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目的 探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生原因及防治措施。方法 回顾性研究110例原位肝移植的临床资料。结果 110例病人术后共发生胆道并发症15例(13．6％)。其中单纯胆癌5例，迟发性弥漫性肝内胆管损伤3例，拔除T管后胆瘘2例，胆管空肠吻合口狭窄、肝内胆管结石、胆道狭窄合并胆泥形成、胆瘘后继发胆道狭窄、胆道狭窄合并肝内胆汁瘤形成各1例。除3例弥漫性肝内胆管损伤外，12例中2例死于严重胆道感染，其余10例经治疗痊愈。结论 原位肝移植术后胆道并发症病因复杂，治疗相对困难，因此首先应该注重预防，其次尽量做到早期诊断，针对不同的情况采取相应的治疗措施；重视ERCP和PTC等辅助性介入治疗方法。     

Management of biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation

INTRODUCTION: Despite improved survival, biliary complications remain a significant cause of morbidity following orthotopic liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to review the incidence, treatment and optimum management pathway of biliary complications at the Scottish Liver Transplant Unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patient data were collected prospectively onto a database at the Scottish Liver Transplant Unit with review of hospital records for validation. RESULTS: A total of 379 consecutive orthotopic liver transplants were performed in 333 adult patients between November 1992 and September 2001. Biliary complications occurred in 55 grafts (51 patients) (14.6%) and their incidence decreased with time. Biliary complications occurred in 29 (10.9%) of the 265 choledocho-choledochostomies compared with 14 (25%) of the 56 with T-tubes. Twenty-eight biliary leaks occurred, 22 of which were anastomotic. Seventeen anastomotic leaks were successfully treated non-operatively. Eight patients with biliary leaks subsequently developed an anastomotic stricture. Of the 30 anastomotic strictures, stent insertion was successful in resolving six of 14 (42%) early anastomotic strictures compared with one of 12 (8%) late anastomotic strictures (p = 0.0479). Six (38%) of the 16 early anastomotic strictures required surgery for complete resolution, compared with 12 (86%) of the 14 late anastomotic strictures (p = 0.0106). CONCLUSION: The incidence of biliary complications has decreased with time. The abandonment of choledocho-choledochostomy over a T-tube has been justified. A combination of conservative, endoscopic, and radiological management has been effective in treating biliary leaks and early anastomotic stricture. However endoscopic or radiological stenting was ineffective in the management of late anastomotic strictures, which were best treated by surgical intervention.     

Diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation

Biliary tract complications are a continuing source of morbidity after liver transplantation. In a 3.5-year period we performed 264 liver transplants in 226 patients (132 adults, 94 children). Biliary tract reconstruction was via Roux limb choledochojejunostomy (n = 144) or choledochocholedochostomy (n = 118). Fifty (19.1%) biliary complications occurred, and 35 (13.4%) necessitated operative repair. The incidence was similar in adults and children and after each method of reconstruction. Risk factors were vascular thrombosis and reduced-sized transplants. Diagnosis was based on the algorithmic use of multiple modalities with early biliary visualization. Roux limb complications usually occurred in the first month after transplant and necessitated operative intervention, whereas duct-to-duct problems appeared later and were more accessible to percutaneous or endoscopic manipulations. Eight (6.8%) patients required conversion to a Roux limb, whereas 8/15 (53.3%) cases of biliary stricture were successfully managed nonoperatively. Three (1.3%) patients and four (1.5%) grafts were lost as a result of biliary complications. One-year actuarial patient survival is 76.4% with a mean follow-up of 13.2 months. Early recognition of biliary complications and prompt interventional therapy can effectively prevent long-term sequelae. Although choledochocholedochostomy is more physiologic and expeditious, Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy remains a safe and versatile alternative and is the preferred method of reconstruction in select cases.     

肝移植后胆道并发症的诊断和处理

目的 研究肝移植后胆道并发症的诊断和处理及分析相关因素。方法 回顾性研究Pittsburgh移植中心96例肝移植病人。结果 94例（97次移植）存活2d以上的病人，92例为端端＋T管的胆道吻合，随访时间为5.8个月（0.3-10.2个月）。分析发现92例病人中8例有胆道并发症（8.51%）；T管拔除时胆漏2例，术后早期胆漏2例，狭窄2例。75％胆道并发症有诱因，诱因：肝动脉狭窄2例，其中1例合并严重排斥反应；肝动脉血栓3例；供一受体胆管直径不匹配1例。冷缺血时间无显著性差异。5例有肝动脉血栓和（或）狭窄＞50％行再移植，另3例无肝动脉血栓和（或）狭窄＜50％经皮穿刺和内窥镜＋支架或行气囊扩张，所有病人均获得良好疗效。结论 肝移植术后胆道并发症发生率为8.51％（胆－胆端端吻合＋T管），胆道狭窄晚于胆漏，肝动脉检塞和（或狭窄是最重要的相关因素；无肝动脉栓塞和（或）狭窄，则无需手术治疗，若有肝动脉栓塞和（或）狭窄＞50％，应尽早做再次肝移植。     

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目的 探讨内镜治疗在肝移植术后胆道并发症中的地位和作用。方法 对1993年4月至2002年12月实施的210例肝移植病人临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 共确诊29例肝移植术后胆道并发症。胆道并发症发生率为13．8％，与胆道并发症相关的病死率为1．4％。内镜治疗占53．3％(24／45)。结论 内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)对胆道并发症既能准确诊断，又能提供有效的介入治疗手段。ERCP治疗吻合口漏、吻合口狭窄和胆总管结石的疗效理想，对缺血性胆管病变的诊断作用大于治疗作用。     

Diffuse biliary tract injury after orthotopic liver transplantation.

An unusual type of diffuse biliary tract injury after liver transplantation that is characterized by multiple intrahepatic biliary strictures, ductal dilatations, fluid collections, or intrahepatic abscesses has been identified. Over a 5-year period, a total of 10 patients (2%) developed diffuse intrahepatic biliary injury with established vascular patency and no obvious source for their biliary tract pathology. All patients received livers preserved in University of Wisconsin solution with a mean preservation time of 16 hours. This biliary tract injury was associated with the presence of severe preservation injury and Roux limb biliary reconstruction. Of the 10 patients, 5 were treated nonoperatively with multiple stricture dilations and stent placements, 3 underwent retransplantation, 1 was treated operatively with hepaticojejunostomy, and 1 died of sepsis. This study suggests that this complication appears to be related to preservation injury and that the etiology may be ischemic in origin.     

原位肝移植术后胆管并发症的预防与处理

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后胆管并发症的原因及防治。方法 2000年5月至2002年1月38例原位肝移植的临床资料进行回顾性研究。结果 本组38例病人术后共发生胆管并发症9例（9/38，24%）。其中单纯胆瘘4例，胆管空肠吻合口狭窄，肝内胆管结石，胆管狭窄合并胆泥形成，胆瘘继发胆管狭窄，胆管狭窄合并肝内胆汁瘤各1例。此9例中2例死于严重感染，7例痊愈。结论 原位肝移植术后胆管并发症病因复杂，后果严重。首先应该注重预防，并做到早期诊断。逆行性胰胆管造影术（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopanreatography,ERCP）和经皮经肝胆管造影术（percutaneous tran-shepatic cholangiography,PTC）等辅助性介入治疗手段应受到重视。     

人体原位肝脏移植术后胆道与血管并发症的放射介入治疗

目的 评估放射介入治疗在人体原位肝脏移植病人术后胆道与血管并发症中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析自1999年1月至2001年4月我院连续实施的48例人体原位肝脏移植的临床资料，总结放射介入技术治疗术后胆道与血管并发症的实施体会。结果 术后经T管胆道造影术及核磁共振胆胰管成像（MRCP）证实，3例病人存在胆道狭窄，其中2例为肝门部胆管与肝总管狭窄，1例为吻合口处胆管狭窄，共实施经T管窦道选择性球囊扩张术6例次，胆道狭窄得以改善，肝功能好转。术后经彩色多普勒超声、核磁共振血管造影（MRA）及静脉造影证实，2例病人存在肝上下腔静脉狭窄与门静脉吻合口狭窄，分别实施肝上下腔静脉狭窄段球囊扩张术1例次，肝上下腔静脉内支架置入术2例次、门静脉内支架置入术1例次。放射介入治疗后，影像学检查显示血管狭窄基本消失，病人肝功能明显好转、腹水显著减少、尿量增加。5例中最长1例健康存活至今已超过19个月。结论 肝脏主后应常规联合应用胆道造影术和MRCP了解胆树全貌，彩色多普勒超声和MRA监测血管血流动力学，以尽早诊断胆道和血管并发症；及时果断采用正确的放射介入技术处理胆道与血管并发症可取得良好疗效。     

肝移植术后胆系并发症——100例经验

随着多方面技术的不断提高，原位肝移植术后生存率在一些发达国家已达到非常令人满意的水平。然而，肝移植术后胆系并发症发生率颇高，而且处理困难，已经直接影响到生存率及长期存活病人的生活质量，引起广泛的关注。1988年6月至1993年8月期间，位于墨尔本大学Austin医院的国家肝移植中心连续为96例终末期肝病病人进行了100例次原位肝移植术。全部病例均得到随访，平均随访时间53.4个月，1年生存率89％，5年生存率83％，最长健康存活病例已逾7年。本组无病人直接死于胆系并发症。本文重点探讨术后胆系并发症与肝移植术中胆道重建技术的关…     

The experience of biliary tract complications after liver transplantation

AIM: To report the morbidity and mortality of patients who undergo liver transplantation with or without T-tube implantation after choledochocholedochostomy as well as to discuss management of biliary complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 104 liver transplantations from August 2001 to February 2006, including 51 patients who underwent choledochocholedochostomy with a T-tube (group A) and 53, without a T-tube (group B). We compared the clinical characteristics, operative methods, biliary complications, morbidity, mortality, and management of complications. RESULTS: Between the two groups, there were no significant differences in clinical characteristics, including sex, age, and indication for liver transplantation (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, alcoholic liver cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma), Child-Pugh classification, Model for End-stage Liver Disease score, and operative macroscopic/microscopic findings. Additionally, there was no significant difference in biliary complications. Among these 104 patients, 14 (13.5%) developed biliary complications: seven anastomotic strictures, two intrahepatic duct strictures, two anastomotic stricture combined intrahepatic duct stricture, one bile leakage, one bile leakage combined with anastomotic stricture, and one external biliary compression. Nine patients with anastomotic stricture underwent endoscopy with a stent, which was successful only in two patients. The other six patients underwent choledochojejunostomy with excellent results. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed choledochocholedochostomy with or without a T-tube after liver transplantation did not influence the biliary complications. The biliary complications of anastomotic stricture after liver transplantation can be managed by endoscopy with a stent. If endoscopy fails, surgical intervention should be considered immediately.     

肝移植胆系并发症的防治

目的 探讨原位肝移植胆系并发症的预防及治疗。方法 回顾性分析1999年2月至2002年12月完成的95例次原位肝移植。门静脉、下腔静脉转流下原位肝移植12例,背驮式肝移植78例,活体部分肝移植5例。胆道重建：胆管对端吻合91例,放置胆道外引流55例,36例未放置胆道引流。胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合4例。胆管吻合及胆肠吻合应用5旬或6-0 Vicryl缝线或PDS缝线间断或连续缝合。术后以血清学检查、超声、胆道造影等手段随访。结果 共发生胆系并发症7例,发生率7．3％。2例术后7、10d吻合口胆漏,致胆汁性腹膜炎,再次手术引流。1例术后1个月胆管吻合口狭窄,内窥镜下支架内支撑治愈。2例拔除T管时胆漏,1例保守治愈,1例腹腔镜下缝合窦道、腹腔引流治愈。1例术后5个月因胆管消融、胆管炎死亡。1例术后10d因肝动脉血栓形成继发胆管坏死后死亡。74例随访1-42个月(平均11．4个月),胆道造影及(或)超声检查未见肝内外胆管狭窄,无胆泥、胆石形成,血清学检查提示肝功能状态良好。结论供肝切取时保护胆管黏膜及肝外胆管动脉供给,实现精细胆管黏膜对黏膜无张力对端吻合是预防胆系并发症的关键。内窥镜下狭窄段胆管扩张、内支撑是治疗肝移植肝外胆管狭窄的有效手段。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的介入治疗

目的探讨介入治疗在肝移植术后胆道并发症治疗方面的作用。方法回顾性分析本中心2004年4月至2006年10月采用介入方法治疗的37例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的I临床资料。结果本中心肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生率为7．2％（30／417）。介入治疗的近期治愈率为54．1％（20／37），近期治愈患者中需反复治疗的比率是40％（8／20），围手术期病死率为5．4％（2／37），总病死率为16．2％（6／37）。吻合口漏、胆道坏死导致的胆漏、吻合口狭窄、非吻合口狭窄、胆泥和胆石形成的介入治疗治愈率分别为57．1％（4／7）、0（0／4）、100％（8／8）、16．7％（2／12）、100％（6／6）。结论介入治疗是肝移植术后胆道并发症的重要治疗方法。疗效与胆道并发症的类型相关，吻合口狭窄、胆泥和胆石形成以及吻合口漏的介入治疗效果良好；胆道坏死导致的胆漏及非吻合口狭窄的介入治疗效果较差，应把握好时机进行再次肝移植。     

原位肝移植后胆道并发症的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊治。方法 回顾性分析40例原位肝移植的临床资料，总结术后胆道并发症的防治经验。结果 3例患者术后出现血胆红素和／或转氨酶持续性升高，经T管胆道造影术及核磁共振胆胰管成像证实存在胆道狭窄，其中2例为肝门部胆管与肝总管狭窄，1例为吻合口处胆管狭窄。经采用T管窦道球囊扩张术，3例的胆道狭窄得以改善，肝功能好转，其中1例经3次选择性球囊扩张，现健康存活已21月余；其中合并胆漏的1例，在B型超声波引导下穿刺置管负压引流后治愈；合并胆道胆泥淤积的1例及合并多重胆道感染的2例，均予以对症治疗。结论 手术技术不佳及胆管的血液供应不良是肝移植术后发生胆道并发症的重要因素；联合应用胆道造影术和核磁共振胆胰管成像能了解胆树全貌，有助于胆道狭窄、胆泥淤积与胆漏的诊断；及时采用放射介入技术处理胆道并发症可取得良好疗效。     

原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的防治

目的　探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的防治方法。方法　回顾性分析 1 3例原位肝移植中术后4例胆道并发症的临床资料 ,对其余 9例未发生胆道并发症的经验进行总结。结果　胆道并发症发生率30 .7% ,3例治愈 ,1例死于肝动脉血栓形成引起的胆总管吻合口漏。结论　早期胆漏常发生于吻合口 ,可采用胆总管重新吻合 (端端吻合或胆肠吻合 )治疗 ,手术操作中避免胆管缺血可有效预防吻合口漏。肝动脉血栓形成预后差。不放置T管可避免与T管有关的并发症。吻合口狭窄可采用介入治疗或手术治疗。     

Long-term incidence, risk factors, and management of biliary complications after adult living donor liver transplantation.

A considerable proportion of adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) recipients experience biliary complication (BC), but there are few reports regarding BC based on long-term studies of a large LDLT population. The present study examined BC incidence, risk factors and management using single-center data from 259 adult patients (225 right liver and 34 left liver grafts) between 2000 and 2002. The mean follow-up period was 46 +/- 14 months. Biliary reconstruction included single duct-to-duct anastomosis (DD, n = 141), double DD (n = 19), single hepaticojejunostomy (HJ, n = 67), double HJ (n = 28), and combined DD and HJ (n = 4). There were 12 episodes of anastomotic bile leak and 42 episodes of anastomotic stenosis in 50 recipients. Most leaks occurred within the first month, whereas stenosis occurred over 3 yr. Most stenoses were successfully treated using radiological intervention. Cumulative 1-, 3-, and 5-yr BC rates were 12.9%, 18.2%, and 20.2%, respectively. BC occurred much more frequently in right liver grafts compared to left liver grafts (P = 0.024). Stenosis-free survival curves for right liver graft recipients were similar for all reconstruction groups. When right liver graft recipients with single biliary reconstructions were grouped according to graft duct size and type of biliary reconstruction, DD involving a small-sized duct (less than 4 mm in diameter) was found to be a BC risk factor (P = 0.015), whereas HJ involving such duct sizes was not found to be associated with a higher risk (P = 0.471). In conclusion, close surveillance for BC appears necessary for at least the first 3 yr after LDLT. We found that most BC could be successfully controlled using radiological intervention. In terms of anastomotic stenosis risk, HJ appears a better choice than DD for right liver grafts involving ducts less than 4 mm in diameter.     

The incidence and management of biliary complications following liver transplantation in children

Biliary complications following liver transplantation are a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. During the period 1988–1993 ten cases of biliary complications occurred after 98 transplantations in 78 children. The complications were four bile leaks, three intrahepatic biliary strictures (one with recurrent cholangitis), two anastomotic biliary strictures (one with recurrent cholangitis) and one recurrent cholangitis. All leaks occurred within 6 weeks of transplantation whereas all strictures and cholangitic episodes occurred after 3 months. Two biliary complications (20%) — one intrahepatic and one anastomotic stricture — developed secondary to hepatic artery thrombosis. The incidence of biliary complications was 13.2% with whole liver grafts as compared to 6.7% with partial liver grafts and it was 4.3% with duct-to-duct anastomosis as compared to 12.0% with Roux-en-Y hepatico-jejunostomy. Seven children required intervention for management of biliary complications and three were managed conservatively. There were no deaths related to the biliary complications.     

Surgical treatment of biliary tract complications after liver transplantation

Objective

Biliary strictures are the most common biliary tract complication after liver transplantation. There are scarce data on the results of hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) in the management of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Thus, the role of surgery in this setting remains to be established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of surgical treatment of patients with biliary complications at our institution.

Patients and Methods

We reviewed 1000 consecutive liver transplantations performed at our institution from 1984 to 2007. We used a prospectively recorded database to identify patients who underwent HJ to treat any biliary tract complication.

Results

Overall, 62 patients (6.2%) underwent HJ, 40 for an anastomotic and 7 for a non-anastomotic stricture as well as 15 for biliary leaks. Postoperative morbidity was 16%, and postoperative mortality 1.6%. There were 7 cases of anastomotic stenosis (11.3%). Four patients (5%) required retransplantation.

Conclusions

HJ is a safe procedure to manage biliary complications after OLT. It may be the first treatment choice especially for cases with anastomotic strictures.