肢体骨肉瘤髓腔侵及范围的CT检查与病理检查的对比研究

目的探讨单纯使用CT测量肢体骨肉瘤髓内长度的准确性。方法回顾性对81例肢体骨肉瘤患者髓内长度进行CT测量,其中男46例,女35例,年龄10～60岁,中位年龄15岁,肿瘤位于股骨下段45例,胫骨上段23例,肱骨上段10例,股骨上段2例,胫骨下段1例,从工作站CT上测量关节面到肿瘤边界的长度,股骨上段肿瘤测量大转子尖到肿瘤边界的长度,所有患者均接受瘤段截除术,术后测量肿瘤的病理长度,将CT和病理测量的长度进行比较和统计学分析。结果81例患者测量的CT长度与病理长度进行配对t检查,t＝5.185,P＜0.01,二者差异有统计学意义;CT测量与病理测量误差在1cm之内的52例,准确率为64.2%,将此52例的CT长度与病理长度进行配对t检查,t＝-0.51,P＝0.959,二者差异无统计学意义。其余29例误差超过1cm的病例CT测量均比病理测量长,平均误差110（16～262）mm,对CT异常而病理无肿瘤的那部分截除髓腔测CT值及病理组织学分析,CT值显示增强前为-28～45HU,增强后为-10～87HU,组织学分析显示CT测量超出的部分髓腔组织学为红细胞系、白细胞系及血小板系造血细胞增生,未见肿瘤细胞。结论单纯使用CT测量骨肉瘤髓腔内长度准确性欠佳,不能区分肿瘤与增生骨髓,需要综合其他影像方式来判断骨肉瘤髓内长度以指导保肢手术。     

应用CT勾画胸段食管癌肿瘤靶区准确性研究

目的 通过CT诊断胸段食管癌病变长度与其他检测方法、相关因素分析的比较,了解CT测量食管病变长度的准确性,为精确勾画食管癌放疗靶区提供理论依据.方法 随机抽取术前未行放疗或化疗、不含其他癌成分、无多原发胸段食管鳞癌、首程治疗(颈、胸、腹3个野根治术)的患者598例,对CT诊断食管癌病变长度和其他检测方法进行对比研究.结果 手术标本、固定后标本、X线钡餐、CT显示的病变长度分别为(5.22±1.94)、(4.28±1.71)、(5.12±1.92)、(6.71±2.52)cm,手术标本与固定后标本和CT病变长度比较差异有统计学意义(t=16.01,P＜0.01;t=-15.54,P＜0.01),手术标本与x线钡餐病变长度比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.62,P＞0.05),病变长度从大到小顺序依次为CT、手术标本或X线钡餐、固定后标本.不同临床病理学分型、不同T分期手术标本与X线钡餐病变长度比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而它们与CT病变长度比较腔内型差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),余差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 应用CT测量食管病变长度较手术实际长度长,X线钡餐稍偏短,固定后食管病变有一定程度回缩.建议在应用CT勾画食管癌肿瘤靶区长度时,应综合参考X线钡餐等其他检查.     

The integration of 18-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography and endoscopic ultrasound in the treatment-planning process for esophageal carcinoma

PURPOSE: Accurate delineation of the gross tumor volume (GTV) is important in radiation therapy treatment planning. We evaluated the impact of PET and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) compared with CT simulation in the planning of radiation fields for patients with esophageal carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients presenting with esophageal carcinoma for radiation therapy underwent PET scans in the treatment position after conventional CT simulation. Patients underwent PET/CT scanning after being injected with 10 to 20 mCi of [F-18]-2-deoxy-2-fluro-D-glucose. The length of the abnormality seen on the CT portion of the PET/CT scan vs. the PET scan alone was determined independently by 2 separate investigators. The length of the GTV and detection of regional adenopathy by PET was also correlated with EUS in 18 patients. Of the 18 patients who had EUS, 2 had T2 tumors and 16 had T3 tumors. Eighteen patients had adenocarcinoma and 7 had squamous cell carcinoma. Nine tumors were located at the gastroesophageal junction, 8 at the lower esophagus, 7 in the middle esophagus, and 1 in the cervical esophagus. The PET scans were reviewed to determine the length of the abnormality by use of a standard uptake value (SUV) of 2.5 to delineate the tumor extent. RESULTS: The mean length of the cancer was 5.4 cm (95% CI 4.4-6.4 cm) as determined by PET scan, 6.77 cm (95% CI, 5.6-7.9 cm) as determined by CT scan, and 5.1 cm (95% CI, 4.0-6.1 cm) for the 22 patients who had endoscopy. The length of the tumors was significantly longer as measured by CT scans compared with PET scans (p = 0.0063). EUS detected significantly more patients with periesophageal and celiac lymphadenopathy compared to PET and CT. The SUV of the esophageal tumors was higher in patients with peri-esophageal lymphadenopathy identified on PET scans. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic ultrasound and PET scans can add additional information to aid the radiation oncologist's ability to precisely identify the GTV in patients with esophageal carcinoma.     

Prostate volume measurement by transrectal ultrasound and computed tomography before and after permanent prostate brachytherapy

PURPOSE: To quantify prostate volume (pvol) changes with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) immediately after permanent prostate brachytherapy (PPB) and to correlate these changes with postimplant computed tomography (CT) volumetrics. To provide data relevant to evaluating the potential of TRUS-based image fusion for intraoperative dosimetry. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between July 2000 and January 2003, 177 patients underwent (125)I PPB monotherapy at our institution, and 165 patients provided research authorization. A total of 136 patients (82%) completed 4 imaging studies: planning TRUS, intraoperative pre- and postimplant TRUS, and CT. RESULTS: Mean planning TRUS pvol was 38.7 +/- 11.7 cc standard deviation (SD), 95% confidence interval (CI) (36.7, 40.7). Mean intraoperative TRUS pvol preimplant was 37.1 +/- 11.7 cc SD, 95% CI (35.1, 39.0), and postimplant was 44.5 +/- 15.1 cc SD, 95% CI (42.0, 47.1). The mean ratio of postimplant:preimplant intraoperative TRUS pvols was 1.2 +/- 0.2 SD, 95% CI (1.18, 1.24), and the difference in mean values was 7.5 cc (p < 0.0001). CT performed within 1 day revealed a mean pvol of 47.9 +/- 15.7 cc SD, 95% CI (45.2, 50.5). The mean volumetric ratio of CT to postimplant TRUS pvol was 1.13 +/- 0.36, 95% CI (1.07-1.19). CONCLUSIONS: Whereas mean preimplant step-section TRUS pvol measurements are similar, postimplant TRUS and CT measurements have greater variability that depend on initial pvol. CT-based pvol measurements determined a mean of 10.6 hours after implant were more likely to be identical to those of immediate postimplant TRUS in prostates >33 cc. These data are relevant for establishing accuracy in image-fusion based approaches being investigated for real-time intraoperative PPB dosimetry.     

基于食管癌病理标本长度推算的实际长度与CT长度的比较研究

目的 探讨CT扫描在确定食管癌病变长度方面与实际长度上的差异及其符合程度.方法 采用病理大切片技术对52例食管癌行肿瘤组织标本固定后收缩比研究,得出换算实际长度的收缩比.137例患者术前行螺旋CT扫描并在CT图像上行食管癌靶区勾画和长度测量,术后测量食管癌标本固定后长度,根据收缩比回推实际长度,比较两者差异和符合率.结果 食管癌平均收缩为术中长度的90%±10%.食管癌实际长度为(4.1±1.8)cm,CT长度为(5.8±2.4)am,两者差异有统计学意义(t=9.68,P=0.000).CT长度与实际长度相符者56例,仅占40.9%(56/137).结论 食管癌CT长度与实际长度相比存在一定差距,确定合理的食管癌病变长度要参考食管钡餐造影、食管镜等检查结果来综合判断.     

食管癌病变长度不同检测方法的比较

目的对胸段食管癌病变长度的不同检测方法进行分析比较,探讨CT测量食管癌病变长度的准确性,为食管癌放疗靶区的精确勾画提供理论依据。方法将598例胸段食管鳞状细胞癌患者经CT扫描、X线钡餐造影测量的病变长度与术中手术标本进行回顾性对比研究,对其间存在的差异进行分析。结果CT扫描、X线钡餐造影、手术标本的食管病变平均长度分别为（6．70±2．52）cm、（5．13±1．91）cm和（5．23±1．93）cm。CT扫描的病变长度与手术标本比较差异有统计学意义（P=0．000）;X线钡餐造影病变长度较手术标本偏短,但二者差异无统计学意义（P=0．106）;病变长度从大到小顺序依次为CT扫描、手术标本、X线钡餐造影。结论CT扫描的食管癌病变长度较手术标本实际肿瘤长度偏长,而X线钡餐造影稍偏短。在应用CT勾画食管癌放疗靶区判定病变长度时,应综合参考X线钡餐造影等其他检查。     

Polymorphic CAG repeat length within the androgen receptor gene: identification of a subgroup of patients with increased risk of ovarian cancer

The CAG repeat (CAGn) present in the N-terminal region of the androgen receptor (AR) inversely correlates with AR transactivation activity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether polymorphic variation in the CAGn length is associated with the risk of developing ovarian cancer. Using a case-control study design 121 women with histologically confirmed ovarian cancer and 100 controls (healthy women) were genotyped for AR-CAG length. No marked difference in the mean length of CAGn was observed between ovarian cancer patients and controls. However, when considering patients with positive personal or family history of tumor (PPFHT), the mean lengths of the long allele, the short allele and the average of the 2 alleles were longer than in the controls. Odds ratios (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed after allowance for age. We observed an increase in the risk of ovarian cancer, in terms of OR, in women with CAGn >or=22 (OR=2.17, 95% CI:1.10-4.27). The increase of relative risk was particularly high in women with CAGn >or=22 belonging to the PPFHT group: OR=3.52 (95% CI 1.18-10.47). We also found a statistically significant trend (chi2 trend=4.91; p=0.03) towards an increased risk of ovarian cancer with increasing CAGn length (from or=26). Again, a strong association between increase in CAGn and risk of ovarian cancer was observed in PPFHT patients (chi2 trend=6.38; p=0.01). The results suggest that AR-CAG repeat length could play a role as modifier of the ovarian cancer risk conferred by highly penetrant genes rather than itself conferring a low risk.     

2-18fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography is a reliable predictor for viable tumor in postchemotherapy seminoma: an update of the prospective multicentric SEMPET trial.

PURPOSE: To define the clinical value of 2-18fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) as a predictor for viable residual tumor in postchemotherapy seminoma residuals in a prospective multicentric trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS: FDG PET studies in patients with metastatic pure seminoma who had radiographically defined postchemotherapy residual masses were correlated with either the histology of the resected lesion or the clinical outcome documented by computer tomography (CT), tumor markers, and/or physical examination during follow-up. The size of the residual lesions on CT, either >3 cm or < or =3 cm, was correlated with the presence or absence of viable residual tumor. RESULTS: Fifty-six FDG PET scans of 51 patients were assessable. All 19 cases with residual lesions >3 cm and 35 (95%) of 37 with residual lesions < or =3 cm were correctly predicted by FDG PET. The specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of FDG PET were 100% (95% CI, 92% to 100%), 80% (95% CI, 44% to 95%), 100%, and 96%, respectively, versus 74% (95% CI, 58% to 85%), 70% (95% CI, 34% to 90%), 37%, and 92%, respectively, for CT discrimination of the residual tumor by size (>3 cm/< or =3 cm). CONCLUSION: This investigation confirms that FDG PET is the best predictor of viable residual tumor in postchemotherapy seminoma residuals and should be used as a standard tool for clinical decision making in this patient group.     

Prognostic significance of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in serum and cytosol of tumor tissue from patients with primary breast cancer.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic value of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in preoperatively obtained sera samples (s-suPAR) from breast cancer patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: suPAR levels were determined by the use of a kinetic ELISA in sera from 274 breast cancer patients and in tumor cytosols (c-suPAR) from 188 of these patients. In addition, s-suPAR levels were analyzed in 174 female blood donors. RESULTS: The mean s-suPAR level was 3.8 ng/ml (range, 1.6-9.2 ng/ml) in the patients and 3 ng/ml (range, 1.3-6.4 ng/ml) in the donors. The mean c-suPAR level was 0.55 ng/mg protein (range, 0.07-2.83 ng/mg protein). A weak but significant linear association was found between s-suPAR and age in the donors; thus, all of the s-suPAR levels were adjusted for this age dependency (aa-s-suPAR). The aa-s-suPAR levels were significantly increased in the patients as compared with the donors (P < 0.0001). No difference was found in aa-s-suPAR levels between the lymph node-positive and -negative patients (P = 0.27), and no correlation was seen between aa-s-suPAR and c-suPAR (sigma = 0.08; P = 0.71). During the follow-up period (5.9 years) 77 patients experienced a relapse and 69 died. aa-s-suPAR as a continuous variable was significantly associated with relapse-free survival [hazard ratio (HR), 1.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-1.8; P = 0.003] and overall survival (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.0; P < 0.0001). In multivariate Cox analysis including the classical prognostic parameters in breast cancer, continuous aa-s-suPAR was significantly associated with both relapse-free survival (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7; P = 0.001) and overall survival (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.8; P = 0.002). In these analyses positive lymph nodes, tumor size >2 cm, and negative estrogen receptor content were also significantly associated with patient outcome. CONCLUSION: This study shows that high preoperative aa-s-suPAR levels are significantly associated with poor outcome for breast cancer patients independent of lymph node status, tumor size, and estrogen receptor status.     

Efficacy and safety analysis of epoetin alfa in patients with small-cell lung cancer: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

PURPOSE: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (N93-004) evaluated the effects of epoetin alfa on tumor response to chemotherapy and survival in patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Adult patients with hemoglobin < or = 14.5 g/dL starting chemotherapy received epoetin alfa 150 U/kg or placebo subcutaneously 3 times weekly until 3 weeks after completion of chemotherapy. Survival was assessed for 3 years. The primary end point was the proportion of patients with complete or partial response after three chemotherapy cycles. RESULTS: The trial was terminated prematurely after 224 of a projected 400 patients were accrued. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Epoetin alfa and placebo patients (n = 109 and n = 115, respectively) had mean baseline hemoglobin of 12.8 g/dL and 13.0 g/dL, respectively. Overall tumor response was similar between the epoetin alfa and placebo groups after three chemotherapy cycles (72% and 67%, respectively; 95% CI of difference, -6% to 18%) and after completion of chemotherapy (60% and 56%, respectively; 95% CI of difference, -9% to 17%). Epoetin alfa and placebo groups had similar median overall survival (10.5 and 10.4 months, respectively) and overall mortality (91.7% and 87.8%, respectively; hazard ratio, 1.172; 95% CI, 0.887 to 1.549; P = .264). Hemoglobin was maintained in the prechemotherapy range in epoetin alfa patients, but decreased substantially in placebo patients. Fewer epoetin alfa patients than placebo patients required transfusion. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that in newly diagnosed patients with SCLC epoetin alfa does not affect tumor response to chemotherapy or survival. However, the early trial closure makes these conclusions preliminary.     

超声引导下空芯针穿刺活检诊断的乳腺导管原位癌病理学低估的危险因素分析

背景与目的：由于存在病理学低估,乳腺导管原位癌（ductal carcinoma in situ,DCIS）是否需要行腋窝前哨淋巴结活检（sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）仍有争议。通过回顾性分析,探索超声引导下空芯针穿刺活检（core needle biopsy,CNB）诊断的DCIS出现病理学低估的危险因素,探讨穿刺病理学诊断为单纯DCIS的患者免除腋窝SLNB的可能性。方法：选取2005年3月—2014年10月北京大学肿瘤医院暨北京市肿瘤防治研究所乳腺癌预防治疗中心收治的符合以下条件的乳腺癌病例纳入研究：女性;超声引导下CNB诊断为乳腺DCIS（含微浸润）;腋窝淋巴结临床阴性;接受规范的手术、放疗或全身系统性治疗。统计患者的临床病理学特征,采用χ ² 检验或Fisher精确概率法进行临床病理学特征与病理学低估比例的相关性分析,采用logistic回归探索病理学低估可能的危险因素。结果：研究纳入单纯DCIS、DCIS伴微浸润和DCIS可疑微浸润分别360、63和31例。单纯DCIS术后病理未升级占56.4%,升级为微浸润癌和浸润癌分别为21.7%和21.9%;后两组术后病理学诊断为微浸润癌的比例为30.2%和35.5%,浸润癌的比例为66.7%和61.3%,组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。肿瘤＞3 cm和核分级高发生病理学低估的风险,分别是肿瘤≤3 cm和核分级中低的1.97倍（95% CI：1.17~3.32,P=0.011）和2.30倍（95% CI：1.34~3.98,P=0.003）,而人表皮生长因子受体2（human epidemal growth factor receptor 2,HER2）不确定（OR=0.37,95% CI：0.19~0.72,P=0.003）和阳性（OR=0.38,95% CI：0.20~0.73,P=0.004）发生病理学低估的风险低于HER2阴性,差异有统计学意义。肿瘤>3 cm、核分级高、HER2阳性的CNB单纯原位癌的病理学低估比例最高,为73.1%;肿瘤>3 cm、核分级高、HER2不确定的病理学低估比例最低,为11.9%。结论：超声引导下CNB诊断的DCIS伴微浸润或DCIS可疑微浸润病理学低估的比例远高于单纯DCIS,二者不能免除SLNB。肿瘤＞3 cm、核分级高和HER2阴性是术前单纯DCIS出现病理学低估可能的危险因素,单纯DCIS仍需行腋窝SLNB。     

基于锥光束乳腺CT测量乳腺密度的可靠性研究

  目的  探讨基于锥光束乳腺CT（cone beam breast CT,CBBCT）的阈值分割法测量乳腺密度的准确性,及其对乳腺腺体分类和乳腺癌筛查的意义。  方法  回顾性分析2012年5月至2013年9月于天津医科大学肿瘤医院行乳腺X线检查（mammography,MG）及CBBCT检查的195例患者的影像学资料,其中64例患者的64侧乳腺符合入组条件。依据BI-RADS中乳腺构成的分类标准对其进行分类并得到多数报告;基于其CBBCT图像进行阈值分割法测量乳腺密度,并得到手动修正后乳腺密度。1个月后重复上述步骤。采用组内相关系数（intraclass correlation coefficient,ICC）比较观察者内、观察者间、阈值分割法测量与手动修正、非致密类及致密类乳腺测量结果之间的一致性。  结果  阈值分割法测量乳腺密度的观察者内和观察者间ICC值分别为0.9624（95% CI:0.9388~0.9770）和0.9666（95%CI:0.9500~0.9785）;手动修正测量观察者内和观察者间ICC值分别为0.9750（95%CI:0.9592~ 0.9847）和0.9775（95%CI:0.9661~0.9855）;阈值分割法与手动修正测量之间ICC值为0.9962（95%CI:0.9983~0.9977）;非致密类和致密类乳腺阈值分割法与手动修正之间ICC值分别为0.9497（95%CI:0.7072~0.9914）和0.9983（95%CI:0.9971~0.9990）。 结论 基于CBBCT图像的阈值分割法是一种较为稳定且准确的计算机辅助测量乳腺密度的方法,未来有望应用于大规模乳腺癌筛查,并为乳腺癌风险的预测提供更多信息。      

Factors associated with surgical options for breast carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Breast conservation surgery (BCS) and mastectomy have equivalent survival outcomes for women with breast carcinoma, but treatment decisions are affected by many factors. The current study evaluated the impact of patient and physician factors on surgical decision-making. METHODS: Statistical analyses were performed on a prospective multicenter study of patients with invasive breast carcinoma. Patient, physician, and geographic factors were considered. RESULTS: Of 4086 patients, BCS was performed in 2762 (67.6%) and mastectomy was performed in 1324 (32.4%). The median tumor size was 1.5 cm (range, < 0.1-9.0 cm) in patients undergoing BCS and 1.9 cm (range, 0.1-11.0 cm) in patients undergoing mastectomy (P < 0.00001). The median age of patients undergoing BCS was 59 years (range, 27-100 yrs), whereas patients who underwent mastectomy were older (median age of 63 yrs, range, 27-96 yrs [P < 0.00001]). Physicians in academic practices performed more lumpectomies than those who were not in an academic practice (70.9% vs. 65.7%; P = 0.001). More breast conservation procedures were performed by surgeons with a higher percentage of breast practice (P = 0.012). Geographic location was found to be significant, with the Northeast having the highest rate of breast conservation (70.8%) and the Southeast having the lowest (63.2%; P = 0.002). On multivariate analysis, patient age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.455; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.247-1.699 [P < 0.001]), tumor size (P < 0.001), tumor palpability (OR: 0.613; 95% CI, 0.524-0.716 [P < 0.001]), histologic subtype (P = 0.018), tumor location in the breast (P < 0.001), physician academic affiliation (OR: 1.193; 95% CI: 1.021-1.393 [P = 0.026]), and geographic location (P = 0.045) were found to be significant. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment decisions were found to be related to patient clinicopathologic features, surgeon academic affiliation, and geographic location. Future studies will elucidate the communication and psychosocial factors that may influence patient decision-making.     

The Impact of interferon lambda 3 Polymorphism on Hepato-Cellular Carcinoma Progression in Hepatitis C Virus Patients: Treatment-Naïve and Experienced

Objectives: In this study, we investigated the association between the IFN-λ3 rs12979860 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and the transition from late fibrosis to HCC in Egyptian HCV-chronically infected patients. Methods: The rs12979860 SNP was genotyped using real-time PCR in DNA from the whole blood of healthy subjects (n=60) and HCV patient   s (n=342). We stratified the patients into (1) treatment-naïve patients (n=218) with advanced fibrosis (F2-F4, n=123) and HCC (n=95 Treatment-experienced patients (n=124)  who received SOF-based therapy for 12 weeks and achieved SVR (SVR12). DAA-treated patients were divided into 2 groups: group I (n=63) included patients with advanced hepatic fibrosis (F2-F4) who did not develop HCC within a year after treatment, and group II (n=61) included patients who were free of focal hepatic lesions before starting DAA therapy but developed HCC within a year. Results: Our results demonstrated that treatment-naïve patients with the CT/TT genotypes and the T allele were more likely to have HCC (odds ratio 3.1, 95% CI 1.44-6.71, P = 0.003 and odds ratio 1.89, 95% CI 1.28-2.76, P = 0.001, respectively). Binary regression analysis defined 3 independent predictors associated with HCC development: age (odds ratio 1.039, 95% CI 1.004-1.076, P = 0.028), alanine aminotransferase (odds ratio 1.008, 95% CI 1.002-1.015, P = 0.010), and rs12979860 (odds ratio 3.65, 95% CI 1.484-8.969, P = 0.005). Conclusions: However, the rs12979860 SNP did not show any correlation with the progression of HCC post-treatment. Despite the debate on the contribution of IFN-λ3 rs12979860 to susceptibility to HCV-related HCC, our data confirm the role of this SNP in this context.     

Arterial phase enhancement and body mass index are predictors of response to chemoembolisation for liver metastases of endocrine tumours

Transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation (TACE) has been reported to be an efficient treatment of liver metastases of endocrine tumours in short series of patients. However, several factors seem to affect its results. The aim of this work is to identify predictors of response to TACE for liver metastases of endocrine tumours. A total of 163 TACE procedures were performed in 67 patients between 1994 and 2004. Forty-four patients were treated with streptozotocin and 23 with doxorubicin. Primary tumour was located in the pancreas for 19 patients, and had been removed in 43. Thirty-eight tumours were functioning. Response rate was 37% (confidence interval [CI] 95%: 28-49%). Median time to progression (TTP) was 14.5 months (CI 95%: 9-41). In multivariate analysis (n=43), predictors of tumour response were body mass index (BMI) (odds ratio [OR]: 1.3; CI 95%: 1.04-1.63; P=0.022), functioning type of tumour (OR: 7.31; CI 95%: 1.26-42.5; P=0.027), arterial phase enhancement on abdominal computed tomography (CT) (OR: 8.11; CI 95%:1.06-62; P=0.044) and use of streptozotocin for cytotoxic agent (OR: 21.3; CI 95%: 1.48-306; P=0.025). Analysis of TTP predictors showed that BMI (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.85; CI 95%: 0.76-0.86; P=0.01) and arterial phase enhancement (HR: 0.3; CI 95%: 0.12-0.73; P=0.008) were associated with delayed progression. This large study confirms the previously reported results of TACE regarding its efficacy for the treatment of liver metastases of endocrine tumours. Arterial phase enhancement on abdominal CT and BMI are predictors of treatment's efficacy. Streptozotocin should be the preferred cytotoxic agent in order to save anthracycline for systemic chemotherapy.     

High-dose cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: Review of three randomized trials

BACKGROUND: The use of high-dose cytosine arabinoside (HDAraC) during induction may improve outcomes in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) compared with standard-dose AraC (SDAraC). The objective of this review was to assess the impact of HDAraC during induction therapy for patients with AML based on results from randomized trials. METHODS: All randomized trials in the field were identified by using a predefined search strategy. Trials that assessed the impact of HDAraC compared with SDAraC as induction therapy for adult patients with AML in a randomized fashion and that reported the relevant endpoints were included. Data were extracted from each trial by both reviewers according to prespecified criteria. RESULTS: No differences between HDAraC and SDAraC were found with regard to complete remission rates (relative risk, 1.00; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.92-1.10). The weighted mean difference (WMD) for median recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 4.19 in favor of HDAraC (95% CI, 0.59-7.78; P = .02). The WMD for 4-year RFS was 10.98 in favor of HDAraC (95% CI, 1.02-20.94; P = .03). The WMD for median overall survival (OS) was - 0.22 for HDAraC compared with SDAraC (95% CI, - 2.76-2.32; P = .9). Data regarding the median OS was heterogeneous between studies (chi-square P = .00), with 2 studies in favor of HDAraC and 2 studies in favor of SDAraC. The WMD for 4-year OS was 6.21 in favor of HDAraC (95% CI, 2.70-9.72; P = .0005). CONCLUSIONS: Induction therapy with HDAraC improved long-term disease control and overall survival in adults age < 60 years with de novo AML. It remains unknown whether patients should receive HDAraC during induction or if it is to be given during postremission therapy. Further analyses should focus on this issue and on the effects of HDAraC in prognostically different subgroups of patients with AML.     

Six-month follow-up of patient-rated outcomes in a randomized controlled trial of exercise training during breast cancer chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Few exercise trials in cancer patients have reported longer-term follow-up. Here, we report a 6-month follow-up of exercise behavior and patient-rated outcomes from an exercise trial in breast cancer patients. METHODS: Breast cancer patients initiating adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 242) were randomly assigned to usual care (n = 82), resistance exercise training (RET; n = 82), or aerobic exercise training (AET; n = 78) for the duration of their chemotherapy. At 6-month follow-up, participants were mailed a questionnaire that assessed quality of life, self-esteem, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and exercise behavior. RESULTS: Two hundred one (83.1%) participants provided 6-month follow-up data. Adjusted linear mixed-model analyses showed that, at 6-month follow-up, the RET group reported higher self-esteem [adjusted mean difference, 1.6; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.1-3.2; P = 0.032] and the AET group reported lower anxiety (adjusted mean difference, -4.7; 95% CI, -0.0 to -9.3; P = 0.049) compared with the usual care group. Moreover, compared with participants reporting no regular exercise during the follow-up period, those reporting regular aerobic and resistance exercise also reported better patient-rated outcomes, including quality of life (adjusted mean difference, 9.5; 95% CI, 1.2-17.8; P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in self-esteem observed with RET during breast cancer chemotherapy were maintained at 6-month follow-up whereas reductions in anxiety not observed with AET during breast cancer chemotherapy emerged at 6-month follow-up. Moreover, adopting a combined aerobic and resistance exercise program after breast cancer chemotherapy was associated with further improvements in patient-rated outcomes. Exercise training during breast cancer chemotherapy may result in some longer-term and late effects for selected patient-rated outcomes.     

Moderators of the effects of exercise training in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Exercise training improves supportive care outcomes in patients with breast cancer who are receiving adjuvant therapy, but the responses are heterogeneous. In this study, the authors examined personal and clinical factors that may predict exercise training responses. METHODS: Breast cancer patients who were initiating adjuvant chemotherapy (N=242) were assigned randomly to receive usual care (UC) (n=82), resistance exercise training (RET) (n=82), or aerobic exercise training (AET) (n=78) for the duration of chemotherapy. Endpoints were quality of life (QoL), aerobic fitness, muscular strength, lean body mass, and body fat. Moderators were patient preference for group assignment, marital status, age, disease stage, and chemotherapy regimen. RESULTS: Adjusted linear mixed-model analyses demonstrated that patient preference moderated QoL response (P= .005). Patients who preferred RET improved QoL when they were assigned to receive RET compared with UC (mean difference, 16.5; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 4.3-28.7; P= .008) or AET (mean difference, 11; 95% CI, -1.1-23.4; P= .076). Patients who had no preference had improved QoL when they were assigned to receive AET compared with RET (mean difference, 23; 95% CI, 4.9-41; P= .014). Marital status also moderated QoL response (P= .026), age moderated aerobic fitness response (P= .029), chemotherapy regimen moderated strength gain (P= .009), and disease stage moderated both lean body mass gain (P< .001) and fat loss (P= .059). Unmarried, younger patients who were receiving nontaxane-based therapies and had more advanced disease stage experienced better outcomes. The findings were not explained by differences in adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Patient preference, demographic variables, and medical variables moderated the effects of exercise training in breast cancer patients who were receiving chemotherapy. If replicated, these results may inform clinical practice.     

Role of mammography screening as a predictor of survival in postmenopausal breast cancer patients

We examined the effect of population-based screening programme on tumour characteristics by comparing carcinomas diagnosed during the prescreening (N=341) and screening (N=552) periods. We identified screen detected (N=224), interval (N=99) and clinical cancer (N=229) cases. Median tumour size and proportion of axillary lymph node negative cases were 1.5 cm and 65% in the screen detected group, 2.0 cm and 44% in cases found outside the screening, and 3.2 cm and 41% in the cases from the prescreening period. Survival of the breast cancer patients was 66% (95% CI, 60-71%) in the prescreening era group and 73% (95% CI, 66-78%) in the screening era group after 10 years of follow-up. In the screening era group the survival of the screen detected cases was 86% (95% CI, 80-90%) and that of the clinical cancer cases 73% (95% CI, 66-78%) after 10 years. In multivariate analysis the risk of breast cancer death was not significantly different between the prescreening and screening periods (HR 0.82; 95% CI 0.59-1.12, P=0.21). Detection by screening was not an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (HR 0.75; CI 95% 0.50-1.12; P=0.17).     

胰腺癌CTV范围的多排螺旋CT与病理学研究

目的 探索胰腺癌原发灶CT扫描与术后病理大小的关系及显微病灶浸润范围,以确定放疗靶区勾画中CTV范围。方法 对2013—2014年在解放军总医院和空军总医院收治的19例胰腺癌患者进行研究。15例被测量术前多排螺旋CT图像和术后大体标本上肿瘤横断面最大直径,19例被在显微镜下测量病理切片上肿瘤浸润范围和计算的实际浸润范围。配对t检验不同测量方法结果差异。结果 15例患者大体标本、CT测量的肿瘤最大直径分别为33.6、30.1 mm (P=0.000),二者差值的中位数、平均值分别为3.1 mm (1.2~8.0 mm)、(3.6±2.0) mm,95%CI为1.2~6.0 mm。19例患者最大实际浸润距离、最大测量距离分别为3.50、3.19 mm (P=0.000),二者差值的中位数和平均值分别为0.31 mm (0.15~0.50 mm)、(0.30±0.09) mm。原发灶边缘至浸润灶距离最大值为5.21 mm,中位数、平均值分别为3.34 mm (2.19~5.21 mm)、(3.50±0.88) mm,95%CI为2.19~5.06 mm。结论 增强CT低估了胰腺癌原发灶实际大小,在GTV基础上外扩5 mm作为CTV可能不够充分,建议再增加1~3 mm。