难治性颞叶癫痫术后生活质量的评估

目的调查药物难治性颞叶癫痫术后患者生活质量的改善情况,评估手术对该类患者生活质量的影响。方法将自理能力、学习能力、工作能力、经济收入四个指标作为生活质量的评定标准,对比168例药物难治性颞叶癫痫患者手术前后生活质量的变化,并进行统计学分析。结果 168例药物难治性颞叶癫痫患者经过严格的术前评估均行前颞叶切除,随访1-3年,术后生活质量较术前明显改善,有统计学意义。结论药物难治性颞叶癫痫患者术后生活质量明显改善,手术显示出良好的性价比,有手术指证的患者应积极手术治疗。     

Initial delta and delayed theta/alpha pattern in the temporal region on ictal EEG suggests purely hippocampal epileptogenicity in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy

ObjectiveTo determine whether the ictal scalp EEG findings suggest purely hippocampal epileptogenicity in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS).MethodsTwenty-three patients with mTLE with pathologically confirmed HS were divided into 12 with epileptogenicity only in the hippocampus (HS only group) and 11 with epileptogenicity in both the hippocampus and temporal neocortex or other locations (HS plus group), based on the combination of surgical procedures, postoperative outcome, and pathological findings. Sixteen underwent selective amygdalohippocampectomy (SelAH) and 7 received anterior temporal lobectomy. Ictal scalp EEG findings of 79 focal impaired awareness seizures were compared between the HS only and HS plus groups. We focused on the 1–4 Hz rhythmic delta activity at ictal onset followed by 5–9 Hz rhythmic theta/alpha activity 10–30 s after the onset in the temporal region.ResultsThe initial delta and delayed theta/alpha (ID-DT) pattern was observed in 8 of 12 patients in the HS only group, but in none of 11 patients in the HS plus group (p < 0.01).ConclusionsID-DT pattern on ictal EEG suggests purely hippocampal epileptogenicity in mTLE with HS.SignificancePatients with the ID-DT pattern are likely to become seizure-free after SelAH.     

Ictal Behaviors During Nonepileptic Seizures Differ in Patients with Temporal Lobe Interictal Epileptiform EEG Activity and Patients Without Interictal Epileptiform EEG Abnormalities

Summary: Purpose: Ictal behaviors during psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (NES) vary considerably among individuals, and can closely resemble common semiologies of epileptic seizures (ES). We tested the hypothesis that behaviors during NES in patients who have temporal spikes would more closely resemble behaviors during ES in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy than would behaviors during NES in patients who do not have EEG spikes.
Methods: We identified 20 patients who had interictal temporal EEG spikes and EEG-video recorded NES (Study Group), 133 patients with temporal EEG spikes and recorded ES, without NES (Epileptic Group), and 24 patients with recorded NES and no epileptiform EEG abnormalities, without ES (Nonepileptic Group).
Results: The hypothesis was supported with regard to ictal motor behaviors. Motionless staring or complex automatisms occurred mainly during NES in the Study Group and during ES in the Epileptic Group. In contrast, convulsive movements or flaccid falls were most common during NES in the Nonepileptic Group. Duration of unresponsiveness was longer, and there were fewer postictal states in NES both in the Study and Non-epileptic Groups. Unresponsiveness was briefer and postictal states were more consistent in ES in the Epileptic Group, however.
Conclusions: Stereotyped motor activities during NES presumably represent learned behaviors. Processes underlying acquisition of ictal behaviors of NES probably differ in patients with interictal epileptiform EEG abnormalities compared to those without. Prior experiences and temporal lobe dysfunctions that are associated with epilepsy, and psychological characteristics that are unrelated to interictal epileptic dysfunctions, may determine ictal behaviors during NES.     

The localizing yield of sphenoidal and anterior temporal electrodes in ictal recordings: a comparison study

PURPOSE: To compare the localizing yield of sphenoidal electrodes placed under fluoroscopic guidance (SEs) and anterior temporal electrodes (ATEs) in ictal recordings from a group of patients with seizure disorders of anterior temporal origin. METHODS: We compared ictal recordings of 156 seizures obtained with SEs and ATEs from 40 consecutive patients with seizures of anterior temporal origin. Four electroencephalographers reviewed ictal recordings independently and blind to the patients' identity, presurgical data, and inclusion of ATEs or SEs. Outcome variables included (a) number of correctly localized seizures with SE and ATE recordings by at least three raters; (b) number of ictal foci in which all seizures were localized only with SEs; and (c) number of seizures in which SEs identified the ictal onset > or =5 s earlier than ATEs. RESULTS: Interrater agreement among the four raters was significantly greater with SE than with ATE recordings (p < 0.0001). The number of seizures correctly localized was significantly greater with SEs (n = 144) than with ATEs (n = 99; p < 0.0001). All the seizures [n = 36 (23%)] originating from 14 ictal foci (29%) in 11 patients (27.5%) were localized only with SEs. Finally, the ictal onset was detected at SEs > or =5 s earlier than at ATEs in 67 (43%) seizures originating from 33 (69%) foci in 30 (75%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: SEs improve interrater agreement in the localization of seizures of anterior temporal origin, and in about one fourth of patients, SEs add ictal data not identified by ATEs.     

Imaging language networks before and after anterior temporal lobe resection: results of a longitudinal fMRI study

Purpose: Anterior temporal lobe resection (ATLR) controls seizures in up to 70% of patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) but, in the language dominant hemisphere, may impair language function, particularly naming. Functional reorganization can occur within the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres. We investigated reorganization of language in left‐hemisphere–dominant patients before and after ATLR; whether preoperative functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) predicts postoperative naming decline; and efficiency of postoperative language networks. Methods: We studied 44 patients with TLE due to unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (24 left) on a 3T GE‐MRI scanner. All subjects performed language fMRI and neuropsychological testing preoperatively and again 4 months after left or right ATLR. Key Findings: Postoperatively, individuals with left TLE had greater bilateral middle/inferior frontal fMRI activation and stronger functional connectivity from the left inferior/middle frontal gyri to the contralateral frontal lobe than preoperatively, and this was not observed in individuals with right TLE. Preoperatively, in left and right TLE, better naming correlated with greater preoperative left hippocampal and left frontal activation for verbal fluency (VF). In left TLE, stronger preoperative left middle frontal activation for VF was predictive of greater decline in naming after ATLR. Postoperatively, in left TLE with clinically significant naming decline, greater right middle frontal VF activation correlated with better postoperative naming. In patients without postoperative naming decline, better naming correlated with greater activation in the remaining left posterior hippocampus. In right TLE, naming ability correlated with left hippocampal and left and right frontal VF activation postoperatively. Significance: In left TLE, early postoperative reorganization to the contralateral frontal lobe suggests multiple systems support language function. Postoperatively, ipsilateral recruitment involving the posterior hippocampal remnant is important for maintaining language, and reorganization to the contralateral hemisphere is less effective. Preoperative left middle frontal activation for VF was predictive of naming decline in left TLE after ATLR.     

颞叶癫痫的手术治疗(附34例分析)

目的　探讨颞叶癫痫的术前评估和术式选择策略。方法　对 34例颞叶癫痫患者应用无创和有创方法进行术前综合评估 ,采用扩大额颞问号式手术切口 ,经外侧裂入路、皮层脑电监测引导下实施手术。对术前评估方法、术中脑电监测的意义和手术方式选择进行了分析。结果　 2 1例患者根据长程蝶骨电极脑电图和MRI等无创检查定位了致痫灶 ,13例根据颅内埋置电极脑电图定位了致痫灶。术后随访 15 .6± 6 .0月。 2 9例 (85 .3% )癫痫发作消失 ,3例 (8.8% )发作减少 75 % ,2例 (5 .9% )发作减少 5 0 %以上。 8例曾出现短期并发症 ,无永久性并发症发生。手术 6个月后 ,患者的日常生活能力评分与手术前相比明显改善 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　长程视频脑电图和MRI检查是颞叶癫痫致痫灶定位可靠的无创性检查方法 ;颅内埋置电极检查是术前准确定位致痫灶必要的手段。颅内电极脑电图监测对设计切除方式有重要参考价值 ;改良的手术切口和经外侧裂入路有利于安全有效的切除前颞叶或选择性切除颞叶内侧结构     

Independent component analysis of ictal EEG in medial temporal lobe epilepsy

PURPOSE: Application of independent component analysis (ICA) to interictal EEGs and to event-related potentials has helped noise reduction and source localization. However, ICA has not been used for the analysis of ictal EEGs in partial seizures. In this study, we applied ICA to the ictal EEGs of patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and investigated whether ictal components can be separated and whether they indicate correct lateralization. METHODS: Twenty-four EEGs from medial TLE patients were analyzed with the extended ICA algorithm. Among the resultant 20 components in each EEG, we selected components with an ictal nature and reviewed their corresponding topographic maps for the lateralization. We then applied quantitative methods for the verification of increased quality of the reconstructed EEGs. RESULTS: All ictal EEGs were successfully decomposed into one or more ictal components and nonictal components. After EEG reconstruction with exclusion of artifacts, the lateralizing power of the ictal EEG was increased from 75 to 96%. CONCLUSIONS: ICA can separate successfully the manifold components of ictal rhythms and can improve EEG quality.     

Prediction of Surgical Outcome by Interictal Epileptiform Abnormalities During Intracranial EEG Monitoring in Patients with Extrahippocampal Seizures

PURPOSE: Ictal intracranial EEG recordings obtained during continuous preoperative monitoring are often used to localize the region of seizure onset for purposes of surgical resection in patients with extrahippocampal seizures. Whether interictal epileptiform abnormalities during long-term monitoring can predict surgical outcome in this group is not established. METHODS: Intracranial EEGs of patients who underwent extrahippocampal resective epilepsy surgery were reviewed for interictal epileptiform abnormalities before medication discontinuation or first seizure occurrence. Interictal abnormalities were categorized as within or beyond the confines of surgical resection. We correlated these findings with the region of seizure onset, the pathologic substrate, and surgical outcome (by using Engel criteria) at 1-year minimum follow-up. RESULTS: Of 13 patients with interictal epileptiform abnormalities, six patients had interictal epileptiform discharges extending beyond the confines of surgical resection. These patients all had poor surgical outcome even if the region of electrographic seizure onset was resected. Seven patients had focal interictal epileptiform discharges, the entire extent of which were resected. All had good outcomes. All patients with structural lesions had focal interictal epileptiform abnormalities and good surgical outcomes. The spatial extent of interictal epileptiform discharges varied among patients with nonstructural lesions. However, those whose regions of interictal epileptiform abnormality were included in surgical resection also had good surgical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of interictal epileptiform discharges extending beyond the area of resection correlates with poor surgical outcome in patients with extrahippocampal epilepsy. In contrast, patients with focal interictal epileptiform discharges included in surgical resection have good surgical outcomes.     

前颞叶切除术或选择性海马杏仁核切除术治疗顽固性内侧颞叶癫痫患者神经心理功能改变的研究

目的 探讨前颞叶切除术(ATL)或选择性海马杏仁核切除术(SAH)治疗顽固性内侧颞叶癫痫(MTLE)患者神经心理功能的改变情况。方法 选择2010年1月-2014年12月来本院接受ATL或SAH治疗的MTLE患者60例; 根据MTLE手术部位分为左颞部MTLE组(n=35)和右颞部MTLE组(n=25); 利用神经心理功能评分系统(DST、VMPT、WMSLM、WMS视觉、BNT、视觉技能、Stroop、WCST、分类、VFT)对患者术前及术后1年神经心理功能进行评分,比较2组患者左右颞部手术前后神经心理测试及手术前后左右颞部神经心理测试差异。结果 60例MTLE患者中35例(58.33%)左颞部MTLE,25例(41.67%)右颞部MTLE; 2组患者在性别、年龄、手术方式、癫痫发作平均年龄、病程、术前WAIS评分方面无显著性差异(P>0.05); 2组患者左右颞部手术前后神经心理测试比较显示,右颞部MTLE组术后在最大学习得分、短时记忆得分、长时记忆得分、第5卡片时间、矫正、转换错误方面与术前比较有显著差异(P<0.05); 左颞部MTLE组术后在合计得分方面与术前比较有显著差异(P<0.05); 2组患者手术前后左右颞部神经心理测试比较显示,左颞部MTLE组在回忆得分、识别得分、短时记忆得分方面显著高于右颞部MTLE组(P<0.05)。结论 尽管ATL或SAH治疗顽固性MTLE患者会引起部分常见的认知副作用,但该手术治疗也可提高患者部分认知功能。     

脑电定位与手术治疗难治性癫痫疗效观察

目的 探讨难治性癫痫的术前、术中脑电图定位方法及手术疗效.方法 对621例难治性癫痫患者采用普通脑电图监测(REEG)、长程脑电图监测(AEEG)、视频脑电图监测(VEEG),结合患者病史特点及影像学结果进行综合定位;术中在皮层脑电图(ECoG)监测下依据脑电图定位及不同发作类型选择适合术式切除致痫灶,并观察术后疗效.结果 术后随访6月至4年,满意(术后无发作)340例,占55%;显著改善(发作减少＞75%)223例,占36%;良好(发作减少50%～75%)37例,占6%;效差(发作减少＜50%)21例,占3%;无加重病例;有效率达97%.结论 以脑电图监测为基本手段,采用综合定位的方法结合术中ECoG监测明确癫痫灶的部位和范围以指导手术,能有效防止并发症的发生,并取得良好的治疗效果.     

Unilateral hippocampal sclerosis with contralateral temporal scalp ictal onset

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes in patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis whose scalp ictal EEG recordings localize to the opposite temporal lobe. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data of all adult patients who had undergone depth electrode implantation for suspected temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) at UCLA (1993-2000) or the Montreal Neurological Institute (1991-1998) to identify patients who had (a) unilateral hippocampal atrophy, and (b) surface ictal recordings in which the majority of seizures appeared to initiate in the opposite temporal lobe, with few or none that were concordant with the hippocampal atrophy. RESULTS: Of 109 patients with suspected TLE who underwent depth electrode study at the two centers, five patients met the aforementioned criteria. Four of these five had very severe hippocampal atrophy, whereas the fifth had mild atrophy but extensive signal change on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Depth electrode recordings in four of the five patients yielded clear ictal onset in the mesial temporal lobe ipsilateral to the imaging abnormality (contralateral to apparent scalp ictal onset). One patient had an unusual bitemporal onset pattern, which was nonetheless suggestive of onset in the sclerotic hippocampus. No patient had intracranial ictal onset contralateral to the imaging abnormality. All patients underwent resection of the structurally abnormal temporal lobe. After follow-up of > or = 2 years, four (80%) of five patients were seizure free, while the fifth showed lesser improvement (class III). CONCLUSIONS: Some patients with severe hippocampal sclerosis (sometimes called a "burned-out hippocampus") have atypical spread of ictal discharges, resulting in apparent gross discordance between imaging and scalp ictal recordings. These patients nonetheless have excellent surgical outcomes on the whole. Whether such patients may forego intracranial recordings requires further study.     

Indication for Anterior Temporal Lobectomy in Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Psychopathology

Summary: The chronicity and severity of epilepsy, as well as the presence of temporal lobe foci, appear to correlate with psychopathology. A high prevalence of psychopathology has been reported among patients who are candidates for anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL). A review of the literature indicates that episodic psychosis may diminish when patients become free of seizures after surgery and that chronic psychosis neither improves nor worsens after ATL. If this is the case, patients with episodic psychosis may benefit from ATL. Patients with chronic psychosis may benefit if they become free from seizures after the operation, even if the psychosis persists. Case reports of maladjustment to seizure-free life after surgery, and de novo psychopathology, underline the importance of preop-erative psychiatric evaluation and postoperative psychiatric intervention in patients undergoing epilepsy surgery. Although there is a need for each epilepsy center to state its policy with regard to patients with psychopathology who undergo epilepsy surgery, it would be unwise to make a decision on whether to reject a patient simply on the grounds of psychosis. A detailed psychiatric evaluation of each individual patient is required.     

Interictal and ictal EEG activity in the basal ganglia: an SEEG study in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy

PURPOSE: The interictal and ictal EEG activity in the basal ganglia in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy were studied during invasive EEG monitoring. METHODS: Eight epilepsy surgery candidates, each with a proven mesiotemporal seizure-onset zone, participated in the study. We used two invasive EEG methods to determine the seizure-onset zone. In both methods, diagonal electrodes were targeted into the amygdalohippocampal complex via a frontal approach and were passed through the basal ganglia with several leads. We analyzed 16 partial epileptic seizures, four of which became secondarily generalized. RESULTS: No epileptic interictal or ictal discharges were noticed in the basal ganglia. The interictal activity in the basal ganglia was a mixture of low-voltage beta activity and medium-voltage alpha-theta activity. When the ictal paroxysmal activity remained localized to the seizure-onset zone, the activity of the basal ganglia did not change. The spread of epileptic activity to other cortical structures was associated with the basal ganglia EEG slowing to a theta-delta range of 3-7 Hz. This slowing was dependent on the spread of ictal discharge within the ipsilateral temporal lobe (related to the investigated basal ganglia structures); alternatively, the slowing occurred in association with the regional spread of ictal activity from the mesiotemporal region to the temporal neocortex contralaterally to the investigated basal ganglia. Secondary generalization was associated with a further slowing of basal ganglia activity. CONCLUSIONS: The basal ganglia do not generate specific epileptic EEG activity. Despite the absence of spikes, the basal ganglia participate in changing or reflect changes in the distribution of the ictal epileptic activity.     

SCOPE-mTL: A non-invasive tool for identifying and lateralizing mesial temporal lobe seizures prior to scalp EEG ictal onset

Objective

In mesial temporal lobe (mTL) epilepsy, seizure onset can precede the appearance of a scalp EEG ictal pattern by many seconds. The ability to identify this early, occult mTL seizure activity could improve lateralization and localization of mTL seizures on scalp EEG.

24小时脑电监测与术中皮层电极在癫痫外科中的应用

目的 探讨24小时脑电与术中皮层电极(Electrocorticalgram，ECoG)在癫痫外科手术中的价值。方法 对200例顽固性癫痫病人进行术前24小时脑电监测配合术中皮层电极探查，根据结果选择手术方式。结果 随访1～8年者共160例病人，其中发作消失100例(625％)，明显减少(75％以上)32例(20．0％)，减少(50％以上)20例(12．5％)，无变化8例(5％)。总有效率为95％。结论 24小时脑电监测配合术中皮层电极探查，可以更精确痫灶定位。选择最佳手术方式，提高手术疗效，是一种既经济又实用的方法。     

Clinical implications of scalp ictal EEG pattern in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy

ObjectiveTo determine the clinical implications of scalp ictal EEG pattern in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).MethodsScalp EEG ictal patterns were retrospectively determined in 27 consecutive patients with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent phase-1 scalp video-EEG and phase-2 simultaneous scalp and intracranial video-EEG recordings for pre-surgical evaluation.ResultsOf the 192 temporal lobe seizures recorded during phase-1 and phase-2 scalp video-EEG studies, 124 (65%) seizures were associated with theta/alpha (5–9 Hz) ictal onset pattern, and 68 (35%) seizures were associated with delta (2–5 Hz) ictal onset pattern. Fourteen (52%) patients had exclusively theta/alpha ictal onset, 3 (11%) patients had exclusively delta ictal onset, and 10 (37%) patients had mixed theta/alpha and delta ictal onsets. MTLE was observed in 26 patients who had 124 seizures with theta/alpha ictal onset and 59 seizures with delta ictal onset. LTLE was observed in one patient who had 9 seizures with delta ictal onset. Scalp ictal EEG pattern was not significantly correlated with postsurgical seizure outcomes.ConclusionsBoth scalp delta and theta/alpha ictal onset patterns can be commonly found in patients with MTLE.SignificanceScalp delta ictal onset is not a unique EEG pattern for LTLE as commonly believed.