外伤性肝破裂腹腔血自体回输的临床应用

外伤性肝破裂在腹部创伤中占15％～20％,严重肝外伤(SLT)的死亡率高达58.4％。死亡原因与严重失血有关,因此,采集腹腔血自体回输将克服血源不足,为手术赢得抢救时机。我院于1985年1月～1996年6月,共收治外伤性肝破裂77例,其中35例因出血较多直接威胁患者生命,采集腹腔血自体回输使之安全顺利地进行了手术,现报告如下。     

自身腹水超滤浓缩回输腹腔或静脉治疗肝硬化腹水疗效观察

目的观察自身腹水超滤浓缩腹腔和静脉回输腹腔和静脉治疗肝硬化腹水疗效。方法选取笔者所在医院收治的肝硬化腹水患者32例,随机分为Ⅰ组腹水超滤浓缩回输腹腔组,Ⅱ组腹水超滤浓缩回输静脉组。观察治疗后2周及4周24h尿量、血白蛋白、尿素氮、肌酐、不良反应及腹水减少百分比。结果治疗后2周,Ⅱ组患者24h尿量、血白蛋白、不良反应百分比较Ⅰ组患者显著增高,尿素氮较Ⅰ组患者显著下降(P<0.05);两组肌酐、不良反应比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后4周,Ⅱ组患者血白蛋白较Ⅰ组患者显著增高(P<0.05)。结论腹水超滤浓缩回输腹腔和静脉治疗效果差异无统计学意义,临床可根据患者不同情况选择应用。     

自体血回输复合控制性降压在复杂脊柱手术中的应用

目的探讨自体血回输复合控制性降压在复杂脊柱外科手术中的应用效果。方法将61例复杂脊柱外科手术的患者随机分为两组,组Ⅰ：自体血回输复合控制性降压组（n=33）,组Ⅱ：非自体回输组（n=28）,比较两组患者术前和术后24h血常规、凝血功能、术中出血量、异体输血量及输血相关并发症等情况。结果组Ⅰ出血量与组Ⅱ相比差异有显著性．组Ⅰ异体血用量显著少于组Ⅱ．术后24h两组患者血常规和凝血功能的差异无显著性．结论术中自体血回输复合控制性降压在复杂脊柱手术中的应用是安全可靠的．能明显减少异体血输入量。对血液成分无明显影响．有临床应用价值。     

182例自体血回输体会

自1984～1997年,我院共进行自体血回输182例。回输总血量119200ｍＬ。在血源紧张、供不应求的情况下,自体血回输是挽救病人生命有效的措施。现分析讨论如下:1　临床资料本组182例,男55例,女127例。年龄5～67岁。其中胸外伤胸腔积血16例,胸外伤合并肝破裂2例,外伤性肝破裂24例,脾破裂36例,肝脾破裂4例,宫外孕破裂98例,肠系膜血管破裂2例。入院时严重休克37例。出血至回输血时间最长48ｈ，最短15ｈ。总回输血量119200ｍＬ，自体血回输量最多者3200ｍＬ，最少者40ｍＬ，平均每例6649ｍＬ。死亡3例(车祸胸外伤肝破裂1例,肝破裂2例)。2　方　法开…     

32例闭合性肝损伤的诊断和治疗体会

目的探讨损伤程度不同的闭合性肝损伤的诊断和治疗方法。方法 32例闭合性肝损伤临床资料回顾性分析。结果 32例闭合性肝外伤治愈30例,2例死亡。1例死于探查术中;1例死于术后2 d脑挫伤并脑疝形成。结论 1血液动力学稳定,病情稳定Ⅰ-Ⅱ级肝外伤可试行腹腔下探查和缝合止血。2严重肝外伤在积极补充血容量的同时应立即手术止血。3术中腹腔积血自血回输对抢救患者生命是一种良好措施。4腹腔穿刺在闭合性肝损伤的诊断中是一项简单、便利、有效、可靠方法。     

自体血不同方法回收在外伤性脾破裂术中的应用

目的探讨血液回收机回输自体血的应用安全性和有效性。方法选取2006年1月～2009年1月我院外科70例外伤性脾破裂致腹腔内出血患者,术中血液回收、洗涤并回输,观测患者术前、术中、术后第2d的血常规、凝血功能变化。结果每例平均回输自体浓缩红细胞（561.41±220.11）ml,90%患者（63/70）术中、术后不再输库存血;术后血液检测凝血功能等均接近正常;无一例发生输血反应。结论抢救外伤性脾破裂等致腹腔内大出血,术中使用自动血液回收机能迅速进行自体血回输,是安全有效的方法,可节约血源。     

手术中自体血回输75例报告

1985～1994年，外科手术中自体血回输75例，临床效果较好，现报告如下。临床资料一、一般资料本组男62例，女13例，年龄15～63岁。其中外伤性脾破裂43例，肝破裂10例，肠系膜血管破裂出血2例，腹膜后血肿渗入腹腔2例，巨脾术中回输血18例。出血至回输时间：5／J、时之内62例，～ic／J、时11例，超过10／J、时2例。回输血量最多达22000毫升，最少120毫升，平均425毫升。二、，临床观察本组有15例患者入院时处于严重休克状态，除及时输液，快速配血外，尽快开腹，48例借助于自体血回输，使血压回升，（占6075％），减少外源性血输入27例（占…     

外伤性肝破裂腹腔镜下探查修补术5例报告

目的 探讨外伤性肝破裂行腹腔探查修补术的可行性。方法 对5例外伤性肝破裂（AAST分级：Ⅰ—Ⅲ级）行腹腔镜探查修补的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 5例手术均获成功。平均手术时间为60-90min。平均术中失血30—50ml。术后无手术相关并发症发生。术后平均住院时间为5-6d。结论 经过选择的外伤性肝破裂患者行腹腔镜探查修补术是安全可行的。     

输血对肠癌患者围术期细胞免疫功能的影响

目的探讨输异体全血、去白细胞红细胞血和羟乙基淀粉对围术期T淋巴细胞和自然杀伤（NK）细胞的影响。方法选择直肠癌或结肠癌手术患者36例,随机分为三组,每组12例。Ⅰ组输6％羟乙基淀粉5001000ml,Ⅱ组输全血300～450ml,Ⅲ组输去白细胞红细胞血300～450ml,分别于术前、术后1、3、7d抽取外周静脉血,用流式细胞仪测定T淋巴细胞亚群CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋及CD56^＋。结果与术前相比,术后1、3d CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋及CD56^＋均显著降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,术后第7天Ⅱ组CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD56^＋显著降低,而Ⅰ组、Ⅲ组各指标接近术前水平。结论围术期输异体全血严重抑制机体的细胞免疫功能,去白细胞红细胞血和羟乙基淀粉对患者的免疫抑制轻,术后恢复快。     

肝外伤与脾外伤的鉴别诊断

肝脾外伤占腹内实质脏器损伤的绝大多数.术前若能明确是肝还是脾外伤,对估计预后,选择切口及决定是否回输腹腔积血均有重要意义.本文根据我院1998年10月至2006年10月8年中收治的外伤性肝破裂7例和脾破裂63例的资料分析,讨论外伤性肝脾破裂的鉴别问题.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.