我国人口老龄化现状与护理对策

从我国人口老龄化的现状、人口老龄化对护理工作的需求、我国的护理工作现状及积极应对人口老龄化的护理对策进行综述,提出针对我国老年人的健康状况,迫切需要拓宽护理教育层次,培养高素质的老年护理专业人才,合理配置人力资源,普及社区健康教育,广泛开展社区老年护理服务,促进人口老龄化与护理工作的协调发展.     

建立社区老年公寓护理模式探讨

作为一个从计划经济向市场经济转型的发展中国家．我国人口老龄化给整个社会的老年护理带来了很大的压力。总结现有老年人护理模式．提出一种新型的社区老年公寓模式。此模式综合了以家庭为中心的护理模式和老年公寓模式的优点，既方便。又减轻了子女的负担，还解决了医疗服务配备不全的问题。     

老年骨科治疗模式的探讨

从我国人口老龄化的现状出发，根据老年骨科患者的生理、心理特点，进一步在目前骨科治疗模式的基础上探索老年骨科的治疗模式，以期更好的满足老年患者的需求，促进人口老龄化与老年骨科工作的协调发展。     

深圳市社区老年居民的卫生服务需求调查

目的调查深圳市社区老年居民的卫生服务需求及对社区护理服务的满意度，为增强社区服务功能提供依据。方法在深圳市3个社区抽取65岁以上常住社区的518名老年人进行问卷调查。结果224名（43．24％）老年居民需要增加上门基础护理、208名（40．15％）需要提供老年慢性病护理、196名（37．84％）需要进行健康教育咨询；有236名（45．56％）老年居民对社区卫生服务的总体评价比较满意，177名（34．17％）认为一般。结论社区老年人对卫生健康知识需求迫切，社区管理者应重视老年人的需求，增加上门服务，建立家庭病床，同时社区卫生服务中心应加强卫生宣教工作，改进服务内容和服务质量，提高老年居民对社区卫生服务的满意度。     

香港老年社区护理特点与启迪

对香港老年社区护理特点进行阐述，其主要特点为成熟的医院外展服务、多部门拿作构建的老年照护体系、全面的医护服务内容、从老年人及其家庭的需求出发不断创新。建议针对我国老年社区护理的发展，开展社区老年照护需求的调查；建立社区与医院间的双向转介；发展多种护老方式，构建老年照护体系；考虑老年人的需求，将部分医院服务内容引入社区。     

借鉴美国模式谈我国老年社区护理发展的思路

借鉴美国的老年社区护理发展模式,即通过护理评估将病人资料由医院转向社区老年护理中心,给在护理单元或者家庭内的病人提供全面系统有针对性的康复治疗和护理,并由第三方保险公司管理医疗费用,分析我国老年社区护理发展的现状,反思我们现存的问题,探讨适合我国老年社区发展的思路.     

老年患者义齿修复过程中的心理特点及护理对策

随着社会的发展，人口老龄化的问题目趋明显。在口腔修复临床接诊的患者中，老年患者所占比重较大。根据我国65岁以上老年患者口腔健康状况流行病学的调查资料显示，我圈65～74岁老年患者平均存留牙为18．1颗，需要进行修复。由于老年患者生理及心理的特殊要求，人们越来越认识到对老年患者进行口腔健康教育的重要性，在老年患者的义齿修复过程中的心理护理显得尤为重要。     

建立社区老年公寓护理模式探讨

作为一个从计划经济向市场经济转型的发展中国家,我国人口老龄化给整个社会的老年护理带来了很大的压力.总结现有老年人护理模式,提出一种新型的社区老年公寓模式.此模式综合了以家庭为中心的护理模式和老年公寓模式的优点,既方便,又减轻了子女的负担,还解决了医疗服务配备不全的问题.     

上海市社区护士老年护理核心能力现状调查

目的了解上海市社区护士的老年护理核心能力水平,并分析其影响因素。方法在上海市8个区抽取25家社区卫生服务中心,采用社区护士老年护理核心能力问卷对符合纳入标准的733名社区护士进行调查。结果上海市社区护士的老年护理核心能力总均分为(96.61±22.93)分;职称、对老年护理工作喜爱度、目前工作胜任度以及是否有过二三级医院或站点工作经历、是否参加过相关培训是社区护士老年护理核心能力的影响因素(P0.05,P0.01)。结论上海市社区护士具备一定的为社区老年人服务的护理能力,但仍存在不足,需要开展针对性培训并结合激励政策加以提升。     

社区护理发展的国际比较与启示

就国内外社区护理的发展概况、组织机构、工作内容、工作形式、基本原则以及对护理人员的基本专业要求等方面展开比较,强调以护理改革为先导,大力进行社区护理教育和改革,根据社区需要明确社区护理培养和教育目标,调整组织机构和对护理人员进行专业培训,并引进全科医学护理理念,构建社区护理新模式,以推动我国社区护理的发展.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.