护士职业压力、应对方式与职业倦怠的相关性

目的了解重症监护病房（ICU）护士的职业压力、应对方式及职业倦怠现状,明确职业压力、应对方式与职业倦怠的相关性,为减轻ICU护士职业倦怠提供科学依据。方法 2013年10月对唐山市工人医院13个ICU 204名护士,采用护士工作压力源、简易应对方式、职业倦怠量表进行问卷调查。结果护士工作压力总分为（2.36±0.42）分,其中工作量及时间分配是其护士最主要工作压力源（2.95±0.67）分。ICU护士积极应对方式为（1.78±0.46）分,与全国常模无差异;消极应对方式为（1.16±0.54）分,低于全国常模;ICU护士情感枯竭为（26.60±10.23）分,个人成就感为（26.20±9.78）分,去人格化维度为（6.99±5.31）分。相关性分析显示,ICU护士职业压力、消极应对与情感枯竭、去人格化呈正相关,积极应对与个人成就感呈正相关（P〈0.05）。结论 ICU护士职业压力愈大,情感枯竭、去人格化程度愈重,积极应对方式可提高护士的个人成就感,消极应对方式易使情感枯竭、去人格化程度增高。     

A test of Leiter's process model of burnout

This study among Dutch nurses (N = 156) tested Leiter's 1993 process model of burnout. The LISREL results of this study partially support Leiter's model. It appeared that emotional exhaustion was primarily related with the demand variable work overload while depersonalization was, to a lesser degree, associated with the resource variable coworker support. Personal accomplishment was significantly related with coping and emotional exhaustion was associated with depersonalization. However, Leiter's model did not fit to the data in all respects. Modifications indices provided by LISREL 8 suggested to relax the relationship between: (1) coping and depersonalization and (2) social support and emotional exhaustion. Because these relationships were supported by both theory and existing empirical evidence, they were successively added to the model. Eventually, the model improved considerably and all selected criteria were met. Several relationships in the final model, however, were nonsignificant (e.g., the relationship between personal accomplishment and autonomy and participation, respectively).     

制鞋工人职业应激与工作疲竭感的关系

[目的]探讨制鞋工人职业应激与工作疲竭感的关系。[方法]以制鞋业农民工为研究对象,使用职业应激调查问卷、工作疲竭感问卷进行调查,采用Spearman等级相关分析和多元逐步回归法进行分析。[结果]女性情感耗竭和人格解体评分高于男性;低工龄组情感耗竭、人格解体和工作疲竭感评分高于高工龄组;未婚组情感耗竭、个人成就感和工作疲竭感评分高于其他组。职业紧张各因素与工作疲竭感的相关性分析显示,情感耗竭、个人成就感、工作疲竭感与技能、主管支持、同事支持呈负相关;工作疲竭感与决策权呈负相关;人格解体与主管支持呈负相关;情感耗竭、人格解体、工作疲竭感与工作心理需求、外在付出、内在投入呈正相关;个人疲竭感与回报呈负相关。工作疲竭感逐步回归分析显示,贡献因素为付出与回报比、内在投入;负面影响因素为工作自主和社会支持。[结论]职业应激对工作疲竭感具有一定影响,社会应关注农民工生存状况,提高其生活质量,减轻职业应激所导致的工作疲竭感。     

Hospital restructuring and burnout

Increasingly, organizations are experiencing changes as a result of extensive downsizing, restructuring, and merging. In Canada, government-sponsored medicine has been affected as hospitals have merged or closed, reducing essential medical services and resulting in extensive job loss for hospital workers, particularly nurses. Hospital restructuring has also resulted in greater stress and job insecurity in nurses. The escalation of stressors has created burnout in nurses. This study examines predictors of burnout in nurses experiencing hospital restructuring using the MBI-General Survey which yields scores on three scales: Emotional exhaustion, Cynicism, and Professional efficacy. Multiple regressions were conducted where each burnout scale was the criterion and stressors (e.g., amount of work, use of generic workers to do nurses' work), restructuring effects, social support, and individual resources (e.g., control coping, self-efficacy, prior organizational commitment) were predictors. There were differences in the amount of variance accounted for in the burnout components by stressors and resources. Stressors contributed most to emotional exhaustion and least to professional efficacy. Individual resources were more likely to contribute to professional efficacy and least to emotional exhaustion. Stressors and resources accounted for approximately equal amounts of variance in cynicism. Three conclusions were drawn. First, present findings parallel others by showing that individual coping patterns contribute to professional efficacy. Second, emotional exhaustion was found to be the prototype of stress. Third, prior organizational commitment, self-efficacy, and control coping resulted in lower burnout.     

艾滋病医护人员工作压力源、应对方式与工作倦怠的关系

目的 了解艾滋病医护人员工作倦怠与工作压力源和应对方式的关系.方法 采用中式工作倦怠量表(CMBI),简易应对方武问卷(SCSQ)以及自编工作压力源问卷对342名艾滋病医护人员进行调查.结果 ①工作倦怠3个维度与工作压力源和应对方式的多个因素有显著相关关系(P＜ 0.05和0.01).②管理问题和职业风险的压力对情感耗竭以及职业风险对人格解体的预测作用均极其显著(P＜0.01);消极应对对于情感耗竭和人格解体具有显著正向预测作用(P＜ 0.01和0.05),而积极应对对成就感降低具有显著反向预测作用(P＜0.01).③Amos路径分析表明,职业风险的压力和消极应对方式直接影响情感耗竭和人格解体,人际排斥的压力直接影响成就感降低,而积极应对反向作用于成就感降低;消极应对在压力源和工作倦怠中起着部分的中介作用.结论 应当重视艾滋病医护人员的工作压力问题,指导他们使用积极的应对方式,以降低其工作倦怠水平,提高工作生活质量.     

疫情防控常态化背景下疫苗集中接种点医务人员职业倦怠现况调查

目的 本研究调查新冠疫苗全面接种时期相关医务人员的职业倦怠状况,探讨个体因素以及社会支持对倦怠水平的影响。方法 在南京市12个行政区中随机抽取4个辖区的新冠疫苗集中接种点,将全部医务人员共428名作为研究对象进行问卷调查,问卷包括人口学特征、中文版职业倦怠量表和社会支持量表。结果 医务人员情感耗竭、人格解体、个人成就感降低维度得分分别为(17.99±7.89)、(7.20±3.52)和(12.07±5.30)分。多元线性回归分析结果显示,上司支持(β=-0.180, P< 0.05)、同事支持(β=-0.180, P< 0.05)为情感耗竭的保护因素,已婚、问诊岗位为情感耗竭的危险因素(β=0.161、β=0.095,P值均< 0.05),女性是人格解体的保护因素(β=-0.096,P< 0.05),亲友支持(β=-0.235, P< 0.05)是人格解体的保护因素,已婚是人格解体的危险因素(β=0.142,P< 0.05),同事支持(β=-0.168, P< 0.05)、亲友支持(β=-0.210, P< 0.05)、工龄(β=-0.154, P< 0.05)为个人成就感降低的保护因素,硕士学历是个人成就感降低的危险因素(β=0.126,P < 0.05)。结论 重视提高全方面社会支持,重点关注已婚、男性、硕士学历以及较短工龄医务人员的心理健康。     

职业应激对工作疲竭感影响的层次回归分析

目的探讨职业人群中工作疲竭感的影响因素。方法以456名教师与外企员工为研究对象,问卷评估工作疲竭感,同时运用工作要求-自主模式与付出-回报失衡模式问卷评估职业应激程度。运用层次多元回归分析工作疲竭感与个体拓征和职业应激程度之间的关系。结果工作疲竭感3个维度情感耗竭得分为19．70±8．92,人格解体得分为11．95±4．45,个体成就感降低得分为28．10±10．08。职业应激对工作疲竭感的3个维度影响不同。工作要求、工作付出、内在驱动均对情感耗竭呈正向作用,而工作自主性对情感耗竭呈负向作用。人格解体受个体的年龄、性别和受教育程度的明显影响；同时工作自主程度、工作回报及内在驱动影响人格解体得分。个人成就感得分与受教育程度及社会支持关系密切。结论工作疲竭感的预防需要降低职业应激程度,同时关注个体特征。     

中小学教师职业倦怠与职业压力应对策略研究

目的探讨中小学教师职业倦怠与职业压力应对策略的关系,以便为中小学教师的身心健康教育提供科学依据.方法采用中小学教师职业倦怠问卷和中小学教师职业压力应对策略问卷,对中小学教师367名进行调查.结果中小学教师的职业压力应对策略中的忍耐策略、积极评价策略、自我调控策略、回避策略、幻想策略和接受责任策略对职业倦怠的情绪疲惫维度具有显著的预测作用;积极评价策略、接受责任策略、计划解决策略和忍耐策略对职业倦怠的少成就感维度具有显著的预测作用;忍耐策略、积极评价策略、接受责任策略和自我调控策略对职业倦怠的去个人化维度具有显著的预测作用.结论中小学教师的职业倦怠与其职业压力应对策略存在显著的相关关系.     

医护人员工作倦怠与工作满意度现况调查及其影响因素

目的分析医护人员工作倦怠及工作满意度的影响因素。方法采用职业倦怠问卷（Maslach Burnout Inventory,MBI）及明尼苏达工作满意度问卷（Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire,MSQ）对辽宁省铁岭煤矿集团总医院的600名医护人员进行自填式问卷调查。结果 30～39岁年龄组及工作年数在10～19 a的医护人员的情绪衰竭、人格解体维度得分最高,分别为11.70±7.01、6.15±5.68和11.92±5.82、6.26±5.95;离异的医护人员个人成就感最低,得分为19.81±6.93。承担科主任或护士长管理职位的医护人员的工作倦怠度比未承担管理职位的医护人员低。高级技术职称的医护人员个人成就感明显高于初级职称者,没有夜班的医护人员在总体工作满意度上得分明显高于有夜班人员。医患关系严重紧张的医护人员的情绪衰竭、人格解体维度得分高于一般紧张的医护人员,而工作满意度得分低于一般紧张的医护人员。医护人员的工作满意度与情绪衰竭、人格解体、离职意愿呈负相关关系,而与个人成就感呈正相关关系。结论年龄、工作年数、婚姻状况、管理职务、技术职称、夜班工作、医患关系都影响到医护人员的工作倦怠及工作满意度。医护人员的工作倦怠及工作满意度影响离职意愿。     

Burnout Among Female Indoor Sex Workers

This study examined levels of “burnout” and associated factors among a sample of female indoor sex workers in the Netherlands (N=96). Levels of burnout on 3 dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal competence) were assessed. Only sex workers' mean score on depersonalization was significantly higher than that of a comparison group of female nurses and comparable to those of another comparison group of patients with work-related psychological problems. Evidence was provided for the importance of experiential and context-related factors in burnout among indoor sex workers. For instance, 42% of the variance in depersonalization was explained by not working by choice, negative social reactions, experiences of violence, and lack of control in interaction with clients. Depersonalization may be a strategy to cope with negative conditions and experiences in sex work, but was significantly related to indicators of stress and emotional exhaustion. More than half (53%) of the variance in emotional exhaustion was explained by lack of management support, negative social reactions, not working by choice, and negative working motivation. Personal competence was highest among sex workers with a professional attitude, who started sex work at a relatively older age, and who were well supported by colleagues and management. It is concluded that burnout is not as much associated with sex work per se, but with sex work under certain conditions, among which stigma (notably negative social reactions) and stigma-related experiences (such as role conflict, experiences with violence, and lack of a worker-supportive organizational context) are important.     

Supervisors Can Burn-Out Too

The study examines the distinct experience of burnout and its antecedents among sixty-two supervisors in public welfare organizations. The results suggest that in contrast to line workers, the supervisors experienced significantly high levels of depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment, but only a moderate level of emotional exhaustion. The primary cause for the supervisors' burnout was ambiguous and incompatible organizational policies. In addition, person-role conflict, perceived overload and conflicting expectations from superiors also contributed to the supervisors' burnout. Social support moderated the influence of both role conflict and ambiguity. The study concludes with implications regarding the burnout syndrome and administrators' stress.     

Interpersonal conflict, social support, and burnout among home care workers in Japan

To examine associations between interpersonal relationships in work settings and burnout, a cross-sectional survey was conducted on home care workers in Sapporo, Japan, by using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and scales of interpersonal conflict and social support developed by the authors. Questionnaires were distributed among 303 subjects and returned by 243 subjects (80%). Complete answers were obtained from 106 subjects and were used for analysis. In multiple regression analyses, conflict with clients and their families significantly related to emotional exhaustion and depersonalization of the MBI (p<.05). Supervisory conflict significantly related to emotional exhaustion (p<.05), whereas coworker conflict significantly associated with depersonalization (p<.01). It is suggested that conflicts with clients' families, as well as clients, are important indicators for emotional exhaustion and depersonalization of home care workers.     

Burnout syndrome in health workers and relationship with personal and environmental factors

OBJECTIVES: High rates of professional burnout syndrome have been found among health service professionals. Our objective was to study the prevalence of burnout syndrome in hospital health workers and to determine its relationship with personal and environmental factors. METHODS: A total of 2290 health workers from five hospitals in the province of Girona (Spain) were invited to participate. Interviewees were given a specifically designed questionnaire, a questionnaire on organizational climate, and the Spanish version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, which includes three scales: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. RESULTS: Responses were received from 1095 health workers (a response rate of 47.8%). A high level of emotional exhaustion was found in 41.6% of staff members, especially among doctors and nurses; a high level of depersonalization was found in 23%, mainly among doctors, and reduced personal accomplishment was found in 27.9%, mainly among technicians and doctors. Multiple logistic regression revealed that a high level of emotional exhaustion was associated with frequent consumption of tranquilizers or antidepressants, whereas optimism and job satisfaction showed an inverse association. The variables that were inversely associated with a high level of depersonalization were the number of years in the profession, optimism, evaluation of work as being useful and the perception of being valued by others. Reduced personal accomplishment was also inversely associated with optimism, satisfaction with the usefulness of one's work, and satisfaction with teamwork. CONCLUSIONS: In view of the results obtained, to reduce professional burnout in hospitals, optimism and a sense of self-worth among individuals should be encouraged and the organizational environment should be improved.     

Can skill-development training alleviate burnout in hospital social workers?

Staff development programs, which focus on imparting and improving intervention skills, are acknowledged as an efficient way to reduce burnout, but few studies have examined this effect. The aim of the present study was to detect any difference in the level of social worker's burnout before and after attending two different skill-development groups, namely group-intervention skills for more experienced social workers and general hospital social-work skills for less experienced. Twenty-five hospital social workers participated in the study. The three dimensions of burnout, namely emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment, changed between the pre-training and post-training measures: personal accomplishment rose by 12.39% and depersonalization fell by 29.75%. The difference was significant for the two dimensions in both groups. Emotional exhaustion significantly declined in the hospital social-work skills group only, and revealed a group-time effect. The level of peer support rose in the hospital-skills group and was positively related to a lowering of emotional exhaustion. This was an exploratory study, with a rather small sample, and the results are preliminary, but they show a promising possibility of burnout reduction among professional workers. Further research on the effect of skill development training on reducing burnout is needed.     

艾滋病医护人员社会支持在工作压力源与工作倦怠关系中的调节作用

目的了解社会支持各维度在工作压力与工作倦怠之间的调节作用。方法采用艾滋病医护人员工作压力源调查问卷、社会支持问卷和中式工作倦怠量表对342名艾滋病医护人员进行测试,运用SPSS 11.5管理并进行分析。结果(1)艾滋病医护人员的工作压力和工作倦怠显著正相关,工作压力越大,工作倦怠程度越深(P﹤0.01)。(2)社会支持的调节作用主要体现在支持利用和主观支持方面。面对职业风险和社会排斥,高支持利用和高主观支持医护人员的情感耗竭低于具有低支持利用和低主观支持的人员。但人际排斥压力增大时,高主观支持个体的情感耗竭水平上升更快。结论社会支持是工作压力和工作倦怠的有效调节变量,其中支持利用和主观支持的调节作用更显著。     

Ethnic Differences in Burnout, Coping, and Intervention Acceptability Among Childcare Professionals

This study examined ethnic differences in burnout, coping strategies, and intervention acceptability in childcare professionals. Predictors of burnout also were examined. Participants were 131 (82 Caucasian-American (CA); 49 African-American (AA)) female childcare professionals. Participants completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), the Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced (COPE) Scale, and an intervention acceptability questionnaire. AA participants reported higher levels of depersonalization and emotional exhaustion than did CA participants. CA and AA participants reported using significantly different coping strategies. AAs also were more willing to engage in stress management interventions than were CAs. Finally, ethnicity was predictive of depersonalization, whereas coping strategies were predictive of all three components of burnout.     

An investigation of social support and burnout among residential counselors

Maslach and Jackson's (1986) three dimensions of burnout, emotional exhaustion, lack of personal accomplishment and depersonalization, were investigated among 78 counselors at a short-term, residential treatment facility for emotionally disturbed children and adolescents. Two waves of data were collected so that possible changes in burnout over time could be assessed. Measures of co-worker support (team cohesion and perceived quality of friendships) were better predictors of burnout than supervisor support. High levels of co-worker support were consistently and positively related to greater personal accomplishment. Levels of personal accomplishment increased and emotional exhaustion decreased as staff accumulated more counseling experience. Women residential counselors experienced higher levels of emotional exhaustion than did their male counterparts. Initial levels of burnout were powerful predictors of later levels of burnout. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings for human services providers are discussed.Thanks are extended to Harry Parad, Jack Wright, and Elaine Sweeney for their assistance in the research project.     

Burnout among nurses working in the primary health care centers in Saudi Arabia,a multicenter study

Background: Burnout is a common psychosocial phenomenon among nursing. It has been attributed to prolonged exposure to stress in the work place. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of burnout among nurses in the primary health care centers in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 nurses by using a self-administered questionnaire. Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) was used to measure burnout. Results: Most participants were females (73.0%) and aged ≤35 years (52.0%). About 39% had high emotional exhaustion, 38% had high depersonalization and 85.5% had low personal accomplishment. About 89% (178) scored high at least on one subscale of burnout. Burnout was associated with age, educational level and sources of stress in the workplace. Conclusion: Level of burnout among nurses was high and was associated mainly with stressors in the workplace. Improving work environment and management of stress in the workplace should be a priority to minimize burnout among nurses.     

The relationship between work-related psychosocial factors and burnout among Iranian nurses: Job Demand-Control-Support model

Background:Nursing work environment consists of a number of work-related psychosocial risk factors such as excessive workloads, lack of social support, emotional demands, job insecurity and confronting with challenging situations all of which may induce burnout. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between work-related psychosocial factors and burnout among Iranian nurses.Methods:A cross-sectional study was carried out among 522 nurses. The data related to work-related psychosocial factors and burnout was gathered using Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationship between work-related psychosocial factors and burnout.Results:Mean scores of the dimensions of burnout for emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment were 13.6 (SD=8.6), 18.42 (SD=7.1), and 28.45 (SD= 9.15), respectively. Psychological and physical job demands were positively correlated with different dimensions of burnout while social support and job control showed negative correlation with them.Conclusion:Appropriate interventions on reducing job demands both psychologically and physically and increasing social support and job control are suggested in prevention of burnout among the studied nurses.Key words: Burnout, psychosocial factors, nurses, job demands, job control, social support     

事业单位管理者和高校教师的职业倦怠现状及其影响因素

目的 了解事业单位管理者和高校教师的职业倦怠现状及其影响因素.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法抽取管理者、高校教师等1250名作为样本进行问卷调查.结果 男性的人格解体和职业倦怠得分均高于女性;不同民族职业倦怠得分无明显差异;年轻人、工作早期、低收入、低学历和未婚者较容易产生职业倦怠.社会支持、内控、积极应对与职业倦怠呈负相关,职业应激、外控、心理控制、消极应对与职业倦怠呈正相关.影响职业人群职业倦怠的主要因素有人口学特征(低年龄、低工龄、低收入、低学历和未婚)、社会支持、心理控制感、应对方式和职业应激,其中职业应激是主要的影响因素.职业应激可以直接导致职业倦怠,同时又受到心理控制等调节变量的影响对职业倦怠产生间接作用.结论 职业倦怠随着职业人群人口学特征的不同而有差异,同时受到心理控制等变量的调节.