神经电生理检测对多灶性运动神经病诊断价值的初步研究

目的 探讨神经电生理检查在多灶性运动神经病(MMN)中的诊断价值。方法对16例MMN患者及16名健康对照进行运动神经传导速度和感觉神经传导速度检查，记录刺激引出的复合肌肉动作电位的波幅、波宽、面积、位相和时限，进行对比分析，判定是否有运动神经传导阻滞(CB)或暂时性离散(TD)，并有选择性地进行常规肌电图检查。结果16例患者均可见有一根以上运动神经或至少一根运动神经的一个以上部位出现CB或CD。其中13例双上肢正中神经，尺神经出现CB，3例以正中神经、尺神经的远端出现CB首发，随病情进展出现下肢腓深神经CB。仅有2例感觉神经传导速度稍有减慢，波幅略有降低。16例患者神经受累区域以下所支配肌肉肌电图检查见有神经源性损害。结论MMN是一种以远端神经受累为主的不对称性周围神经病，神经电生理检查对诊断和鉴别诊断．MMN起重要作用，CB是MMN的主要神经电生理表现。     

神经元核内包涵体病的电生理特点及其辅助诊断价值分析

目的总结神经元核内包涵体病(NIID)的电生理特点并探讨电生理检查在其辅助诊断中的价值。方法选择徐州医科大学附属医院神经内科自2020年2月至2022年6月收治的20例经皮肤活检和基因检测确诊的NIID患者(15例有症状, 5例无症状)进行研究, 分析其周围运动/感觉神经传导、针极肌电图、F波、重复电刺激、交感神经皮肤反应(SSR)、震颤分析等电生理检查结果, 并对15例有症状NIID患者(有症状NIID组)与11例年龄、性别相匹配的正常健康者(对照组)的周围神经传导和SSR指标进行比较。结果 (1)15例有症状NIID患者均存在电生理检查结果异常:14例存在周围神经传导异常, 其中运动神经传导速度(MCV)减慢14例, 复合肌肉动作电位(cMAP)波幅降低4例, 感觉神经传导速度(SCV)减慢12例, 感觉神经动作电位(sNAP)波幅降低3例, 总体表现出对称的神经传导速度减慢而波幅相对保留;4例针极肌电图显示为神经源性损害;13例F波潜伏期有不同程度延长;12例出现SSR异常;4例表现出4.0～7.5 Hz的同步性震颤。(2)5例无症状NIID患者中3例存在周围神经传导异常, 其中...     

多发性硬化伴肌电图异常10例

目的 分析多发性硬化(MS)伴有周围神经病变时的肌电图改变特点.方法 共对69例MS进行了系统的肌电图测定,测定内容包括感觉神经传导、运动神经传导、F波和同芯针电极肌电图,并对测定结果结合临床进行分析.结果 69例MS患者中10例存在肌电图异常.在所测定的神经中,22.2%(12/54)存在运动和/或感觉传导异常,12.5%(2/16)F波异常;13.8%(8/58)肌肉存在神经源性损害的表现.10例中4例患者分别存在1～2根神经的感觉神经传导波幅下降,严重者甚至引不出波形;3例患者存在1～2根神经的运动传导复合肌肉动作电位波幅下降;1例存在胫后神经感觉运动纤维传导减慢;1例表现为双侧正中神经的F波异常;4例患者存在某一肢体同芯针电极肌电图异常.结论 MS患者肌电图检查所发现的异常,一般为单神经或神经根病变,以轴索丢失为主,其病因较难用MS的发病机制来解释.     

神经电生理检查在肯尼迪病和进行性肌萎缩鉴别诊断中的价值

目的 通过观察神经电生理改变特点,协助鉴别肯尼迪病(KD)和进行性肌萎缩(PMA).方法 收集13例KD和12例PMA患者,对两组患者运动和感觉神经传导、常规肌电图、单纤维肌电图结果进行比较.结果 同侧肢体正中神经(拇短展肌记录)和尺神经(小指展肌记录)远端复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP)波幅比值在KD组和PMA组分别为1.11±0.40、0.57±0.29(t=4.760,P=0.000).6例KD患者感觉神经传导测定显示波幅下降,传导速度正常.PMA患者感觉传导测定均正常.单纤维肌电图检测可见,KD组和PMA组平均颤抖(jitter)分别为(56.3±24.2)、(97.1±35.3)μs(t=2.696,P=0.015),阻滞百分比中位数(M_(50))分别为0、32.5%(Z=3.168,P=0.002).两组肌电图检查均表现为广泛神经源性损害.结论 KD和PMA进行鉴别时,如运动传导显示正中神经CMAP波幅大于尺神经波幅,感觉神经传导波幅下降,单纤维肌电图颤抖相对正常,可以支持KD的诊断.     

糖尿病周围神经病电生理特点及与血糖水平的关系

目的研究糖尿病周围神经病的神经电生理特点以及与血糖水平的关系。方法分析2013年3月~2014年3月于本院神经内科住院的108例糖尿病周围神经病患者,测定其正中、尺、胫、腓总神经的运动传导速度(MCV)和复合肌肉动作电位波幅(CMAP),以及正中、尺、腓肠神经、腓浅神经的感觉传导速度(SCV)和感觉神经动作电位波幅(SNAP),比较上、下肢和运动、感觉神经异常情况,分析糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)、餐后2 h血糖对神经传导速度(NCV)的影响。结果糖尿病患者下肢运动神经病变重于上肢,且差异明显(P<0.05)。感觉神经损害重于运动神经,且差异明显(P     

糖尿病周围神经病病情分级与电生理的相关性

目的探讨糖尿病周围神经病病情分级与电生理的相关性。方法依据糖尿病性周围神经病的诊断标准确定入选对象;依据糖尿病周围神经病病情分级对入选对象进行临床分级;应用丹麦产DANTEC CANTATA型肌电图仪,进行运动神经和感觉神经传导功能检查。结果腓肠神经、正中神经诱发感觉动作电位波幅(SNAP)和腓总神经复合肌肉动作电位波幅(CMAP)随病情分级的升高而明显减低(P<0.05);腓肠神经、正中神经感觉传导速度(SCV)和腓总神经、正中神经运动传导速度(MCV)3级与1、2两级比较显著减慢(P<0.05)。结论神经电生理改变,尤其感觉神经电生理改变,易此作为糖尿病周围神经病情程度评定的指标。     

肘管综合征的神经电生理分析

目的 探讨肘管综合征的神经电生理特点.方法 对70例76侧经临床及手术证实为肘管综合征的患者进行神经肌电图检测及分析.结果 70例76侧肢体,尺神经感觉神经小指到腕传导速度、感觉神经动作电位波幅、尺神经运动神经肘下5cm到肘上5cm传导速度和波幅、肘下到腕传导速度和波幅等6项指标异常率分别为:42%、47%、78%、79%(包括肘上5cm到肘下5cmMCV)、28%、14%.结论 神经肌电图检查为诊断肘管综合征的可靠手段,可早期确诊及准确定位受损部位及损伤程度、判断愈后、指导治疗.     

神经型布氏杆菌病周围神经损害的临床与电生理研究

目的研究神经型布氏杆菌病周围神经损害的临床特征,探讨电生理对其的诊断价值。方法对32例神经型布氏杆菌病周围神经损害患者(病例组)和32名性别及年龄与病例组匹配的正常对照组进行神经电生理检查,并对所得检查结果进行统计学分析。结果病例组与对照组在运动末梢潜伏期(distal motor latency,DML)、复合肌肉动作电位(compound motor active potentials,CMAP)波幅、运动神经传导速度(motor nerve conduction velocity,MCV)、感觉神经动作电位潜伏期(sensory nerve action potential latency,SL)、感觉神经动作电位(sensory nerve action potential,SNAP)波幅及感觉神经传导速度(sensory nerve conduction velocity,SCV)方面的比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。电生理检查提示上下肢周围神经损害,感觉神经及运动神经均受累,其中感觉神经占55.47%,运动神经占16.80%,上肢以正中神经(64条)最多见,下肢以腓肠神经(16条)最多见。四肢运动神经256条中43条传导速度减慢,占16.80%,四肢感觉神经256条中142条传导速度减慢,占55.47%,SCV较MCV改变明显,上肢病变重于下肢。结论神经电生理检查为神经型布氏杆菌病周围神经损害的临床诊断提供了客观依据。     

26例运动神经元病患者神经肌电图分析

目的对26例运动神经元病(MND)患者神经肌电图进行分析,探讨神经肌电图在运动神经元病确诊中的作用。方法选择北京宣武医院2013-09—2014-03收治的26例MND患者,采用肌电诱发电位仪对患者上下肢神经传导速度和肌电图进行测定,观察所测神经运动和感觉传导速度以及所捡肌肉的运动单位电位波形、波幅、相位、时限和轻重收缩时的募集电位。结果所有患者均存在广泛的神经源性损害,全部出现巨大电位,其中以大鱼际肌检出率为最高。肌肉处于静息时,出现正锐波和纤颤电位最多的肌肉是胸锁乳突肌(21例,占总数的80.7%),其次是脊旁肌(18例,占总数的69.2%)。26例患者所检肌肉均出现程度不同的运动单位电位时程增宽、波幅增高的情况。重收缩时,8例呈单纯相,占总数的30.7%,13例呈混合相,占总数的50%;插入电位延长者24例,占总数的92.3%。神经电图结果显示,11例患者运动神经传导速度减慢,3例患者运动神经潜伏期延长,5例患者出现运动神经复合肌肉动作电位波幅降低,但受检患者感觉神经传导速度全部基本正常。结论神经肌电图检测能显著提高MND的确诊率,值得临床应用和推广。     

神经传导速度测定在穴位电针治疗腕管综合征疗效评价中的应用

目的通过神经传导检查观察穴位电针治疗腕管综合征治疗效果。方法选择腕管综合征病人20例,治疗前、后分别进行神经传导速度、动作电位波幅测定。结果正中神经指1-腕、指3-腕感觉神经传导速度(SCV)、感觉神经动作电位波幅(SNAP)治疗前、后比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。运动神经传导速度(MCV)、运动神经动作电位波幅(MNAP)治疗前、后比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论穴位电针治疗腕管综合征临床有效,神经传导检查可以作为腕管综合征诊断及疗效评价手段之一。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.