Operative strategy of complex internal carotid artery- posterior communicating artery aneurysms Defensive effect on perioperative nerve injury

BACKGROUND: The two problems in treating intracranial aneurysm are the vascular reconstruction and brain protection, especially for complex internal carotid artery-posterior communicating artery (ICA-PComA) aneurysms. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the anatomic features and operative technique of complex ICA-PComA aneurysms, and investigate how to better protect the brain tissue. DESIGN: A retrospective case analysis. SETTING: Department of Neurosurgery, Dalian Central Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Totally 154 inpatients with ICA-PComA aneurysms were selected from the Department of Neurosurgery, Dalian Central Hospital from January 1998 to December 2006, including 19 cases (12.3%) of complex ICA-PComA aneurysms, 8 males and 11 females, 38–67 years of age. Informed contents for surgery and observation were obtained from all the patients or their relatives. METHODS: The clinical manifestations, including initial symptoms and Hunt&Hess grading, were observed. Corresponding strategies were selected for different types of ICA-PComA aneurysms. The patients were followed up at 3 months postoperatively. According to the results of Glasgow scoring, the curative effects were classified as good (4–5 points), bad (2–3 points) and dead (1 point). The results at discharge were taken as early results, whereas the follow-up results as late results. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical manifestations and curative effects of the patients. RESULTS: All the 19 patients with ICA-PComA were involved in the analysis of results. For clinical manifestations, the initial symptoms were subarachnoid hemorrhage (n =15), paralysis of oculomotor nerve (n =3), and occasional attack (n =1); The Hunt&Hess grading was grade Ⅰ in 4 cases, grade Ⅱ in 6 cases, grade Ⅲ in 6 cases, grade Ⅳ in 2 cases, and grade Ⅴ in 1 case. The curative effects were that aneurysm breakage and bleeding occurred in 6 cases perioperatively, uncomplete clipping of aneurysm in 2 cases and constriction of parent artery in 1 case. The complications were nervous and ischemic ones. The early outcome was good in 12 cases and bad in 7 cases, no one died. The late outcome was good in 17 cases and bad in 2 cases. CONCLUSION: Complex ICA-PComA aneurysm is a particular aneurysm, thus different operative strategies should be adopted according to the conditions to improve the operative outcome and reduce ischemic and nervous injuries.     

颅内后循环复杂动脉瘤的诊治

目的探讨颅内后循环复杂动脉瘤的诊断及治疗。方法回顾分析38例颅内后循环复杂动脉瘤病人资料,Hunt-Hess分级0级5例,Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级19例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级1例;其中开颅手术3例,介入治疗25例,介入联合开颅治疗1例,未治疗9例。结果出院时根据GOS评分:4～5分20例,2～3分15例,死亡3例。17例经3个月～1.5年随访,其中GOS4～5分12例,2～3分2例,死亡3例。结论 DSA尤其3D-DSA是诊断颅内后循环动脉瘤的金标准,颅内后循环复杂动脉瘤多以介入治疗为主,其治疗应遵循个体化原则。     

Blister-like aneurysms of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery: Challenging endovascular treatment with stent-assisted coiling

'Blister-like' aneurysms of the supraclinoid segment of the internal carotid artery are usually small and have fragile walls, necessitating special care to prevent rebleeding. These lesions are considered high-risk aneurysms because of the technical difficulties associated with their surgical and endovascular treatment. In this report, we describe the use of stent-assisted, repeated coil embolization in the treatment of a ruptured blister-like aneurysm that experienced rapid growth. Stent-assisted coil embolization is an alternative, but sometimes hazardous, treatment for select blister-like aneurysms. Careful serial follow-up angiography will provide documentation as to the long-term stability of the endovascularly treated blister-like aneurysm described here, but early results are encouraging. Alternatively, placement of telescoped stents or graft-stent devices offers promise for future endovascular therapy.     

颅内巨大动脉瘤的临床特征及手术策略

目的探讨颅内巨大动脉瘤的临床特征及手术策略。方法对我科2004年1月到2010年1月收治的33例颅内巨大动脉瘤患者的临床特征及显微外科手术方法和疗效进行回顾性分析。结果患者出院时按GOS评分,术后早期恢复良好者20例,中、重残者9例,死亡4例,其中2例为术后出现大面积脑梗死后死亡,l例因呼吸衰竭而死亡,l例再出血家属放弃治疗后死亡;死亡率12.1%。结论颅内巨大动脉瘤在临床特征上既有普通动脉瘤的出血特征又有颅内肿瘤的占位特征,还可以表现为缺血特征,临床上易误诊。手术目的在于解除动脉瘤对周围重要结构的压迫、防止再出血并保持足够的脑供血。手术涉及硬膜外充分剥离、载瘤动脉较长时间阻断、组合夹闭及载瘤动脉塑形、血管重建等多种手段,故手术策略是在对颅内血管全面有效管理的基础上清除占位效应,而不是简单夹闭动脉瘤。     

颈内动脉巨大动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的探讨血管内栓塞方法治疗颈内动脉巨大动脉瘤的效果和安全性。方法回顾性分析3例应用弹簧圈进行瘤腔内栓塞和27例应用载瘤动脉闭塞方法治疗的颈内动脉巨大动脉瘤的结果和随访资料。结果2例瘤腔内栓塞动脉瘤的患者症状完全消失;1例患者出现缺血性并发症,半年后随访动脉瘤再通。球囊闭塞载瘤动脉的患者1例出现迟发缺血性症状;1例吻合支开放,3个月后患者出血死亡;其余患者症状均有不同程度改善。结论颅内巨大动脉瘤是否进行瘤囊内弹簧圈栓塞需要综合考虑各种条件,采用个体化的治疗方案。球囊闭塞载瘤动脉是比较安全有效的方法。     

颈内动脉大型和巨大型动脉瘤的手术策略

目的探讨颈内动脉巨大动脉瘤的特点和手术策略。方法回顾性分析48例颈内动脉大型和巨大型动脉瘤的手术经验。手术均采用翼点人路，床突旁动脉瘤病例预先暴露颈部颈内动脉以备临时阻断。从硬脑膜内磨除前床突、视神经管上壁以及外侧嵴，以显露动脉瘤的近侧角。术中采用逆向抽吸法使动脉瘤塌陷，如动脉瘤内含机化血栓，则在临时阻断后切开瘤体，用CUSA和取瘤镊去除瘤内血栓，再将动脉瘤夹闭并达到视神经减压的目的。术中监测脑电图和体感诱发电位，并采用术中超声多普勒检查动脉血流。结果46例动脉瘤直接夹闭，2例海绵窦段动脉瘤行动脉瘤孤立并分别做颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉和大隐静脉移植颈外动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥手术。43例术后行DSA检查，绝大多数动脉瘤夹闭满意。按GOS评分术后良好为41例（85．4％），差为5例，死亡2例。结论充分显露、合理应用临时阻断技术、有效的动脉瘤减压，以及术中应用电生理监测和超声多普勒检查等辅助措施，能够取得动脉瘤的满意夹闭。     

散发性颅内破裂动脉瘤的流行病学研究

目的探讨散发性颅内破裂动脉瘤的流行病学特点。方法应用病例对照研究,对100例散发性颅内破裂动脉瘤病人及116例非颅内动脉瘤病人进行流行病学调查,采用卡方检验及多元Logistic多因素回归分析对各相关危险因素进行统计学分析。结果单因素分析结果表明:63%的散发性颅内破裂动脉瘤病人在40～59岁之间;颅内动脉瘤组与非颅内动脉瘤组在性别(P=0.036,OR=1.794)、吸烟(P=0.005,OR=2.327)、血压(P=0.005,OR=2.161)和空腹血糖(P<0.001,OR=4.114)等方面的差异具有统计学意义。以年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、冠心病史、血压和空腹血糖等因素为自变量,Logistic多因素回归加权分析表明:性别(P<0.001,OR=9.435)、吸烟(P<0.001,OR=0.098)、高血压(P=0.016,OR=2.195)和空腹血糖(P<0.001,OR=4.019)仍与颅内动脉瘤的发生明显相关。结论散发性颅内破裂动脉瘤好发于40～59岁之间;女性、吸烟、高血压及空腹血糖增高是颅内动脉瘤的危险因素。     

In-stent stenosis of stent-assisted coil embolization of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery aneurysm

The intracranial stent functions primarily to prevent protrusion of coils into the parent vessel during the embolization of wide-necked cerebral aneurysms and might also reduce aneurysm recanalization rate. In spite of these advantages, little is known about the long-term interaction of the stent with the parent vessel wall. We present a rare case of severe in-stent stenosis occurring as a delayed complication of Neuroform stent-assisted coil embolization of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm.     

Microsurgical clipping of large and giant cerebral aneurysms: A single-center contemporary experience

Several treatment strategies are available to manage large and giant cerebral aneurysms, including surgical, endovascular and combined approaches. We present our experience with microsurgical clipping of large and giant aneurysms. A total of 138 patients with 139 aneurysms of which 128 were large (⩾10 mm) and 11 were giant (⩾25 mm) were treated at our institution between 2004 and 2011. Data were collected from a prospectively maintained neurovascular database. Of 138 patients, 53 (38.4%) patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Peri-operative complications occurred in 16.7% of patients causing permanent morbidity in 4.4% and death in 0.7%. Complete occlusion, as evident on intra-operative angiography, was achieved in all clipped aneurysms (100%). Long-term follow-up angiography showed no recurrence (mean follow-up time, 43.9 months; range: 1–72 months). Favorable outcomes at discharge (Glasgow Outcome Scale score 4 or 5) were noted in 64.1% of SAH patients and 93% of non-SAH patients. Favorable outcomes at follow-up (mean follow up time, 42.5 months) were seen in 96% of patients. In our experience, microsurgical clipping of large and giant aneurysms carries low rates of morbidity and mortality with high rates of favorable outcomes. The excellent durability of surgical treatment stands in stark contrast with the high recurrence rates observed with coiling for this subset of aneurysms. These data suggest that microsurgical clipping continues to be a viable option that can be offered for patients with large and giant aneurysms.     

LVIS支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗颈内动脉床突上段夹层动脉瘤

目的 探讨LVIS支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗颈内动脉床突上段夹层动脉瘤（DA-SICA）的可行性、有效性。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2020年7月运用LVIS支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗的28例DA-SICA的临床资料。结果 双LVIS支架辅助栓塞13例,术后即刻造影显示Raymond分级Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级3例;单LVIS支架辅助栓塞15例,术后即刻造影显示均为Raymond分级Ⅰ级。术中动脉瘤破裂出血2例。围手术期死亡3例,其中2例死于恶性脑肿胀,1例死于再出血。存活25例术后随访3~49个月,平均（26.5±2.5）个月;2例术后复发,再次使用LVIS支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治愈;其余23例术后3个月复查DSA无动脉瘤复发及载流动脉狭窄。结论 LVIS支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗DA-SICA,是一种有效、可行的选择,使用支架的数目应根据术中具体情况决定,术后应制定个体化的抗血小板治疗方案。     

支架治疗颅内段颈内动脉大型或巨大型动脉瘤

目的总结不同类型支架及支架技术治疗颅内段颈内动脉大型或巨大型动脉瘤的经验。方法回顾性分析47例病人共48个颅内段颈内动脉大型或巨大型动脉瘤的临床资料。采用不同类型支架52个,其中球扩支架9个,自膨胀支架37个,覆膜支架6个。结果动脉瘤栓塞结果按Raymond分级:Ⅰ级21个,Ⅱ级7个,Ⅲ级20个。发生手术相关并发症5例,其中永久性并发症3例。出院时改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分0～2分40例,3～5分5例,6分2例。临床随访45例,时间1～77个月,死亡1例。影像学随访30例,随访1～48个月,动脉瘤不显影12例,改善2例,稳定8例,复发8例,其中6例接受再治疗。结论支架治疗颅内段颈内动脉大型或巨大型动脉瘤安全有效,支架技术的改进和多种栓塞材料相结合可以取得理想的治疗效果。     

Patency of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery branches after flow diversion treatment. A meta-analysis

Background and purpose

Placement of flow-diverters across the ostia of major ICA branches carries a risk of arterial occlusion. We determined the rate of occlusion of the supraclinoid ICA branches and the related symptoms, following coverage with flow-diverters.

Strategy for the treatment of inaccessible unruptured giant and large aneurysms of the internal carotid artery

Abstract

Our goal was to clarify the optimum management of the inaccessible unruptured giant and large aneurysms of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Since 1981, we have treated 18 patients with unclippable unruptured giant or large aneurysms of the ICA. Aneurysms were classified as either intracavernous or intradural. We performed proximal carotid occlusion in 12 patients and conservatively treated six patients. We retrospectively analyzed long-term outcomes in these patients. Four of seven patients with intradural aneurysm underwent proximal carotid occlusion, with good long-term outcomes. The three patients with intradural aneurysm, who were treated conservatively, died of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Eight of 11 patients with intracavernous aneurysm underwent proximal carotid occlusion, one dying of massive nasal bleeding 25 months after the procedure. In this case, the aneurysm was partially thrombosed, and residual lumen growth was revealed 22 months after proximal carotid occlusion. Cranial nerve paresis improved in five of the eight patients (63%), and two patients had a minor ischemic attack. Neurological problems failed to occur in the three patients with intracavernous aneurysm who were treated conservatively. The risk of rupture is relatively high in intradural giant and large aneurysms. Proximal carotid occlusion can effectively prevent bleeding from intradural aneurysms. Aggressive management is justified for intradural aneurysms with poor collateral circulation. Operative procedures in the management of an intracavernous aneurysm require careful consideration.     

Compression of the visual pathway by anterior cerebral artery aneurysm

Visual failure is an uncommon presenting symptom of an intracranial aneurysm. It is even more uncommon in aneurysms arising from the anterior cerebral artery (ACA). We presented 2 patients with an aneurysm of the A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery causing visual field defects. One patient presented with a complete homonymous hemianopia due to compression of the optic tract by a giant aneurysm of the proximal left A1 segment. The second patient had an almost complete unilateral anopia caused by compression of the optic nerve and chiasm by an aneurysm of the distal part of the A1 segment with a small chiasmatic hemorrhage and ventricular rupture.     

CT血管造影在颅内破裂动脉瘤诊治中的应用

目的评估CT血管造影(CTA)在颅内破裂动脉瘤临床诊治中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析72例以蛛网膜下腔出血发病入院的颅内破裂动脉瘤患者的影像学资料及手术情况。结果 72例患者经DSA检查及手术中共发现81个动脉瘤。CTA检查共发现动脉瘤79个,其中破裂动脉瘤71个、未破裂动脉瘤8个,其检出敏感性97.5%(79/81);漏诊颈内动脉床突旁的未破裂微小动脉瘤和椎动脉破裂的夹层动脉瘤各1个。CTA提供的动脉瘤瘤径、动脉瘤深径以及动脉瘤最大径与DSA检查比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CTA在动脉瘤的指向、瘤颈部位、毗邻血管显示方面良好,尤其显示动脉瘤与骨结构的空间关系上优于DSA。结论 CTA是一种快捷、无创的脑血管检查方法,能迅速提供颅内破裂动脉瘤的确切信息,对动脉瘤的夹闭或栓塞手术具有重要的指导价值。     

小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的特点与血管内治疗

目的总结小脑后下动脉动脉瘤(posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms,PICAA)的临床和影像学特征,并探讨血管内治疗的安全性、有效性和操作技巧。方法回顾性分析37例PICAA病人的临床资料。术前死亡1例,36例存活病人中9例行微弹簧圈栓塞术,12例行支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞,15例行Onyx栓塞术。结果术后恢复良好34例(GOS5分),1例留有吞咽困难,1例残留小脑性共济失调。2例因脑积水行侧脑室外引流。随访36例,时间3个月~5年,无再出血。27例复查DSA,复发1例。结论 PICAA造成的蛛网膜下腔出血有典型的影像和临床表现。早期行DSA检查和血管内治疗,疗效满意。     

473例颅内动脉瘤诊治体会

目的探讨颅内破裂动脉瘤临床流行病学特点,总结诊治经验与体会。方法回顾性分析2003年1月～2007年7月我院收治473例颅内动脉瘤患者临床资料,对患者的临床流行病学、临床表现特点、诊治情况及可能存在的问题进行分类归纳并行统计学处理。结果动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血临床发病的高峰期在50～59年龄段,占33.83%,40～69岁年龄段占75.26%,40岁以前动脉瘤患者男性多于女性,40岁以后女性多于男性,单发动脉瘤男:女=1:1.17,多发动脉瘤患者约占总数的1/10,男:女=1:1.94。未破裂颅内动脉瘤约占2.54%,破裂动脉瘤占97.46%;便秘、情绪激动、酗酒、劳累和剧烈咳嗽是动脉瘤破裂常见诱因,占66.59%;51.99%动脉瘤患者伴有高血压、糖尿病、酗酒、吸烟。不恰当腰穿或脑室外引流是动脉瘤再次破裂出血的原因之一,占16.67%。首次破裂动脉瘤、多次破裂动脉瘤患者预后不良率分别为19.89%和38.89%;Hunt&Hess分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级患者在不同发病时期手术夹闭良好率无明显差别(P>0.05),Ⅳ～Ⅴ级患者预后早期手术夹闭结果良好率明显好于中晚期手术(P=0.026)。结论颅内动脉瘤破裂患者有年轻化趋势;女性某些生理特点可能是动脉瘤形成的原因之一;对高危人群筛选发现更多未破裂动脉瘤和提高首次动脉瘤破裂确诊率有可能是提高患者预后的重要措施;未治疗的破裂动脉瘤应严格掌握腰穿和脑室外引流的指证;Hunt&HessⅠ～Ⅲ级的患者早、中和晚期手术均可,Ⅳ～Ⅴ级患者应早期接受手术治疗。