对法洛四联症中室间隔缺损的临床解剖和外科修补再评价

目的探讨法洛四联症（TOF）中室间隔缺损（VSD）的临床解剖特点，对其分类方法和外科修补方法给予再评价。方法回顾我院2002年1月到2006年6月100例TOF患者的临床资料，术前年龄2个月～13岁，体重5～38kg，脉搏血氧饱和度57％～92％、红细胞压积0．34～0．74；Nakata指数90～210mm^2／m^2，McGoon比值0．8～2．0。术中分析VSD的临床解剖结构。结果71例有三尖瓣与动脉瓣的纤维连接，19例缺损后下缘为肌性，10例为肺动脉瓣下型VSD。无Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞；房室分离2例，后均转为窦性心律；不完全性右束支传导阻滞22例；3例后下缘残留细束样分流（小于0．2cm）的患者未处理，随访6个月后愈合。结论将TOF中的VSD分为膜部对位不良型、肌性对位不良型和肺动脉瓣下型，能更好地、精确地修补缺损。     

连续浅缝法修补膜周型室间隔缺损

目的探讨连续浅缝法修补单纯膜周型室间隔缺损(pVSD)法的效果。方法选取2002年1月至2004年10月我院收治的体重10kg以内(≤10kg)50例单纯膜周型室间隔缺损患者,均采用自体心包连续浅缝法修补。结果主动脉阻断时间32±21min(14-52min),体外循环时间56±35min(29-69min)。无°房室传导阻滞发生,9例发生右束支传导阻滞,2例结性心律。2例膜周偏流出道型VSD患者因前上缘残余分流分别为0.4cm和0.3cm,再次手术修补;1例后下缘残留细束样分流,直径0.15cm,随访6个月后自愈;10例膜周偏流出道型VSD患者剪开三尖瓣,8例垂直瓣环,2例平行瓣环;1例三尖瓣中度反流,随访无加重;5例轻度反流,4例轻微反流,随访均无加重;1例心包积液;1例再次进入手术室止血。结论连续浅缝法是修补单纯膜周型室间隔缺损的有效外科纠治方法。     

负压封闭引流联合开放性植骨术或骨搬移术治疗胫骨创伤性骨髓炎

目的：探讨负压封闭引流（VSD）联合开放性植骨术或骨搬移术治疗胫骨创伤性骨髓炎伴有皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年6月24例胫骨创伤性骨髓炎患者的临床资料,其中男16例,女8例,年龄22～61岁,平均41．5岁。术前行创面细菌培养和药敏试验、X线及三维C T重建检查。清创后胫骨缺损长度为2～9 cm ,平均（5．96±2．14）cm ,创伤面积为3 cm ×3 cm～9 cm ×7 cm ,平均（25．63±17．44）cm2。对5例骨缺损≤4 cm的患者进行清创、VSD、开放性植骨术,对19例骨缺损＞4 cm的患者进行清创、VSD、骨搬移术。结果所有患者随访10～18个月,平均13．3个月。抗生素使用5～14 d ,平均7．9 d ,VSD治疗0～10次,平均2．9次。19例患者骨端自然愈合,愈合时间4～15个月,平均6．4个月,5例患者在骨搬移术后出现骨不连,经骨端嵌顿皮肤及软组织清理、骨髓腔打通、自体髂骨植骨及VSD后达到骨端愈合。2例患者治疗期间出现钉道感染,经抗生素治疗后感染控制,其余患者无感染复发。开放性植骨术或骨搬移术后1、2个月随访显示软组织缺损面积均较清创术后显著改善,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）;根据 Paley 骨折愈合评分标准优19例,良3例,中2例,差0例,总优良率为91．6％。结论 VSD联合开放性植骨术或骨搬移术是治疗胫骨创伤性骨髓炎伴有皮肤软组织缺损的有效方法。     

应用新型输送系统经胸微创封堵膜周部室间隔缺损

目的 观察应用新型输送系统经胸微创封堵膜周部室间隔缺损（VSD）效果。方法 11例膜周VSD患儿，年龄11月-12岁（中位年龄3．2岁），体重（15．8±6．4）kg，接受经胸微创非体外循环室间隔缺损封堵术。根据经食道超声心动图（TEE）选择合适的封堵器类型，然后自胸骨下端3～5cm小切口入胸，TEE引导和实时监测下穿刺右心室前壁，建立轨道，释放封堵器关闭VSD。TEE评估封堵器的位置、对主动脉瓣、房室瓣的影响以及有无残存分流。结果 11例患儿均1次封堵成功，超声引导下释放封堵器的时间为5—12min，无残余分流和主动脉瓣反流，心电监测无明显心律失常。术后3～5d出院，随访5个月以上无残余分流、主动脉瓣反流以及周围组织卡压。结论 应用新型输送系统经胸微创非体外循环下置入室间隔缺损封堵器是一种安全、有效的治疗方法，有较大临床推广价值。     

经腋下小切口结扎小儿动脉导管未闭术

自1987年1月至1997年6月，经左腋下小切口行小儿动脉导管未闻结扎术37例，男14例，女23例，年龄2．0～13岁。管型27例，漏斗型10例。导管直径0．4～1．1cm，长度0．5～0．9cm。全组术野显露良好，手术顺利，手术时间86±18分，无大出血和手术死亡，无喉返神经损伤及残余分流。切口均甲级愈合，左上肢功能位时，看不到疤痕，术后住院时间8．1±1．4天。随访2个月～3年，无导管再通和胸廓畸形。认为左腋下小切口行小儿动脉导管未闻结扎术创伤小、简便、安全、美容效果好。     

室间隔缺损残余漏的防治

目的 探讨26（7．01％）倒室间隔缺损（VSD）修补术后残余漏的发生原因及防治方法。方法 回顾374例室间隔缺损（VSD）修补术后出现26例残余漏进行分析。结果 分析认为造成残余漏除技术原因外，还与修补的方法有关，随访21年至今，Echo示自行闭合4例，缩小6例，二次手术修补VSD 1例，无死亡。结论 提高修补技术及选择适当的修补方法，是避免残余漏的发生及防治的关键。     

全机器人不开胸房间隔缺损修补术

目的总结“达芬奇S”（da Vinci S）全机器人下不开胸房间隔缺损（ASD）修补术临床经验。方法1月至2007年7月，使用da Vinci S全机器人系统，不开胸完成房间隔缺损修补15例中男3例，女12例；平均年龄为（38．5±7．8）岁。均为继发孔型房间隔缺损，缺损直径2．0cm～3．6cm，无右向左分流，肺动脉压轻到中度升高。全组肺功能良好，无胸膜炎病史。超声引导下股动静脉及右侧颈内静脉插管建立体外循环。于右侧胸壁做3个直径均为1cm的器械臂孔，分别插入机器人系统的内窥镜和机械臂；1个直径为2cm工作孔。机器人操控医师于操作台前、三维成像系统下遥控机器人进行手术。直接修补10例，心包补片修补5例。术中食管超声评估修补效果。结果全组手术均成功，无术中手术方式的转变。平均体外循环（109．5±12．6）min，主动脉阻断（41．2±11．7）min。术中及术后出血明显减少，术后第2d出监护室，术后恢复明显加快，无残余分流和恶性心律失常等并发症的发生。结论全机器人不开胸房间隔缺损修补手术效果确实、可靠，是微创心脏外科的发展方向。     

大动脉转位术后吻合口生长的随访研究

目的随访分析大动脉转位术（ASO）后的主动脉（AO）、肺动脉（PA）吻合口生长情况,以了解ASO术后的长期疗效。方法回顾性分析自1999年12月至2007年12月上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心施行ASO 331例患者的相关资料,其中完全性大动脉错位合并室间隔完整型（TGA／IVS）111例,完全性大动脉错位合并室间隔缺损（TGA／VSD）123例,右心室双出口伴肺动脉瓣下室间隔缺损、肺动脉高压（Taussig-Bing）73例,快速二期大动脉转位术（Stage-Switch）24例。随访228例,随访时间20．4±18．6个月;随访超声心动图报告752张,平均每例随访3．3次。根据超声心动图所测AO、PA吻合口直径大小,分析吻合口的生长情况。结果TGA／IVS患者AO、PA吻合口直径（近期为0．74±0．17cm和0．65±0．13cm,远期1．09±0．31cm和0．84±0．21cm）,TGA／VSD患者AO、PA吻合口直径（近期为0．76±0．20cm和0．63±0．14cm,远期为1．09±0．24cm和0．82±0．22cm）,Taussig-Bing患者AO、PA吻合口直径（近期为0．84±0．25cm和0．74±0．20cm,远期为1．05±0．30cm和0．85±0．24cm）远期较近期均有明显生长（P〈0．05）;Stage—Switch患者AO吻合口直径（近期为0．93±0．19cm,远期为1．19±0．29cm）远期相对于近期有明显生长（P〈0．05）,PA吻合口直径（近期为0．90±0．27cm,远期为1．00±0．32cm）远期较近期有生长,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。随访至2008年11月,共有6例患者因左、右心室流出道梗阻而需再次手术,术后有3例无残余梗阻,3例仍有残余梗阻。结论ASO的主动脉和肺动脉离断再缝合连接之后,血管能够随着年龄增加而生长,但也会发生狭窄。在长期随访中,有个别患者需要再次手术干预。     

儿童先天性胫骨假关节愈合后应用Ilizarov技术行胫骨近端延长的疗效分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨儿童先天性胫骨假关节（CPT）愈合后应用Ilizarov技术行胫骨近端延长的疗效。方法2007年3月至2012年1月应用Ilizarov技术对11例儿童CPT愈合后患者进行胫骨近端骨延长,男10例,女1例;平均年龄为8岁5个月（3岁9个月至14岁5个月）。胫骨平均短缩5．6cm（2．0～8．2cm）。8例患者的正、侧位X线片示伴有胫骨近端发育不良。10例患者合并1型神经纤维瘤病（NF．1）。按照延长指数、愈合指数及骨痂形态评价治疗结果并分析相关影响因素。结果11例患儿术后获1年2个月至4年3个月（平均2年3个月）随访,平均延长长度为5．3cm（3．5-8．0cm）,平均愈合指数为63。1d／cm（47-77d／cm）。8例伴有胫骨近端发育不良患者延长过程中骨痂再生不良,形成的骨痂形态为侧边形（5例）或中央形（3例）,平均愈合指数为67．0d／cm,其余3例骨痂形态为凹陷型,平均愈合指数为52．7d／cm。5例患者发生针道感染。未发生轴向移位、延长段骨不愈合和延迟愈合。结论CPT愈合后应用Ilizarov技术行胫骨延长有一定治疗效果,但其骨痂生长缓慢,愈合指数较大。伴有NF-1和胫骨近端发育不良可能影响其胫骨延长。     

经皮和开放前路螺钉内固定术治疗齿状突骨折的比较

目的：比较经皮和开放前路螺钉内固定术治疗齿状突骨折的效果，初步评价经皮前路螺钉固定治疗齿状突骨折的临床价值。方法：自2003年3月至2007年6月，共收治22例Ⅱ型和浅Ⅲ型齿状突骨折患者，年龄25～65岁，平均41．9岁。10例经皮前路螺钉固定，12例经开放前路螺钉固定．比较两组患者的治疗结果。结果：经皮固定组平均手术时间41．3min（36—55min），失血3．1ml（0．5—5ml），平均随访7．2个月（4～15个月），9例骨折愈合，1例骨折不愈合患者无症状。无其他并发症发生。开放固定组平均手术时间75．2min（56～110min），失血量35．9m1（20～65m1），平均随访28．9个月（5—47个月），11例骨折愈合，1例未骨性愈合患者无症状，1例术后出现一过性声音嘶哑。结论：经皮前路螺钉固定治疗Ⅱ型和浅Ⅲ型齿状突骨折与开放手术具有相同的疗效．但手术时间更短，创伤更小。     

Secundum atrial septal defect encountered in infancy.

From 1953 to 1972, approximately 170 patients less than 16 years old were seen at the Mayo Clinic for isolated secundum atrial septal defect. Thirteen of these patients were initially seen when they were less than 2 years old. Eleven of the patients had symptoms, and one of these died. Four patients failed to respond to medical management and underwent successful repair of their defects before they were 2 years old. Infants with isolated secundum atrial septal defect and significant symptoms are at an increased risk of death. Consideration should be given to early surgical closure of the defect in those infants who do not respond promptly and completely to medical therapy. Surgical repair in infancy can be accomplished with minimal risk and excellent early and long-term clinical results.     

Left atrioventricular valve regurgitation after repair of incomplete atrioventricular septal defect

BACKGROUND: Excellent surgical results have been reported for repair of incomplete atrioventricular septal defect; however, left atrioventricular valve regurgitation (ltAVVR) is a major cause of late morbidity. We reviewed our entire experience with incomplete atrioventricular septal defect in order to investigate long-term results of ltAVVR after repair and determine the factors influencing the progression of ltAVVR in late follow-up. METHODS: Between 1983 and 2002, 61 patients underwent surgical repair of incomplete atrioventricular septal defect, including 7 patients with intermediate forms. The age of operation ranged from 1 month to 62 years old (median 5.3 years old). Thirteen patients were less than 2 years old, including 7 infants, while there were 15 adult patients. All patients underwent patch closure of the ostium primum defect. Before 1995, the cleft was left open in 7 patients and partial closure of the cleft was done in 41 patients, whereas complete closure of the cleft was performed in 9 patients since 1996. Preoperative and postoperative ltAVVR at hospital discharge and late follow-up were graded 0-IV by echographic evaluation. RESULTS: There was 1 early death and 4 late deaths with a 91% 10-year actuarial survival rate. Preoperative ltAVVR grade was I in 25 patients, II in 31 patients, III in 4 patients, and IV in 1 patient. Postoperatively, ltAVVR deteriorated in 3 patients. Left AVVR decreased in 21 patients, whereas in 37 patients it remained the same at hospital discharge. Consequently, ltAVVR remained grade II in 18 patients, grade III in 2, and there was no patient with grade IV. During the long-term follow-up, 24 patients were noted to have increased ltAVVR, including grade III in 8 patients and grade IV in 4. Reoperations for ltAVVR were required in 5 patients (8.3% of hospital survivors); valve replacement in 3 patients and valve repair in 2. Actuarial freedom from reoperation for ltAVVR was 91% at 10 years, whereas actuarial freedom from postoperative ltAVVR grade III or more was 89% at 5 years and 78% at 10 years. Multivariate analysis indicated that postoperative ltAVVR grade II or more at hospital discharge (p = 0.0032, odds ratio = 7.41, 95%CI: 1.95-28.10) was the only independent variable related to late ltAVVR, whereas age at operation, preoperative grade of ltAVVR, and the method of cleft repair were not significant risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Left AVVR is still a significant risk in long-term follow-up. Because the postoperative grade of ltAVVR is the only independent risk factor for late ltAVVR, more efforts should be focused on left atrioventricular valve repair so as to minimize residual regurgitation, even mild regurgitation.     

Incidence of atrial flutter/fibrillation in adults with atrial septal defect before and after surgery.

BACKGROUND: There is controversy about the benefit of surgical repair for atrial septal defect in adults, especially its effect on the incidence of supraventricular dysrhythmias, atrial flutter and fibrillation. We studied their incidence before and after operation. METHODS: We examined surface and 24-hour Holter electrocardiograms before, early (between 3 and 7 days), and late (more than 6 months) after operation, performed at age 42.2 years (range, 18.5 to 74.9 years), in 211 adults with atrial septal defect. Patients were arbitrarily divided into three groups: age 18 to 40 years (n = 101), age 40 to 60 years (n = 83), and age more than 60 years (n = 27). All consecutive patients operated on between January 1988 and December 1996 and having a pulmonary to systemic flow ratio of 1.5:1 or greater were included in this study. RESULTS: The age of patients without arrhythmias before or after atrial septal defect closure (39+/-13 years) was significantly lower than that of patients with flutter (54+/-12 years) or fibrillation (59+/-8 years). The incidence of atrial flutter was influenced by surgical repair as atrial flutter converted to sinus rhythm late after operation in 10 of 18 patients. However, there was no change in the incidence of atrial fibrillation before (n = 28) and after (n = 21) operation. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that surgical correction of atrial septal defect leads to regression of the incidence of atrial flutter but not fibrillation. Thus, surgical repair of atrial septal defect to abolish supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in adults is warranted, but in patients with fibrillation, it may have to be combined with a Maze operation in the future.     

室间隔缺损修补术后残余漏的外科治疗

目的　总结室间隔缺损 (室缺 )修补术后残余漏的外科治疗经验 ,探讨残余漏的易发部位。方法　 1979年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 5月对 37例室间隔缺损术后残余漏患者行手术治疗 ,单纯室间隔缺损术后残余漏 19例、法洛四联症术后室间隔残余漏 17例、右心室双出口术后室间隔残余漏 1例 ,占同期心脏手术的 0 2 1% (37/ 180 0 0 )。其中男 2 6例、女 11例 ,年龄 3个月～ 5 3岁 ,平均 (16± 12 )岁。全组以室缺术后再度出现心脏杂音并行超声心动图检查确诊。手术用补片修补残余漏 2 6例 ,直接缝合残余漏 11例。结果　手术死亡 2例 ,病死率 5 % (2 / 37) ;手术成功 35例 ,术后随访 3个月～ 15年 ,疗效满意。结论　室间隔缺损修补术后残余漏多见于三尖瓣隔瓣根部 ,其次为第二和第一转移针处 ;室间隔缺损残余漏二次手术效果良好。     

Levels of exhaled nitric oxide before and after surgical and transcatheter device closure of atrial septal defects in children

OBJECTIVES: We have shown that exhaled nitric oxide levels decrease after surgical closure of congenital left-to-right cardiac shunts. It remains unclear whether the change in exhaled nitric oxide levels reflects endothelial injury caused by the use of cardiopulmonary bypass or the decrease in pulmonary blood flow attendant on shunt closure. Transcatheter atrial septal defect closure permits shunt closure without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Therefore we compared changes in exhaled nitric oxide levels after surgical and transcatheter device closure of atrial septal defects. METHODS: We enrolled sequentially 30 children undergoing atrial septal defect closure. Fifteen patients (age range, 0.4-16 years; median age, 6.5 years) underwent surgical atrial septal defect closure with cardiopulmonary bypass, and 15 patients (age range, 4-17 years; median age, 8.4 years) had device closure of the atrial septal defect in the catheterization laboratory. We measured nitric oxide levels in end-tidal expiratory gas with a rapid-response chemiluminescent analyzer before and after atrial septal defect closure. RESULTS: After surgical repair of the atrial septal defect, exhaled nitric oxide decreased by 21%, from 10.9 +/- 4.4 to 8.4 +/- 3.3 ppb (P <.005), whereas after transcatheter defect closure, exhaled nitric oxide increased by 23%, from 7.6 +/- 2.6 to 9.3 +/- 3.7 ppb (P <.005). Hemoglobin levels in patients undergoing surgical intervention were significantly lower (P =.0001) postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that exhaled nitric oxide, despite a fall in hemoglobin, decreases after surgical closure of atrial septal defects. In contrast, exhaled nitric oxide levels increase after transcatheter closure. Exhaled nitric oxide levels may reflect bypass-induced endothelial cell injury and are independent of changes in pulmonary blood flow.     

全机器人心脏不停跳下房间隔缺损修补术

目的 总结使用"达芬奇S"(da Vinci S)机器人手术系统,心脏不停跳下房间隔缺损修补或房间隔缺损修补+三尖瓣成形术的经验体会.方法 2009年3月至2010年12月,使用da Vinic S机器人系统,心脏不停跳下完成继发孔型房间隔缺损修补或房间隔缺损修补+三尖瓣成形术40例.患者女23例,男17例;年龄平均(38±13)岁.房间隔缺损直径为1.5～3.5 cm,平均(2.8±1.3)cm,无右向左分流,伴有或不伴有三尖瓣重度关闭不全.手术经股动、静脉及右侧颈内静脉插管建立体外循环.于右侧胸壁打直径为0.8 cm的器械臂孔3个,直径为2 cm工作孔1个,术中不阻断升主动脉,经内窥镜套管持续给予二氧化碳,心脏跳动下,术者于操作台前遥控机器人进行房间隔缺损修补,三尖瓣重度关闭不全患者同期行三尖瓣成形术.其中直接缝合房间隔缺损22例,心包补片修补房间隔缺损18例,同期三尖瓣成形9例.术中食管超声评估修补及三尖瓣成形效果.对比不停跳与心脏停跳下全机器人房间隔缺损修补术的手术时间及体外循环时间.结果 所有患者均成功接受全机器人心脏不停跳下房间隔缺损修补术或房间隔缺损修补+三尖瓣成形术,无体循环气体栓子及残余分流等并发症.不停跳组的手术时间、机器人使用时间或体外循环时间少于停跳组.结论 机器人心脏不停跳下房间隔缺损修补术无需阻断升主动脉,简化了全机器人手术过程,手术效果安全可靠.

Abstract：

Objective To Summary the first 40 cases underwent robotic atrial septal defect (ASD) closure or atrial septal defect closure combined bicuspid valve plasty (TVP) using "da Vinci S" surgical System on beating heart. Methods 40 cases of atrial septal defect or combined sever tricuspid valve regurgitation were repaired using "da Vinic S" surgical system on beating heart from March 2009 to December 2010 in cardiovascular department of PLA general hospital. The average age was (38 ± 13) yeas old. 23 cases were female and 17 cases were male. All patients were ostium atrial septal defect with or without pulmonary hypertension. The atrial defect diameter was 1.5 -3.5 cm, and the mean diameter was(2. 8 ±1.3)cm. 9 patients had sever tricuspid valve regurgitation. Without sternotomy, the extracorporeal circulation was established through groin artery,groin vein and internal jugular vein cannulation with the guidance of transeophageal echocardiography. 3 ports of 8 mm and 1 working port of 2 cm were made in the right chest wall. After "da Vinci S" syetem was set up, with the assistant of bed-side surgeon, the surgeon completed the atrial septal defect closure or combined tricuspid valve plasty in the surgeon console with three dimensions visualization. During the operation, without cardioplegia administrated and aortic occlusion, the procedure was completed through right atriotomy. The pleural space was insufflated with carbon dioxide to avoid the air embolism. The direct suturing was used in 22 cases and pericardial patch were used in 18 cases. 9 patients accepted concurrent De Vega tricuspid valve plasty. The transesophageal echocardiography were used to evaluate the result of atrial defect closure or tricuspid valve repair. The operation time, robotic using time and cardiopulmonary time were compared with totally robotic atrial defect repair in arrested heart. Results All cases were accomplished successfully without complication. There was no residual shunt and air embolism. The operation time, robotic using time and cardiopulmonary time were less than the arrested group. Conclusion Robotic atrial septal defect closure or combined tricuspid valve repair on beating heart can avoid aortic ocllusion and can be utilized effectively and safely.     

The results of a surgical program for interrupted aortic arch

Seventy-one patients with interrupted arch entered the Boston Children's Hospital between Jan. 1, 1974, and Jan. 1, 1987, of whom 63 underwent an operation. Type B was the most prevalent form of interrupted arch, and ventricular septal defect alone was the commonest coexisting cardiac anomaly. Among the 63, the 30-day and the 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 61%, 52%, 48%, and 47%, respectively. The mortality rate declined strikingly during the experience, and by multivariate analysis in patients with coexisting ventricular septal defect operated on in 1986, the probability of death within 2 weeks of repair was only 7%. Also, preoperative therapy became progressively more intense and more prolonged. The complication of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction developed in eight of the 33 patients undergoing repair of interrupted arch and of isolated ventricular septal defect. The time-related freedom from this complication was 97%, 78%, and 58% at 1 month, 1 year, and 3 years, respectively. Seven of the eight patients underwent a surgical procedure directed against the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and all have survived. Recurrent or persistent aortic arch obstruction became evident after repair in 15 patients and appeared more frequently and earlier after direct anastomosis than after tube graft repair. All patients had either reoperation or balloon dilation, but all were alive at follow-up. Most surviving patients are active and without symptoms. Inferences: An aggressive surgical program can result in survival and a good clinical state for at least 10 years after birth of over 40% of patients born with interrupted arch. Multiple anatomic bases account for the development of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in about 50% of the patients undergoing repair of interrupted arch with coexisting ventricular septal defect. Repair by direct anastomosis combined with repair of the coexisting defect whenever possible is optimal therapy.     

外科治疗主动脉窦瘤70例的远期疗效分析

目的　总结 70例主动脉窦瘤的外科治疗经验。方法　 1988年 9月～ 2 0 0 3年 10月收治主动脉窦瘤患者 70例 ,占同期所有体外循环手术病例的 1 4 % ( 70 /496 0 ) ,其中男性 4 5例 ,女性 2 5例 ,年龄 3～ 6 9岁 [平均 ( 2 9± 15 )岁 ]。窦瘤突入右心室 4 6例、右心房 2 3例、左心室 1例。起源于右冠状动脉窦者 6 1例 ( 87% ) ,无冠状动脉窦者 9例 ( 13% )。最常见的合并畸形为室间隔缺损 ( 34例 )和主动脉瓣关闭不全 ( 2 1例 )。手术采用单一右心房、右心室或主动脉切口或主动脉切口与右心房、右心室联合切口 ,直接缝合 ( 4 3例 )和补片修补 ( 2 7例 )闭合主动脉窦部缺损 ,术中行主动脉瓣置换术6例。结果　无术后早期死亡。 1997年以前术后住院天数为 8～ 33d[平均 ( 14 3± 6 4 )d],1997年以后术后住院天数为 6～ 15d[平均 ( 9 1± 2 6 )d]。术后并发切口感染 4例、出血 3例、气胸 1例、心律失常 4例和室间隔缺损修补术后残余漏 1例。随访 5 3例 ( 76 % ) ,随访时间 2个月～ 13年 [平均( 6 6± 3 8)年 ],除 1例术后 7年死于主动脉夹层破裂外 ,全部存活 ,心功能为NYHA分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级 ;合并主动脉瓣关闭不全者 ( 15例 )较未合并主动脉瓣关闭不全者 ( 38例 )心功能差 ( χ2 =8 30 ,P <0 0 1) ,主动脉窦     

Conal enlargement for diffuse subaortic stenosis

Twelve patients underwent conal enlargement for diffuse subaortic stenosis over a 3 1/2-year period. The subaortic stenosis was due to tunnel outflow in 11 and malattached mitral valve in one. Mean age was 4.4 +/- 4 years and mean subaortic gradient was 50 +/- 21 mm Hg. Three infants had a malalignment ventricular septal defect. In eight patients significant obstruction occurred 2 to 7 years (mean 4 +/- 2) after simple resection of subaortic stenosis (n = 2), ventricular septal defect closure (n = 2), ventricular septal defect closure and subaortic stenosis resection (n = 2), and canal repair (n = 2). In three infants the tunnel outflow distal to a malalignment ventricular septal defect was enlarged and closed with the defect. In three patients with subaortic stenosis proximal to a previously repaired ventricular septal defect, transatrial conal enlargement through the ventricular septal defect was performed. Another patient without a ventricular septal defect had transatrial conal enlargement. The remaining five patients had the modified Konno procedure. Two patients had postoperative complete heart block and one infant had insertion of an apicoaortic conduit for aortic anulus hypoplasia 9 months later. One patient died of pneumonia during the follow-up period. Postoperative echographic outflow gradients up to 3 1/2 years (mean 1.2 +/- 1) ranged up to 25 mm Hg (mean 7 +/- 11) and were mainly at the aortic level. The 11 surviving patients are doing well up to 3 1/2 years of follow-up (mean 1.5 +/- 1). We conclude that conal enlargement procedures with aortic valve preservation are preferable, effective, and can be safely performed for diffuse subaortic stenosis in infants and children.     

Right axillary incision: a cosmetically superior approach to repair a wide range of congenital cardiac defects

OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the safety of a right axillary incision, a cosmetically superior approach than anterolateral thoracotomy, to repair various congenital heart defects. METHODS: All the patients who were approached with this incision between March 2001 and October 2004 were included in the study. There were 80 patients (median age, 4 years) with atrial septal defect closure (38 patients), repair of partial abnormal pulmonary venous return (14 patients), partial atrioventricular canal (16 patients), and perimembranous ventricular septal defect (12 patients). The surgical technique involved peripheral and central cannulation for institution of cardiopulmonary bypass. Electrically induced ventricular fibrillation was used for defects located in front of the atrioventricular valves, and cardioplegic arrest was used for those located at the level or behind these valves. RESULTS: The repair was possible without need for conversion to another approach. One patient sustained a transient neurologic deficit. The patients were all in excellent condition after a mean follow-up of 14 months. The cardiac defect was repaired with no residual defect in 75 patients and with trivial residual defect in 5 patients (3 with mitral valve regurgitation, 1 with atrial septal defect, and 1 with ventricular septal defect). The incision healed properly in all, and the thorax showed no deformity. CONCLUSION: The right axillary incision provides a quality of repair for various congenital defects similar to that obtained by using standard surgical approaches. Because it lies more laterally and is hidden by the resting arm, it provides superior cosmetic results compared with conventional incisions, including the anterolateral thoracotomy. Finally, the incision is unlikely to interfere with subsequent development of the breast.