮具有设计及操作相对简便、手术损伤小的优点,效果可靠。     

前臂微型穿支皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损

目的 探讨前臂微型穿支皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损的临床应用.方法 对13例手指皮肤缺损患者,缺损面积为1.8 cm×3.0 cm～2.6 cm×5.0 cm,分别以桡、尺动脉为轴心血管,切取前臂微型穿支皮瓣修复.其中7例指神经与皮神经缝合.前臂供区直接缝合.结果 13例皮瓣全部存活,4例3个月后行皮瓣整形术.术后随访2个月至2年,平均7个月,手指功能与外观满意,皮肤饱满,7例缝合皮神经的皮瓣感觉恢复良好,两点分辨觉为4～6 mm.结论 前臂微型穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手指皮肤缺损是一种较为理想的方法.     

臀上或臀下动脉穿支皮瓣修复臀部褥疮

目的 探讨保留臀大肌的臀上动脉或臀下动脉穿支皮瓣修复臀部褥疮.方法 术前常规用多普勒超卢探测仪探测穿支点并标记.设计将穿支点包括在内的不带臀大肌的臀上或臀下动脉穿支带蒂皮瓣修复臀部创面.结果 2006年8月至2009年5月临床应用15例,皮瓣大小为6cm×8 cm～7 cm×15 cm,术后皮瓣均完全成活,供区无血肿、血清肿等并发症发生.结论 臀上动脉或臀下动脉穿支皮瓣保留了臀大肌,血运可靠,能明显降低对供区的损伤,是修复臀部褥疮的一个良好选择.     

游离桡动脉联体穿支皮瓣修复手指较大皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨游离桡动脉联体穿支皮瓣修复手指较大皮肤软组织缺损的方法及临床疗效。方法2015年6月-2019年8月,采用桡动脉联体穿支皮瓣修复手指较大皮肤软组织缺损11例,皮瓣切取范围为2.5 cm×5.5 cm^3.0 cm×7.5 cm。供区直接拉拢缝合。术后随访3~26个月,观察皮瓣的质地、外观、感觉及手指功能情况。结果11例皮瓣全部顺利成活,伤口均Ⅰ期愈合。术后9例获得随访,随访时间3~26个月,平均18个月。皮瓣质地好,未见明显臃肿,皮色与受区相近,两点辨别觉8~12 mm,平均10 mm。供区只留线性瘢痕。结论采用桡动脉联体穿支皮瓣修复手指较大皮肤软组织缺损,增加了皮瓣的切取范围,不损伤主干血管,切取简便,成活率高,色泽和质地与受区相近,手指功能良好,供区可直接缝合,是修复手指较大皮肤缺损的一种理想方法。     

吲哚菁绿荧光造影在背部扩张穿支皮瓣设计中的应用

目的探究吲哚菁绿荧光造影(indocyanine green angiography,ICGA)在采用扩张穿支皮瓣修复大面积缺损中的应用价值。方法回顾分析2018年10月至2019年10月,上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院收治的22例使用背部扩张穿支皮瓣行面颈部缺损修复的病例资料,其中,男12例,女10例,年龄4~26岁,平均19岁,均为烧伤后下面部、颈部软组织损伤患者,以背部为供区,设计单蒂或多蒂扩张穿支皮瓣进行治疗。术中切取皮瓣后保留主要穿支进行ICGA,评价穿支的血供范围,确定是否采用增压方式将皮瓣设计为多蒂皮瓣,皮瓣转移至面颈部、切口缝合后,再次行ICGA,判断皮瓣血运情况。术后统计皮瓣坏死等并发症发生情况。结果22例皮瓣平均大小27 cm×17 cm。在ICGA的指导下,15例设计为单蒂,其中5例带蒂颈浅动脉皮瓣,10例游离旋肩胛动脉穿支皮瓣;7例采用增压方式设计为多蒂皮瓣,包括2例带蒂颈浅动脉皮瓣+旋肩胛动脉穿支增压,5例游离旋肩胛动脉穿支皮瓣+胸背动脉穿支增压。术后静脉栓塞1例,重新吻合后血供恢复正常;术后1周20例皮瓣完全存活,2例尖端坏死,伤口换药后恢复。随访5~16个月,皮瓣色泽、质地均良好,面颈部功能改善。结论ICGA可作为一项安全、有效的术中检测手段,指导选择合适的穿支,判断是否采用血管增压的临床决策,优化皮瓣设计,提高手术成功率。     

Waveform-arranged multiple skin paddles: A novel design to reconstruct complex soft tissue defects of the extremities with a modified multi-lobed perforator flap

BackgroundMulti-lobed perforator flap was one of popular approaches for one-stage reconstruction of complex soft tissue defects because of its minimal donor-site morbidity. However, the area of skin island that can be harvested on the donor site is limited on the angiosome distribution, Moreover, large defects require more than the conventional skin island provided by a traditional multi-lobed perforator flap. For further extended skin paddles, this study presented a novel design of waveform-arranged skin paddles to elevated a modified multi-lobed perforator flap for the reconstruction of complex soft tissue defects in the extremities.MethodsFrom March of 2015 to March of 2020, fifteen patients underwent complex soft tissue defects reconstruction with waveform-arranged multi-lobed perforator flaps. According the size, shape and localization of the defects, two strategies were performed to design this modified multi-lobed flap.ResultsA total of fifteen waveform-arranged multi-lobed perforator flaps were successfully harvested to reconstruct complex soft tissue defects of the extremities. Among of them, Waveform–arranged dual skin paddles perforator flap were performed in eleven cases, and the waveform–arranged tripaddle perforator flaps were used in four cases. All the flaps survived and no flap related complication was observed postoperatively. The donor sites were closed directly in all cases. The mean follow-up time was 15.6 months. Most of the cases showed satisfactory contour.ConclusionThe waveform design of multi-lobed perforator flap was an alternative approach for reconstruction of complex soft tissue defects; it can maximize the harvested skin area of the donor site to provide extended skin island.     

股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的 探讨游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果.方法对18例足踝部皮肤软组织缺损患者进行皮瓣移植,缺损面积9 cm×6 cm～26 cm×15 cm.受区彻底清创,切取股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复创面.结果 18例均获得随访,时间6～12个月.皮瓣全部成活（其中2例皮瓣术后发生血管危象,经手术探查处理后成活）,皮瓣色泽、弹性、厚度均为优良,供区及受区外观均满意.结论 股前外侧穿支皮瓣供区隐蔽,用于足踝部皮肤软组织缺损修复,临床效果良好.     

逆行腓动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损

目的评价逆行腓动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损的临床效果。方法对25例足踝部软组织缺损的患者采用逆行腓动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣进行修复。其中,以腓动脉终末穿支的升支为蒂19例,以其降支为蒂6例。软组织缺损大小10cm×9cm～4cm×3cm,皮瓣面积11cm×9.5cm～6cm×5cm。结果 23例皮瓣完全存活,另2例皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药后植皮修复。皮瓣术后轻度肿胀,无瘀血。术后随访6～18个月,皮瓣质地优良,蒂部无臃肿。结论以腓动脉穿支为蒂的腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠、质地优良,是修复足、踝软组织缺损的良好选择。     

Reverse-flow latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap in a multi-step approach for complex back defect reconstruction: A case report

Reconstruction of complex back defects is challenging for reconstructive surgeons, as it should preserve function, provide adequate coverage, and minimize morbidity. We present a case of multiple-step reconstruction after resection of a large squamous cell carcinoma recurrence in a 68-year-old man, with local perforator flaps and a reverse-flow latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. After radical excision, four propeller perforator flaps were harvested to cover a 30 × 25 cm defect, based on the dorsal branch of the fifth posterior intercostal arteries (right 20 × 9 cm, left 17 × 9 cm) and on the superior gluteal arteries (right 20 × 11 cm, left 21 × 12 cm) bilaterally. In the second step, bilateral propeller perforator flaps based on the fourth lumbar arteries (right 18 × 13 cm, left 23 × 11 cm) were transposed to cover the residual loss of tissues. After 5 months, a recurrence occurred on the left midback. A wide en bloc excision of the last three ribs and pulmonary pleura was performed, and the synthetic mesh used for thoracic wall reconstruction was covered with an ipsilateral 20 × 10 cm reverse-flow latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap based on the serratus anterior branch. All the flaps healed uneventfully and there were no donor-site complications. Two years postoperatively, the patient had a cosmetically acceptable result without any functional impairment. The reverse-flow latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap can represent a salvage procedure in back complex defects reconstruction, especially when other local flaps have already been harvested in previous reconstructive procedures.     

带皮穿支血管上臂内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣的应用

目的 探讨带皮穿支血管上臂内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用疗效.方法 根据臂内侧深部知名血管的皮肤穿支血管和皮神经营养血管皮瓣血供来源及其与上臂筋膜皮肤血供的相互联系,在上臂内侧设计皮穿支血管皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复肩、臂、肘关节等部位皮肤缺损5例.结果 术后皮瓣完全成活,创面一期愈合,经6～12个月随访,皮瓣外形与肩、肘关节功能恢复满意.结论 带皮穿支血管的上臂内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣解剖位置恒定、血供良好,手术方法简单,是修复上肢皮肤缺损的一种可取的方法.     

双叶股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复足部复杂软组织缺损

目的 探讨双叶股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复足部复杂软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 回顾自2014年9月至2019年8月,沈阳医学院附属中心医院手外四科应用双叶股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复足部复杂软组织缺损11例患者的临床资料.切取股前外侧皮瓣面积14 cm×6 cm～18 cm×8 cm,分叶皮瓣面积7 cm×5 cm～11 cm×8 c...     

跗外侧动脉蒂小腿前外侧皮瓣的解剖基础与临床应用

目的 探讨跗外侧动脉蒂小腿前外侧皮瓣的解剖特点,以及修复足前部缺损的可行性.方法取20条经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢尸体标本,解剖观察其跗外侧动脉、腓动脉外踝上穿支、腓浅动脉等血管的分支、走行和吻合.据此设计跗外侧动脉蒂小腿前外侧皮瓣,对8例足前部组织缺损患者进行带蒂皮瓣转移修复.足背皮肤软组织缺损5例,足底皮肤软组织缺损3例.足前部缺损范围5 cm×4 cm ～ 9 cm×5 cm.供区游离植皮或直接缝合.跗外侧动脉、腓动脉穿支、胫前动脉穿支、腓浅动脉相互吻合,在足外侧、外踝前、小腿前外侧形成一条纵行血管轴.皮瓣范围6 cm×4 cm ～ 10 cm×6 cm.结果 术后8块皮瓣全部成活.所有患者均获随访,随访6～12个月,平均8个月,皮瓣色泽、质地、外形良好,皮瓣无溃疡发生.患者能自由行走.结论 以跗外侧动脉为蒂切取小腿前外侧皮瓣,皮瓣血运可靠,血管蒂长,可修复足前部任何区域,供区损伤小.     

Superior and inferior gluteal artery perforator flaps in reconstruction of gluteal and perianal/perineal hidradenitis suppurativa lesions

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa is a debilitating disease with a tendency to form abscesses, sinus tracts, and scar formation. In this report, our experience with reconstruction of hidradenitis lesions of the gluteal and perianal/perineal area using superior and inferior gluteal artery perforator flaps (SGAP and IGAP) are discussed.Patients: A prospective study was conducted in collaboration with the general surgery department for patients with gluteal and perianal/perineal hidradenitis suppurativa between December 2005 and May 2010. Data of each patient included age, sex, disease localization, duration of symptoms, comorbidities, size of defect after excision, perforator flap chosen, complications, and postoperative follow‐up.Results: Eleven SGAP and six IGAP flaps were used in 12 patients with gluteal and perianal/perineal involvement. There was one flap necrosis for whom delayed skin grafting was performed. The mean follow‐up period was 20 months without recurrences.Conclusion:Patients with gluteal and perineal/perianal hidradenitis suppurativa are usually neglected by surgeons because of lack of collaboration of general and plastic surgery departments. Most surgical treatment options described in the literature such as secondary healing after excision and skin grafting prevent patients from returning to daily life early, and cause additional morbidities. Fasciocutaneous flaps other than perforator flaps may be limited by design such that both gluteal regions may have to be used for reconstruction of large defects. SGAP and IGAP flaps have long pedicles with a wide arc of rotation. Large defects can be reconstructed with single propeller flap designs, enabling preservation of the rest of the perforators of the gluteal region. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.     

Reconstruction of soft tissue defects in the extremities with a pedicled perforator flap: series of 25 patients

Since the introduction of perforator-based flaps, new flaps have been described for reconstruction of soft tissue defects in the extremities. Pedicled perforator flaps, often called propeller flaps, are based on a single perforator and are local axial flaps that can be rotated up to 180(0) with the single perforator as the pivotal point. Pedicle perforator flaps have gained popularity because they have a shorter operating time than free flaps. However, some concern has been raised about their reliability. Here we report our results of 11 soft tissue reconstructions in the lower leg and 14 in the upper extremity. The defects were mostly traumatic or caused by release of burn scars. The mean size of the flaps in the lower leg was 52 cm(2) (range 126-15 cm(2)). In the upper extremity it was 24 cm(2) (range 12-35 cm(2)). All patients were followed until the wound had healed. In the upper extremity there was only one partial necrosis of the flap, and one patient had an infected wound. One haematoma was evacuated postoperatively, and all the rest healed uneventfully. In the lower leg we had one total necrosis and one partial necrosis of the flap and one infected wound. A free scapular flap was used for salvage in one case, and revision and skin grafting in two. The pedicled perforator flap is reliable, particularly in the upper extremity. The operation is quick and can be done under regional anaesthesia. The flap is thin and has a local texture that gives a good functional and aesthetic result. The pedicled perforator flap is a little unpredictable in the lower leg, probably because the directions of the vessels that arise from the perforator are not consistent.     

Application of the free-style brachial artery perforator based propellar flap in the management of axillary hidradenitis suppurativa

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disease often requiring surgical intervention in extensive lesions. Total of seven axillary lesion with HS was treated with free-style perforator based propeller flaps (innominate perforator originating from the brachial artery) after complete excision. The flap design mimicked the axis and design of the brachioplasty surgery. The flaps were elevated and after obliterating the defect, the remnant flap was discarded and donor site was primarily closed. All flaps were performed successfully and HS did not recur in any of the patients. In addition, the operated limb also showed a reduction of arm circumference of more than 5 cm. This is the first report using the free-style perforator based propeller flap to reconstruct the axillary HS. It is a simple and a reliable approach yielding good functional and aesthetic outcome with additional advantages of providing a brachioplasty.     

腓动脉穿支蒂小腿外后侧链型供血皮瓣修复足踝部创面

目的 探讨腓动脉穿支蒂小腿外后侧链型供血皮瓣修复足、踝部创面的可行性.方法 2007年1月至2009年3月,采用腓动脉穿支蒂外后侧链型供血皮瓣修复足、踝部创面12例,皮瓣范围10 cm×10 cm～25 cm×13 cm.供区移植皮片修复. 结果术后12块皮瓣全部成活.所有患者均获随访,最长12个月,最短1个月,平均随访6个月,皮瓣色泽、质地、外形良好.结论 腓动脉穿支蒂小腿外后侧链型供血皮瓣血运可靠,修复范围广,保留腓肠神经,供区损伤小.