深度低温与中度低温在主动脉手术中的应用

目的 探讨中低温选择性脑灌注的安全性及优越性。方法 我院2014年1月至2017年12月升主动脉和主动脉弓手术患者154例,男性110例,女性44例,根据脑保护方法的不同分为：深低温停循环组、深低温选择性脑灌注组、中低温选择性脑灌注组。术前各临床资料比较未见统计学差异。统计分析各组病例住院期间临床疗效的差异。结果 各组病例住院病死率、一过性和永久性神经系统并发症的发生率未见统计学差异（P均>0.05）。中低温选择性脑灌注组体外循环时间（184.56±24.01）min低于其他两组［深低温停循环组（216.94±25.22）min,深低温选择性脑灌注组（200.09±23.80）min,P<0.05］,再次开胸率降低（P=0.029）。术后呼吸功能不全、肾衰竭、感染、腹部并发症和截瘫的发生率各组相似（P>0.05）。结论 中低温选择性脑灌注是一种安全有效的脑保护方法,住院病死率和并发症发生率低,缩短了体外循环时间,降低了术后再次开胸率。     

脑氧监测指导A型夹层术中的温度管理

目的:分析脑氧饱和度(rSO2)监测指导A型夹层术中温度管理的可行性和有效性。方法:我院2018年2月至2018年12月期间,共77例A型主动脉夹层的患者纳入研究,男性44例,女性33例,采用随机数字法将患者分为两组:常规组和脑氧监测指导组。分析各组病例术中不同温度管理策略临床疗效的差异。结果:两组病例术中主动脉阻断时间,脑保护时间差异无统计学意义,监测组体外循环时间[(142.03±30.01)min低于常规组(189.90±66.87)min,P<0.05],降、复温时间[常规组(45.71±6.1)min和(136.32±40.23)min,脑氧监测指导组(30.29±6.29)和(108.5±21.7)min,差异有统计学意义。乳酸和血糖水平为分别(9.95±3.76)vs.(5.58±2.96)mmol/L,(17.78±3.77)vs.(12.91±4.3)mmol/L,P<0.05],差异有统计学意义。两组患者术后卒中及需要透析的急性肾衰竭发生率,差异有统计学意义(17.5%vs.2.7%,10%vs.零)。二次开胸止血发生,医院死亡率、短暂性脑缺血发生率两组相似(P>0.05)。结论:在A型主动脉夹层术中,靶向温度降至24~26℃时,用rSO2监测指导降复温速率及灌注流量,患者的CPB时间明显减少,乳酸及血糖增加不明显,术后相关的并发症减少。     

法洛四联症根治术后早期并发症的临床分析与处理

目的:总结法洛四联症(tetralogy of Fallot,TOF)患儿根治术后早期处理经验,以降低TOF根治术后早期并发症的发生率及病死率。方法:回顾性分析2012年1月至12月完成的TOF根治术188例,将其分为并发症组31例,非并发症组157例。对比两组患儿年龄、体质量,术前血色素、血氧饱和度、McGoon比值,术中体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间,术后呼吸机辅助时间、体质量监护室停留时间,正性肌力药物评分以及术后右心室流出道压力差。结果:并发症组术前McGoon比值(1.54±0.21)vs.(2.01±0.42),体外循环时间(112.54±33.32)vs.(97.03±26.1)min、主动脉阻断时间(65.38±15.41)vs.(61.87±15.38)min,呼吸机辅助时间(85.64±35.38)vs.(44.62±21.84)h、监护室停留时间5.0(2.0,7.0)vs.3.0(1.0,5.0)d,正性肌力药物评分(18.21±6.27)vs.(10.16±3.18)与非并发症组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后右心室流出道压力差21.5(12.3,33.8)vs.24.0(17.0,32.0)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),并发症组与非并发症组比较差异无统计学意义。并发症包括低心排出量综合征(低心排)9例,渗漏综合征12例,心律失常5例,灌注肺损伤2例,感染5例。其中死亡5例(病死率2.66%)。结论:严格把握手术适应证,缩短体外循环时间,术后合理应用正性肌力药物,积极腹膜透析是预防和控制TOF根治术后低心排和渗漏综合征的有效方法。呼吸机辅助通气呼气末正压治疗及高频振荡呼吸机治疗可以控制大多数灌注肺,必要时可介入封堵侧枝。     

胸腔镜辅助小切口在二尖瓣成形手术患者中的疗效与安全性△

目的探讨胸腔镜辅助小切口在二尖瓣成形手术中的疗效与安全性。方法回顾性分析高州市人民医院2013年2月至2017年10月106例二尖瓣狭窄患者的临床资料,依据患者手术方式分为胸腔镜辅助小切口组(A组)50例与常规开胸组(B组)56例;对比两组患者的手术指标、疼痛程度、并发症发生率、重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)监护时间、住院时间、超声心动图检查结果。结果 A组患者的手术时间[(242.58±27.64)min vs.(231.53±30.96)min,P0.05)]、主动脉阻断时间[(59.34±8.47)min vs.(57.28±6.66)min,P0.05)]、体外循环时间[(138.52±12.57)min vs.(136.01±11.13)min,P0.05)]长于B组患者,但两组比较差异无统计学意义。A组患者术后呼吸机辅助呼吸时间短于B组患者,但差异无统计学意义[(12.22±4.47)min vs.(13.31±5.26min),P0.05]。A组切口长度[(5.24±1.28)cm vs.(18.15±3.76)cm,P0.05]、术中输血量[(1.82±0.26)U vs.(3.21±1.34)U,P0.05]、术后胸腔引流量[(206.54±10.28)mL vs.(415.37±22.48)mL,P0.05]明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义。A组患者的疼痛评分[(3.18±0.94)分vs.(7.23±1.52)分,P0.05]、术后并发症发生率(8.0%vs. 37.50%,P0.05)明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义。A组患者ICU监护时间[(14.48±5.17)d vs.(22.26±6.23)d,P0.05]、术后住院时间[(8.31±2.46)d vs.(12.54±3.06)d,P0.05]明显短于B组患者,差异有统计学意义。A组患者的超声心动图检查结果与B组患者比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论胸腔镜辅助小切口在二尖瓣成形手术中疗效与常规开胸手术相当,安全可行,且该手术方式对患者创伤小,术后恢复较快,值得在临床推广应用。     

Stanford A型主动脉夹层手术中的体外循环管理

目的:总结我院165例Stanford A型主动脉夹层手术体外循环管理经验。方法:收集165例Stan-ford A型主动脉夹层患者,实施Wheat、David、Bentall及全弓置换和支架象鼻术等术式。根据术式分别采用常规中低温体外循环,深低温停循环(DHCA)加选择性顺行性脑灌注(SACP)等体外循环灌注方法。其中,主动脉全弓置换术均行右锁骨下动脉与右心房插管建立体外循环,在DHCA加SACP下完成主动脉远端支架植入及弓部血管吻合,期间脑灌注流量5～10ml.kg-1.min-1。术中采用单泵双管及单侧选择性脑灌注、α+pH稳态和高氧血气管理及超滤等技术。结果:体外循环转流时间(197.3±28.3)min、深低温停循环时间(25.3±3.8)min、SACP时间(45.2±7.7)min、心肌阻断时间(86.1±10.8)min。重症监护室时间72～516(181.31)h。院内死亡17例(死亡率11.25%),余134例均痊愈出院,出院时心功能NYHAⅠ～Ⅱ级。结论:正确选择体外循环方法及良好的体外循环管理是Stanford A型主动脉夹层手术成功的保障。主动脉全弓替换术中采用单泵双管及单侧选择性脑灌注、α+pH稳态和高氧血气管理及超滤等技术切实可行,临床预后满意。     

康斯特停搏液对重症心脏瓣膜病患者手术中心肌保护的效果

目的比较康斯特停搏液和冷含血停搏液在重症心脏瓣膜病患者手术中对心肌保护的效果。方法选取2012年3月至2014年3月在北京军区总医院心血管外科收治的46例重症心脏瓣膜病患者,均接受体外循环支持下心脏瓣膜直视手术,所有患者均无风湿活动及凝血功能障碍。将患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各23例。观察组术中给予康斯特停搏液,对照组给予冷含血停搏液。记录两组患者体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、心脏自动复跳率、术后心律失常发生率、血管活性药物用量、呼吸机辅助时间、监护室停留时间。分别于术前和术后4 h、12 h及24 h检测患者肌酸激酶同工酶和血清肌钙蛋白I的含量。结果术中两组患者体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、术后心律失常发生率、呼吸机辅助时间和监护室停留时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。与对照组比较,观察组心脏自动复跳率升高(54.17%vs.79.17%),术后24 h多巴胺用量减少[(6.6±2.3)μg/(kg·min)vs.(5.2±2.1)μg/(kg·min)],差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。与对照组比较,观察组术后肌酸激酶同工酶4h[(49.7±11.8)IU/L vs.(24.5±2.0)IU/L]、12 h[(83.9±18.3)IU/L vs.(31.1±2.6)IU/L]、24 h[(62.4±12.5)IU/L vs.(32.4±3.3)IU/L]下降,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。与对照组比较,观察组术后心肌肌钙蛋白I水平4 h[(1.20±0.13)μg/L vs.(0.21±0.04)μg/L]、12 h[(2.35±0.64)μg/L vs.(1.22±0.59)μg/L]、24 h[(1.75±0.24)μg/L vs.(0.76±0.41)μg/L]下降,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论康斯特停搏液对重症心脏瓣膜病患者术中心肌保护作用优于冷含血停搏液。     

去白细胞冷自体血停搏液对体外循环未成熟心肌的保护作用

目的探讨去白细胞冷自体血停搏液对体外循环未成熟心肌的保护作用。方法 100例年龄≤10个月、体质量≤8 kg的患儿按随机数字表法随机分为去白细胞冷自体血停搏液组(实验组)和冷自体血停搏液组(对照组)。分别于体外循环前及主动脉开放后10 min检测心肌组织中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase enzyme,MPO)及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的浓度。结果主动脉开放10 min时实验组SOD[(58.39±3.96)U/L vs.(39.46±3.32)U/L,P0.05]高于对照组,MPO[(30.73±7.28)U/10 g vs.(35.75±5.33)U/10 g,P0.05]及MDA[(1.88±0.10)mmol/L vs.(3.55±0.23)mmol/L,P0.05]低于对照组,心脏复搏时间[(35.73±3.05)s vs.(46.56±5.56)s,P0.01]及机械通气时间[(7.40±2.53)h vs.(9.46±1.70)h,P0.05]低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。结论冷自体血停搏液滤除白细胞对体外循环心脏直视手术中未成熟心肌更具保护作用。     

以内膜破口位置为导向的非全主动脉弓置换术治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层

目的:探讨以内膜破口位置为导向的非全主动脉弓置换术治疗急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层的策略。方法:入选2010年3月至2017年6月我院手术治疗急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者275例, 179例为主动脉弓部无破口的Stanford A型主动脉夹层,其中,65例以内膜破口位置为导向行升主动脉或近端半主动脉弓置换手术(AAR组),114例行全主动脉弓置换孙氏手术(TAR组)。记录两组围术期临床数据和并发症,术后随访3个月～7年,记录生存率和再次手术干预情况,进行生存分析比较。结果:TAR组和AAR组比较,体外循环时间[(208.62±57.82)min vs(114.71±26.22)min]、心脏停灌注时间([95.55±27.92)min vs(77.32±17.89)min]、停循环时间([21.27±7.28)min vs 0 min]、术后有创通气时间([71.86±68.06)min vs(35.86±17.03) min]、重症监护病房时间[(7.33±3.73)d vs(4.46±1.48)d],差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);AAR组术后血制品的消耗、急性肾损害及一过性脑功能障碍发生率均低于TAR组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者的围术期死亡率(9.65%vs 4.62%)差异无统计学意义(P0.05);随访时间3个月至7年,两组患者的远端血管残余夹层发生率、远期生存率差异均无统计学意义。两组60岁以上患者的术后30天死亡率(12.50%vs8.70%)、远期全因死亡率(14.29%vs 6.25%)和远期血管病变再干预率(0%vs 0%),差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:以内膜破口位置为导向的非全主动脉弓置换术有较高的围术期安全性,远期疗效与全主动脉弓置换术接近,适用于治疗破口位于升主动脉的Stanford A型主动脉夹层和老年患者。     

深低温停循环三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架植入治疗老年急性A型主动脉夹层的疗效

目的探讨深低温停循环三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架植入治疗老年急性A型主动脉夹层的临床效果。方法 2010年2月至2011年12月,16例老年Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者,〔平均(64.25±4.49)〕岁;男性12例,女性4例在全身麻醉体外循环下先进行近心端操作,降温至20℃时,停体外循环,选择性脑灌注,术中直视植入三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架重建主动脉弓,主干支架血管近端与替换近端升主动脉的人造血管端吻合。结果全组无手术死亡,所有患者术中都顺利植入三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架。本组体外循环时间(181.88±26.51)min,心肌阻断时间(81.69±14.58)min,停循环时间(8.75±7.04)min,选择性脑灌注时间(35.19±5.89)min。术后胸腔及心包积液引流量(812.19±357.29)ml。住院期间死亡1例,死因为术后急性肾衰竭。15例患者定期门诊随访,无死亡和需要再次手术病例,无与覆膜支架相关的并发症发生。复查主动脉增强血管CT(CTA)提示:主干支架血管及分支血管通畅,无扭曲,主动脉弓和胸降主动脉假腔部分血栓形成。结论老年主动脉夹层病情凶险,深低温停循环三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架植入治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层可简化主动脉弓部手术,降低手术风险,适合老年Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者的治疗,效果满意。但手术例数尚少,长期效果尚需进一步观察。     

深低温停循环上腔静脉逆行脑灌注在主动脉弓部手术中的应用

目的总结上腔静脉逆行脑灌注在主动脉弓部手术中的应用经验。方法选取2014年1月至2015年8月期间南京医科大学第二附属医院心血管外科收治的主动脉瘤及De BakeyⅠ型主动脉夹层患者45例,男性35例,女性10例,年龄23~81(46.7±13.1)岁。采用深低温停循环(DHCA)上腔静脉逆行脑灌注的手术方式治疗。结果体外循环时间为127~314(168.1±53.7)min、心肌血运阻断时间为66~201(122.4±31.8)min、深低温停(DHCA)时间为15~53(24.4±11.5)min、经上腔静脉逆行脑灌注时间为13~47(28.7±13.2)min、停循环时最低鼻咽温度14.1~22.3(17.5±3.0)℃、最低肛温18.5~25.8(20.9±2.5)℃。主动脉开放后,心脏自动复跳39例,电击除颤复跳6例;所有患者在术后1~48 h内神志完全清醒。术后死亡2例,死亡原因为多脏器功能衰竭,与上腔静脉逆行脑灌注无关。患者术后并发症包括:肾脏衰竭1例,再次开胸止血1例,术后中期脑卒中1例,一过性神经系统功能障碍4例,余患者经治疗后均顺利痊愈出院。结论在主动脉弓部手术中采用上腔静脉逆行脑灌注脑保护的方式,可以简化手术操作,同时给大脑提供充分的血液灌注,明显延长手术的安全时限。     

Proximal Aortic Perfusion with Passive Cerebral Flow: A Method to Prevent Cerebral Embolism in the Arch and Descending Aortic Operation

A bstract Antegrade aortic perfusion is preferable in arch and descending aortic operations. We describe a left lateral approach using an ascending aortic cannula, temporarily relocated within the distal aorta to maintain hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass of the lower torso. This modification provides continual antegrade systemic perfusion and passive retrograde cerebral flow during arch repair. It minimizes the risk of embolization into the brachiocephalic arteries of debris and malperfusion of the dissected aorta.     

Profound hypothermic circulatory arrest in management of aortic aneurysms

A total of 15 patients having aneurysms of aorta were operated from June 1997 to December 1998 using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest as a modality of brain protection. There were 12 males and 3 females. The age ranged from 19 years to 74 years and the mean age was 44.9 years. Nine patients had aneurysms of ascending aorta (group I), one had aneurysm of ascending aorta and arch of aorta (group II), four had aneurysm of the distal aortic arch (group III) and one patient had thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (group IV). In group I, six patients underwent Bentall procedure, two underwent Wheat procedure and one patient had repair of pseudoaneurysm of ascending aorta. The only patient in group II had his ascending aorta and arch replaced, with reimplantation of left common carotid and innominate artery. In group III, three patients had interposition Gelseal graft and one had repair of the tear in distal aortic arch. The lone patient in group IV had interposition Gelseal graft of thoracoabdominal aorta. The hypothermic circulatory arrest was used in all of them for brain and/or spinal cord protection. Retrograde cerebral perfusion was used in two patients. There were two (13%) operative deaths. One patient died of cerebrovascular accident on eighth post-operative day and second died of inadequate surgical repair. There was one instance of left hemiparesis secondary to an infarct in right frontoparietal region. To conclude, hypothermic circulatory arrest could provide an adequate brain protection for aortic aneurysm surgery. Retrograde cerebral perfusion could be an adjuvant when the anticipated time of hypothermic circulatory arrest is likely to exceed 45 minutes.     

升主动脉瘤累及右半弓的外科治疗及体外循环探讨

目的:总结升主动脉及右半弓置换术的外科治疗经验,探讨不同体外循环(CPB)方式在术中的应用。方法:28例升主动脉瘤伴右半弓受累的患者行升主动脉及右半弓置换术,其中8例单纯经股动脉与右心房插管建立CPB,在深低温停循环(DHCA)下开放吻合主动脉弓和人工血管远端;15例经右腋动脉或无名动脉及股动脉与右心房插管建立CPB,在中深低温选择性脑灌注(ACP)加全身停循环下开放吻合主动脉弓和人工血管远端;5例经股动脉右心房插管的同时,经腋动脉或无名动脉插管浅低温全流量下行ACP加下半身股动脉逆行灌注,在无名动脉和左颈总动脉之间阻断主动脉弓后吻合主动脉弓和人工血管远端。结果:术后突发大面积心肌梗死造成心源性休克死亡1例。术后偏瘫经CT确诊为脑梗死2例。呼吸功能不全需2次气管插管1例,机械通气辅助24h病情改善后脱离呼吸机。术后出现严重高钠血症需进行血滤1例。2次开胸止血1例。结论:在主动脉右半弓置换术CPB方法的选择上,外科医生和灌注师需根据患者病情、手术熟练程度正确掌握DHCA和ACP技术,选择最佳的灌注方式。     

Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion--how to proceed?

Aortic surgery still carries a high risk of brain damage that dominates postoperative morbidity and mortality. The concept and advantages of antegrade selective cerebral perfusion, which allows for numerous variations in its implementation, have been clearly seen for more than a decade now, but the preferred way of positioning remains unanswered. Ideal perfusion during ascending aorta/arch surgery should allow the easy implementation of selective antegrade cerebral perfusion while avoiding atheroembolization or false lumen perfusion during dissections.     

主动脉弓置换加"象鼻"支架手术治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层

目的 探讨采用升主动脉及全弓置换加“象鼻”支架手术治疗StanfordA型主动脉夹层的临床意义。方法2010年5月至2011年10月,应用升主动脉及全弓置换加“象鼻”支架手术治疗StanfordA型主动脉夹层患者16例,男性12例,女性4例,平均年龄47（30-67）岁;其中急性主动脉夹层12例、慢性夹层4例,均在深低温停循环、低流量选择性脑灌注下手术。结果急诊手术12例,择期手术4例。行主动脉弓置换及“象鼻”支架术2例,升主动脉及全主动脉弓置换1例,升主动脉及全主动脉弓置换加“象鼻”支架手术13例,其中同期行Bentall术2例、主动脉根部成形术8例。心肌阻断时间59-137（104-31）min,选择性脑灌注时间17-57（29-11）min。术后肾功能衰竭2例,1例经血液透析治疗后肾功能恢复,另1例因多器官功能衰竭死亡。15例患者出院,随访1个月至1．5年,1例患者于术后约1个月双下肢肌肉坏死,在外院施行了截肢手术,8例患者不同程度恢复工作,无晚期死亡或再次手术病例。结论升主动脉及全弓置换加“象鼻”支架手术是治疗StanfordA型主动脉夹层安全、有效的方法。     

Right axillary artery cannulation for surgical management of the hostile ascending aorta

Extensive aortic disease, such as atherosclerosis with aneurysms or dissections that involve the ascending aorta, can complicate the choice of a cannulation site for cardiopulmonary bypass. To date, the standard peripheral arterial cannulation site has been the common femoral artery; however, this approach carries the risk of atheroembolism due to retrograde aortic perfusion, or it is undesirable because of severe iliofemoral disease. Arterial perfusion through the axillary artery provides sufficient antegrade aortic flow, is more likely to perfuse the true lumen in the event of dissection, and is associated with fewer atheroembolic complications. From September 2000 through March 2004, 27 patients underwent right axillary artery cannulation for acute ascending aortic dissection (n = 16), ascending aortic aneurysm (n = 9), or coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 2). Direct artery cannulation was performed in the first 4 patients, and the last 23 patients were cannulated through a longitudinal arteriotomy via an 8-mm woven Dacron graft. Seventeen patients underwent hypothermic circulatory arrest and antegrade cerebral perfusion. Two patients died intraoperatively: one due to low cardiac output and one due to diffuse bleeding. One patient suffered mild right-arm paresthesia postoperatively, but recovered completely. Axillary artery cannulation was successful in all patients; it provided sufficient arterial flow, and there were no intraoperative problems with perfusion. In the presence of extensive aortic or iliofemoral disease, arterial perfusion through the axillary artery is a safe and effective means of providing sufficient arterial inflow during cardiopulmonary bypass. In this regard, it is an excellent alternative to standard femoral artery cannulation.     

Bilateral axillary arterial perfusion in surgery on thoracic aorta

Bilateral axillary arterial cannulation for selective cerebral perfusion might minimize cerebral embolic complications during surgery on the ascending aorta and aortic arch. From March 2002 through February 2004, bilateral axillary arterial perfusion was applied in 12 consecutive patients (mean age, 61.3 years). Operative procedures were total arch replacement in 8 patients, hemiarch replacement in 1, and ascending aorta replacement in 3. Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion was established through vascular grafts anastomosed to the bilateral axillary arteries and a perfusion catheter placed directly into the left carotid artery. Bilateral axillary arterial perfusion through the grafts was successful in all patients. There were no early or late deaths and no incidence of neurologic deficit. There were no complications related to cannulation of the axillary arteries. Bleeding, temporary renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and graft infection occurred in one patient each; all recovered from these complications. Bilateral axillary arterial perfusion is feasible and effective for brain protection during surgery on the ascending aorta and aortic arch.     

Isolated cerebral and myocardial perfusion during aortic arch repair in neonates

OBJECTIVES: To prevent possible neurologic injury after hypothermic circulatory arrest, aortic arch obstruction with cardiac defects is repaired in one stage using isolated cerebral and myocardial perfusion (ICMP). This study investigated serum S-100 protein(S-100) levels in neonates undergoing ICMP. METHODS: Between February 2000 and January 2001, 19 neonate patients underwent repair of critical congenital heart defects. Seven of these patients with aortic coarctation(n = 3) or interrupted aortic arch (n = 4) with ventricular septal defect(ICMP group) underwent primary total repair. An arterial cannula was inserted either into the ascending aorta or into a polytetrafluoroethylene graft which was anastomosed to the innominate artery. During arch repair, a cross-clamp was placed between the innominate and left carotid arteries, and an end-to-end arch anastomosis was performed with cerebral perfusion and heart beating. During ICMP the flow was reduced to maintain a radial artery pressure of 30-45 mmHg. The remaining 12 patients underwent complete transposition of great arteries(n = 9) or total anomalous pulmonary venous connection(n = 3) using a cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) with flow of 150-180 ml/kg/min(control group). Sequential blood samples for S-100 determinations were taken after induction of anesthesia, 30 min after aortic declamping(post-ACC), 30 min after CPB, and 24 hr after CPB. RESULTS: There were no early and late deaths. Neurologic symptoms were not observed in any patients. Mean ICMP time in ICMP group was 17 +/- 4 min. In all patients, S-100 showed the highest value post-ACC and then declined with time. There were no differences in S-100 between the groups at any other time point. CONCLUSIONS: Selective cerebral perfusion through the innominate artery may be able to maintain brain circulation.     

Aortic arch surgery using moderate systemic hypothermia and antegrade cerebral perfusion via the right subclavian artery

BACKGROUND: Surgery of the aortic arch avoiding profound systemic hypothermia and using antegrade or retrograde cerebral perfusion has recently been popularized. This usually renders the CPB and surgical field set-up more complex. We propose a simple method achieving a similar effect. METHODS: During a 6-month period, 7 patients (median age 72 years) underwent surgery involving the aortic arch with cannulation of the right subclavian artery for arterial return. There were 6 acute type A dissections and one ascending aorta and arch aneurysm. After commencing CPB, the ascending aorta was clamped and reconstruction of aortic valve and root were initiated. Patients were cooled to a tympanic temperature of 25 - 27 degrees C. CPB was then stopped, and the arch was opened and inspected from inside. While resuming arterial perfusion via the right subclavian artery, the arch branches were clamped sequentially from right to left under observation for back flow. Bilateral radial artery pressure and temporal transcutaneous oxygen saturation were always monitored. RESULTS: In all cases, the aortic valve was spared using remodeling and resuspension techniques. 2 complete arch, 2 partial arch and 3 proximal arch replacements were performed. Mean times were 183 (113 - 321) minutes for CPB and 120 (67 - 213) minutes for aortic cross-clamping. Maximal systemic circulatory arrest time was 82 min. One patient died in the hospital due to MRSA sepsis with a normal CCT scan. All others were discharged in good condition. CONCLUSION: The initial experience with this simple technique of antegrade cerebral perfusion avoiding profound systemic hypothermia and the possible disadvantages of femoral artery cannulation appears promising.     

Surgical treatment of multiple mycotic aneurysms: in the ascending aorta,aortic arch,and descending aorta

We report a clinical case of multiple mycotic aneurysms, in the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta. The patient underwent surgery to replace the ascending aorta and aortic arch by means of a highly modified "elephant trunk" technique and with the aid of arterial cannulation from the right subclavian artery, which provided antegrade cerebral perfusion. Samples of purulent material taken from the aneurysmal wall yielded cultures positive for Staphylococcus aureus. The patient was treated with antibiotics for 6 weeks and then underwent a 2nd procedure for the aneurysmal resection of the descending thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta, through a thoracic laparo-phrenicectomy. We comment on the clinical and surgical aspects of the case.