Morphometry of terminal hepatic veins

Summary In the present study, hepatic venous distribution per unit of liver surface area on normal wedge biopsies from man (n=11) and baboon (n=8) were analysed and compared. Terminal hepatic veins (THV - man:n=100; baboon:n=200) morphometric size variables were obtained with a Leitz ASM 68K morphometric equipment. THV, defined as hepatic veins up to 150 m in internal diameter (ID), in the centrolobular position and with sinusoidal openings, represented 84% and 74% of hepatic veins of man and baboon, respectively. Four or more THV were generally found on 8 mm² of liver surface. Transversely sectioned THV selected by the ratio IDminimum/IDmaximum >0.67, was found to be only 25% of the total THV. In baboon, THV merge with other terminal veins and the interlobular veins present sinusoidal inlets. The baboon THV wall surface (WS) and wall thickness (WT) values were higher than in man. Positive correlations between the number of mesenchymal cells (Mc) in the vein wall and wall surface of terminal hepatic veins (man: r= 0.79; baboon: r=0.83) and between wall surface and internal surface (IS) (man: r=0.80; baboon: r=0.72) were found. Two ratios were selected as the most reliable parameters: (1) for the THV wall rim, wall surface/internal surface (WS/IS - man: 0.43±0.16; baboon: 0.63±0.23), regarding transversely sectioned THV; and (2) for the evaluation of wall cell density (WS/Mc-man: 550±231; baboon: 558±183 m²/cell) as they did not depend on THV caliber.Dr. Porto was supported by a fellowship from MEC-CAPES, Brazil. A grant for morphometric equipment was obtained from the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale and from the Societé d'Hépatologie Expérimentale, 77 rue Pasteur, Lyon, France     

右叶部分肝移植肝静脉的临床应用解剖

目的：为右叶部分肝移植提供肝静脉的解剖学基础。方法：观测52个铸型标本中肝静脉的走行、分布、分型，肝中静脉肝左静脉合干比率，肝短静脉的数量，大小，及其在肝静脉的各类型中的出现率。结果：肝静脉的分型中A型、B型、C型分别为65．4％、26．9％、7．7％。肝中静脉肝左静脉合干机率67．3％。肝短静脉出现率为32．6％，肝右静脉汇入下腔静脉处与肝中静脉汇入肝左静脉或下腔静脉处的距离2．Ocm以内者占80．7％。结论：本文结果为右叶部分肝移植提供了肝静脉的解剖学基础，提示中国人肝静脉的结构似乎较适合右叶部分肝移植。     

肝铸型标本肝静脉吻合的观测及临床意义

目的：观察肝静脉之间的吻合情况；方法：观察88个铸型标本中肝静脉侧支吻合的出现率，并对一例有丰富吻合支的肝脏用游标卡尺测量吻合中点处的直径；结果：88个肝铸型标本中有侧支吻合22例，显示率25％；1例丰富吻合标本，其中有17处吻合，最大直径为2．28mm，最小直径为0．62mm。副肝静脉与肝静脉吻合3处；结论：在肝静脉结扎或病理变化后，侧支循环开放、增多，受累肝段与未受累肝段间发生浅表和深部肝静脉侧支吻合，使得肝内血管解剖变得异常复杂而完全不同于正常解剖结构，为肝外科手术中处理肝静脉提供了解剖学依据。     

肝尾状叶切除术中寻找肝静脉的探讨

目的　为肝尾状叶切除术提供解剖学依据。方法　选择 6 0例肝脏标本 ,对紧贴尾状叶的肝中、肝左、肝右静脉段进行解剖和形态观测。结果　紧贴尾状叶的肝中、肝左、肝右静脉从下至上距尾状叶脏面的距离越来越小 ,从下至上彼此的间距亦越来越小 ;肝中、肝左、肝右静脉不在同一平面 5 2例 (8 6 7% )。结论　在尾状叶切除术中 ,先找到肝中静脉末端之后 ,才能更容易寻找肝中、肝左、肝右静脉     

Clinical anatomy related to the hepatic veins for right lobe living donor liver transplantation

The complexity of liver reconstruction has limited partial right lobe living donor liver transplantation. It is largely due to the difficulty of dealing with the middle hepatic vein. We sought to define the anatomic features of hepatic veins. Forty‐one fresh adult livers, 43 formalin‐fixed adult cadaver livers, and 91 adult liver corrosion casts were used for the study. We determined the number of branches, the maximum diameter, the whole length, the extrahepatic length of the hepatic veins, and the deviation of the middle hepatic vein from the main portal fissure. Nakamura and Tsuzuki's classification of hepatic vein types was used. Type A, B, and C accounted for 59.4, 27.8, and 12.8% of all specimens in this study, respectively. The middle and left hepatic veins formed a common trunk in 60.3% of the specimens, and the length of the common trunk was 1.12 ± 0.62 cm. The degree of deviation to the right of the middle hepatic vein from the main portal fissure was 14.11° ± 12.65°. The frequency of hepatic vein types and the degree of deviation to the right of the middle hepatic vein in this study is markedly different from that reported in other literature. The anatomic features of the hepatic veins in this study suggest that right lobe living donor liver transplantation is more suitable for Chinese. Clin. Anat. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

肝静脉,肝短静脉注入下腔静脉壁处在肝移植术中的应用

目的 探讨采用膈下肝段下腔静脉壁前半部钳夹,解决肝移植术中无肝期下肢静脉回流障碍。方法 对17例成人尸肝进行解剖,以时钟刻度方法描述肝静脉、肝短静脉注入下腔静脉壁的位置。结果 肝左静脉、肝右静脉、肝中静脉均注入下腔静脉前半壁(即3～9点),肝短静脉多为针眼大小,注入部位多在5～9点之间(154支),少数注入9～11点(9支)。结论 肝移植术中可以采用下腔静脉壁前半钳夹,解决无肝期下肢静脉回流障碍。     

Hyperplasia and prolapse of hepatocytes into hepatic veins during longterm methyltestosteronetherapy: possible relationships of these changes to the development of peliosis hepatis and liver tumours

We report the pathological changes in liver biopsies from 10 patients (four female transexuals and six impotent males) after treatment with 150 mg methyltestosterone daily for periods of up to 3 years, and in a hemihepatectomy specimen from a female transexual who developed a liver adenoma after 37 months of this treatment. Hepatocyte hyperplasia and mild focal sinusoidal dilatation was found in most cases. In some cases there were microcysts and dissociation of hepatocytes. In nine patients there was accumulation of hepatocytes between the endothelium and the supporting collagen of hepatic veins which often resulted in either partial occlusion of their lumina or disruption of their walls. These vascular changes do not appear to have been reported before. It is postulated that a single pathological process-hyperplasia, perhaps related to the anabolic effect of methyltestosterone--could be partly responsible both for the formation of cysts through mechanical obstruction of hepatic veins and for the formation of nodules and tumours.     

Turner syndrome may be associated with hepatic adenoma

Turner syndrome, caused by complete or partial loss of an X chromosome, is marked by a range of clinical manifestations including short stature, cardiovascular and renal disease. Hepatic involvement is an increasingly recognized concern. Steatosis and elevated transaminases are commonly observed in this population, but case reports have also described hepatic adenoma. Hepatic adenomas are rare, occurring in one per million people in the general population. They are typically benign but malignant transformation or rupture can occur. We sought to investigate whether Turner syndrome is associated with hepatic adenoma. Patients with Turner syndrome encountered at a single, academic institution between 2006 and 2020 were identified using ICD-10 codes and demographic, medication, laboratory, and imaging data were analyzed. Of the 228 patients identified, 46.9% had liver function testing, which were abnormal in 48.6%. Five of 77 patients with hepatic imaging had abnormalities. Three patients (1.3%) had hepatic adenoma, one after presenting in hemorrhagic shock due to rupture. These findings suggest that patients with Turner syndrome may have an increased risk for developing hepatic adenoma. Annual monitoring of liver function tests is already recommended in Turner syndrome. The addition of periodic hepatic imaging may also be beneficial.     

The role of Kupffer cells in hepatic diseases

Kupffer cells (KCs) constitute 80–90% of the tissue macrophages present in the body. Essential to innate and adaptive immunity, KCs are responsible for the swift containment and clearance of exogenous particulates and immunoreactive materials which are perceived as foreign and harmful to the body. Similar to other macrophages, KCs also sense endogenous molecular signals that may result from perturbed homeostasis of the host. KCs have been implicated in host defense and the pathogenesis of various hepatic diseases, including endotoxin tolerance, liver transplantation, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and alcoholic liver disease. In this review, we summarized some novel findings associated with the role of KCs in hepatic diseases, such as the origin and mechanisms KCs polarization, molecular basis for caspase-1 activation called “non-canonical inflammasome pathway” involving the cleavage of Gsdmd by caspase-11, the important role of microRNA in liver transplantation, and so on. A better understanding of KCs biological characteristics and immunologic function in liver homeostasis and pathology may pave the way to investigate new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for hepatic diseases.     

多层螺旋CT增强扫描显示肝静脉正常解剖及变异

目的采用多层螺旋CT增强扫描显示肝静脉正常解剖及变异情况,为活体肝移植及肝叶切除提供解剖学数据.方法100例行CT增强扫描,用肝静脉期(70s)采集数据,应用薄层横断面(1～2 mm)行多平面重组(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)法重建.对肝静脉的解剖和变异进行分型,并测量其直径,同时测量右后下肝静脉的直径和肝外段长度.结果100例中3大支肝静脉单独汇入下腔静脉占71%;肝左静脉和肝中静脉共干占29%.肝左静脉直径(6.8±1.8)mm;肝中静脉直径(6.7 1.7)mm;肝右静脉直径(7.9±2.5)mm;右后下肝静脉显示率83%(83/100),右后下肝静脉直径(4.1±1.5)mm;右后下肝静脉肝外段显示率59%(49/83),右后下肝静脉肝外段长度(4.0±1.8)mm.结论多层螺旋CT增强扫描MPR及MIP图像能很好地显示肝静脉正常解剖及变异情况.     

成人间体外劈离式肝移植中肝静脉分配方式的临床观察

 目的：分析成人间劈离式肝移植中肝静脉不同分配方式的利弊,探讨合理的临床分配方案。方法：回顾2007年1月至2011年10月间我院完成的12例成人间劈离式肝移植病例的肝静脉分配及重建方式,观察患者术后的肝静脉血管并发症及相关预后。结果：12例病人中使用右半肝的6例病人采取了4种静脉分配和重建方式：肝右+肝中+腔静脉1例;肝右+5、8段静脉重建+腔静脉2例;肝右+5、8段静脉重建2例;肝右+1/2肝中+腔静脉1例。相应的6例左半肝移植物亦得到4种肝静脉分配和重建方式：肝左+4段静脉重建1例;肝左+肝中静脉2例;肝左+肝中+腔静脉2例;肝左+1/2肝中静脉1例。术后1例左半肝采用肝左+4段静脉重建,患者因4段重建血管阻塞导致小肝综合征,最终死亡,其余11例病人未出现肝静脉相关并发症。结论：成人间劈离式肝移植的肝静脉分配和重建可有多种方式,在临床操作中应在满足移植物功能性肝体积足够的前提下,结合患者病情和外科操作的需要制定合理的个体化方案。     

依据肝静脉断面特点的肝段三维重建

目的构建依据人体肝静脉管道系统断面结构特点的肝段数字化可视模型,为虚拟肝脏手术和数字解剖教学提供形态学依据。方法采用我所建立的数字化可视人体数据集获取的连续肝脏断面图像,通过体数据绘制及面数据绘制的方法,根据肝静脉断面图像的位置和特点,赋予肝段和肝内静脉不同的RGB颜色值进行结构提取,通过计算机三维重建来完成对肝段及肝内主支管道的可视化。结果肝脏数字化可视模型能够清晰显示肝段和肝脏主支管道的形态结构和边界毗邻。结论依据肝静脉断面结构特点的肝段三维重建可视化模型能准确反映出肝段和肝脏主支管道彼此间的形态结构和边界毗邻关系,为肝脏数字解剖教学、虚拟肝脏手术治疗提供理论基础和应用依据。     

肝左静脉的解剖学类型及其临床意义

目的 :为肝移植和肝部分切除术提供解剖学资料。方法 :在 40例成人尸体肝膈面沿肝左肝静脉切除肝实质 ,显露肝左静脉 ;对肝左静脉及其属支进行了观测。结果 :肝左静脉长度 ( 3 0 .3± 1 .1 )mm ;主干直径 ( 1 1 .3±0 .2 6)mm ;主要属支直径为 ( 6.0± 0 .5 2 )mm ;肝左静脉主干在膈面距离下腔静脉汇入口 1 0、2 0、3 0mm处的深度分别是 ( 1 1 .5± 0 .49)、( 1 6± 0 .5 9)和 ( 1 9.1± 0 .64)mm ;肝左静脉在膈面与肝镰状韧带呈 ( 3 0 .2 9± 1 2 .3 3 )°角 ;肝左、中静脉共干的出现率仅为 3 0 % ;肝左静脉按其属支多少分为 6型。结论 :肝左静脉在肝实质内的位置和属支数目不恒定 ,以 3～ 4支最多。所观测的资料 ,对肝外科手术具有重要意义。     

Anatomy of the common trunk of the middle and left hepatic veins: application to liver transplantation

An anastomosis between the common trunk of the middle and left hepatic veins of the receiver and the cranial portion of the inferior vena cava of the donor is one of the techniques for restoration of hepato-caval continuity in orthotopic liver transplantation. This technique avoids dissection of the retrohepatic vena cava and total caval clamping. The aim of this study was to define the feasibility of this technique by a morphologic and biometric study of the common trunk of the middle and left hepatic veins on the basis of 64 injection-corrosion hepatic specimens and 21 fresh subjects. A common trunk for the middle and left hepatic veins was present in 54 of 64 cases (84%) with a length of 3 to 17 mm. The diameter of the new ostium constructed by section 0.5 cm proximal to the junction of the middle and left hepatic veins was 23.9 ± 2.3 mm, which approximated to that of the vena cava where it traversed the diaphragm (24.4 ± 2.0 mm). These findings confirmed that restoration of hepato-caval continuity by anastomosis between the common trunk of the middle and left hepatic veins of the receiver and the cranial portion of the vena cava of the graft is possible without incongruence. This study makes no assumptions about the hemodynamic effects associated with the smallest diameter of the true ostium of the common trunk at its opening into the inferior vena cava. In this study, the morphology of the common trunk was comparable to that observed by Nakamura. Further, we propose an anatomo-clinical classification allowing evaluation of the facility of vascular control of the common trunk in terms of the number and location of the collateral veins.     

Endotoxin induced hepatic necrosis in rats on an alcohol diet

The role of endotoxin in the pathogenesis of progressive liver disease is receiving increasing attention, but remains controversial. Similarly, although alcoholic hepatitis is now recognized as the transitional link between alcoholic fatty liver and advanced alcoholic liver disease, the aetiology of liver cell necrosis in alcoholic hepatitis is not known. Rats fed a nutritionally adequate liquid alcohol diet according to the formula of Lieber and DeCarli developed fatty livers. Littermates fed an identical diet and challenged with small IV doses (1 microgram/g body weight) of E. coli lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) developed focal necrotizing hepatitis. Control littermates fed an identical calorie balanced but alcohol free diet and challenged with identical doses of LPS did not develop any liver lesions. The hepatocyte necrosis with associated inflammatory changes induced by LPS in fatty livers has some features of early human alcoholic hepatitis and suggests that progressive alcohol induced damage may be multifactorial in origin.     

Morphometry of the sacrum for clinical use

Degenerative disease and instability in the lower lumbar spine may necessitate fusion and stabilization supplemented by instrumentation to the sacrum. However, screw placement in a reasonable position is more difficult to achieve because of the unique anatomy of the first sacral (S1) vertebra. Therefore, this study has been conducted to evaluate sacrum anatomy of the Western Anatolian population in terms of morphometric measurements and make a comparison with previous studies as well as giving a guidance to the surgeons. In this study, 60 dry adult sacrums (30 male and 30 female) were assessed for morphometric analysis. The measurement data for the sacrum and S1 vertebra revealed that there was no significant difference between both sexes except the sacral width and sacral canal width (p<0.05). In the present study, the ratio of S1 corpus’ width to sacral width was lower in females compared with males. A detailed knowledge of the morphometric data about sacrum is very important for spinal surgery, as pedicle screw insertion is crucial in spinal instrumentation in order to prevent neurological injury and/or fixation failure.     

Identification of segments VI and VII of the liver based on the ramification patterns of the intrahepatic portal and hepatic veins

We describe the pattern of intrahepatic vessel ramification in the right posterior hepatic sector in a population of 197 adults. Each specimen was dissected from its visceral (inferior) surface in order to demonstrate variations in the distribution of the portal vein branches to the hepatic segments of the right lobe, especially to segments VI (S6) and VII (S7) as described by Couinaud. We also examine whether three hepatic veins, i.e., the right hepatic vein (RHV), middle hepatic vein (MHV), and the short hepatic vein (SHV), aid the identification of segmental portal branches in the lower posterior sector. Four major patterns of branching of the posterior sectorial trunk of the portal vein system are described. In group A (32.0%) a single posterior trunk formed an arch‐like pattern sending multiple branches to S6 and S7 (P6 and P7). We named the multiple branches to the apparent S6 the inferoposterior portal branches. It was difficult to identify which of these branches were equivalent to P6. In group B (27.9%), the posterior sectorial trunk bifurcated to form P6 and P7. In most of the specimens in this group, therefore, we were able clearly to identify both S6 and S7 based on the portal vein system. In group C (6.6%), the trunk trifurcated to form P6, P7, and an intermediate branch, which supplied both segments or a gray zone between them. Group D (33.5%) included variations of the anterior segmental branches, and in specimens of this group, the anteromedial border of the sector was difficult to identify. Notably, the three‐dimensional interdigitating topographical relationship of the hepatic veins and the portal branches was not evident in the lower posterior sector, since tributaries of the RHV and the portal branches followed similar courses and paralleled each other in the region and since the territory of the SHV was usually restricted to the superficial parenchyma near the inferior surface. In group A, tributaries of the RHV/SHV (>3 mm in diameter) passed between the inferoposterior portal branches in only 22.2%/14.3% of the specimens. Thus the hepatic veins often did not reveal which of the multiple inferoposterior branches was P6. Moreover, in the subset of Group B in which the segments were identified based on the portal vein ramification, tributaries of the RHV/SHV (>3 mm in diameter) showed the intersegmental interdigitating arrangement in only 32.0%/6.0% of the specimens. In addition, a thick tributary of the MHV, sometimes arising from S6, did not run along, but penetrated the S5/S6 border plane from the lateral to the medial side. Therefore, the three hepatic veins (RHV, SHV, MHV) often did not aid the identification of the liver segments in the region. Consequently, the less than ideal combinations of irregular configurations of the portal and hepatic venous systems suggest that the right posterior segments cannot be conclusively identified anatomically in 30–40% of cases. Other means of identification, such as the conventional proportional manner (the upper and lower halves of the posterior sector roughly correspond to S6 and S7) may be required. Clin. Anat. 12:229–244, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

第二肝门和第三肝门的范围及其临床意义

目的:探讨第二肝门和第三肝门的范围和临床意义。方法:解剖经防腐固定血管灌注的成人尸肝标本56例,从正后方剖开肝后下腔静脉,测量肝静脉入口的大小和位置,追踪其行程和引流范围。结果:直径大于5mm的肝静脉行程长,引流范围广,入口汇聚于二个区域:肝静脉汇聚于肝后下腔静脉上部,副肝静脉汇聚于肝后下腔静脉下部,二者之间存在一个稀疏间隙;小于5mm的肝静脉,分布散行程短,引流范围小,就近入注腔静脉。结论:根据直径大于5mm的肝静脉的分布规律,结合其临床意义,把肝后腔静脉分为上、中、下三段,第二肝门位于上段长(21±4)mm,第三肝门位于下段长(36±10)mm,肝门间段长(17±9)mm。