苏州市公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况调查

为了解苏州市公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况,预防空气传播性疾病在公共场所中传播、保障公众健康,于2007年8—10月用简单随机抽样方法抽取苏州市区商场8家,检测集中空调通风系统送风中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)浓度、细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌,风管表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数。宾馆、医院等公共场所21家,检测集中空调通风系统冷凝水和冷却水和中嗜肺军团菌。8家商场送风中PM10、真菌总数的合格率分别为74.52%和93.75%,细菌总数和β-溶血性链球菌均合格。风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数合格率分别为为75%,93.75%,93.75%。21家公共场所冷凝水和冷却水嗜肺军团菌检出率分别为42.9%和58.8%。苏州市集中空调通风系统存在一定程度的污染,需进一步加强监督管理。     

西安市地铁3号线运营前集中空调通风系统卫生状况

目的了解西安市地铁3号线运营前集中空调通风系统卫生状况,为卫生管理提供参考依据。方法检测19个车站集中空调通风系统卫生状况。检测指标包括风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数,送风中细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌,冷却水、冷凝水中嗜肺军团菌。结果风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数合格率分别为100.00%、100.00%、99.44%;送风中细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌合格率分别为98.89%、92.78%、100.00%;站厅、站台风管内表面及送风中卫生指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。冷却水、冷凝水中未检出嗜肺军团菌。结论西安市地铁3号线运营前集中空调通风系统卫生状况良好,但仍存在一定程度污染,应加强卫生管理并定期清洗。     

综合医院集中空调通风系统卫生学调查

目的 通过调查综合医院集中空调通风系统的卫生状况,分析可能的影响因素.方法 于2012年对天津市11家综合性医院集中空调通风系统的风管内表面积尘量、积尘中细菌总数、真菌总数和金黄色葡萄球菌,送风中的可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、细菌总数、真菌总数和溶血性链球菌,冷却水、冷凝水中的嗜肺军团菌进行检测.结果 积尘量合格率为47.2％,风管内表面积尘中均未检出金黄色葡萄球菌;送风中可吸入颗粒物合格率为48.3％,细菌总数合格率为78.3％;冷却水中嗜肺军团菌检出率为42.8％,冷凝水中嗜肺军团菌检出率为7.2％,以LP1型为主.已清洗的集中空调通风系统积尘量和可吸入颗粒物合格率高于未清洗的(P＜0.01).未清洗过的门诊区集中空调通风系统积尘量合格率(0％)低于病房区(44.4％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 本次调查的综合医院集中空调通风系统风管内表面积尘量、送风中可吸入颗粒物、细菌总数超标较严重,应加强清洗消毒.     

三城市公共场所集中空调系统污染现状调查

目的了解南方三城市公共场所集中空调通风系统污染现状。方法于2008年9月和2009年7月对我国南方三城市公共场所集中空调通风系统现状进行调查。检测冷却塔水、冷凝水、淋浴水、淋浴喷头涂抹样中的嗜肺军团菌,空调风管内表面积尘量和送风PM10以及细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌。按照《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》进行评价。结果集中空调通风系统冷却水、冷凝水,宾馆淋浴水、淋浴喷头涂抹样中嗜肺军团菌阳性率分别为79%(190/241),8%(3/40),34%(49/143),3%(4/145);空调送风中PM10、细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌合格率分别为50%(22/44),41%(18/44),64%(28/44),100%;空调风管内表面积尘、细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌合格率分别为58%(25/43),81%(35/43),84%(36/43),100%。结论三城市公共场所集中空调通风系统主要污染来自嗜肺军团菌、细菌总数和PM10,应加强集中空调通风系统的清洗和消毒,从而保障人群健康。     

厦门市公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况及评价

目的调查评价厦门市公共场所集中空调通风系统污染状况,为卫生管理提供依据。方法依据《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》(卫监督发〔2006〕58号)的要求,于2009年5月～9月对厦门市四星级以上宾馆及大型公共场所共43家集中空调进行卫生检测,检测送风中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌;风管内表面积尘量和积尘中细菌总数、真菌总数β-溶血性链球菌以及检测冷却塔水中的嗜肺军团菌。结果公共场所集中空调送风系统可吸入颗粒物(PM10)合格率93.55%,细菌总数合格率为90.32%,真菌总数合格率为96.77%,风管内表面积尘量合格率为98.49%,风管内细菌总数合格率为97.24%,风管内真菌合格率为94.97%,送风系统及风管内β-溶血性链球菌均未检出,冷却塔水中的嗜肺军团菌检出率为29.17%。结论公共场所集中空调通风系统存在一定程度的污染,应加强卫生管理。     

粤西两城市辖区公共场所集中空调通风系统的卫生现状

目的了解茂名市和阳江市辖区内公共场所集中空调通风系统的卫生现状。方法对2016年9—10月期间茂名市茂南区和阳江市江城区辖区内的公共场所集中空调通风系统的现状进行调查。检测空调送风中的可吸入颗粒物、细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌;空调风管内表面的积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数;冷却水和冷凝水的嗜肺军团菌。按照WS 394-2012《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》进行评价。结果集中空调通风系统的送风中可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))、细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌合格率分别为98.75%(158/160)、65%(104/160)、81.25%(130/160)、100.00%(160/160);空调风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数合格率分别为90.63%(145/160),63.13%(101/160),52.50%(84/160);冷却水和冷凝水均未检测出嗜肺军团菌。结论两城市市辖区的集中空调通风系统的均以细菌和真菌污染为主,应加强集中空调通风系统的清洗和消毒,从而保障人群健康。     

汕头市公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况及评价

目的分析汕头市2012年-2014年公共场所集中空调通风系统微生物污染现状。方法用随机抽样方法抽取汕头市14家公共场所的集中空调通风系统,抽取空调送风中、空调风管内表面、冷却水样本,检测细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、PM 10、积尘量、嗜肺军团菌。结果 14家集中空调通风系统的186份样本空调送风中的PM10、细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌合格率分别为100.00%、88.71%、81.72%、100.00%;165份样本风管内表面的积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌合格率分别为98.79%、94.55%、85.45%、100.00%、99.40%;35份冷却水中未检出嗜肺军团菌。结论汕头市公共场所集中空调通风系统存在不同程度的污染,应定期对公共场所集中空调系统进行清洗消毒,加强监督监测。     

2013年驻穗部队公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况调查

目的了解2013年驻穗部队公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况,为军区卫生监督管理提供科学依据。方法对驻穗部队18家公共场所集中空调通风系统进行采样,共检测29个新风口、87个送风口、58个风管、29个冷却塔。检测指标为新风量,冷却水嗜肺军团菌,送风口可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌等致病微生物,风管内表面的积尘量、积尘中的细菌总数、真菌总数。结果新风量合格率为100%,冷却水嗜肺军团菌合格率为100%,送风口PM10和细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌等致病微生物合格率分别为89.7%、74.7%、94.3%、97.7%,风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数和真菌总数合格率分别为77.6%、70.7%、89.7%。结论 2013年驻穗部队公共场所集中空调通风系统冷却塔的清洗效果较好,但送风管道仍存在一定的污染,建议各单位加强送风管道的清洗消毒。     

福州市2009—2014年星级酒店集中空调系统污染状况调查

目的了解福州市星级酒店集中空调通风系统的污染状况。方法按《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》要求,于2009—2014年选取福州市10家星级酒店,进行风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数,送风中β-溶血性链球菌总数,冷却水及冷凝水中嗜肺军团菌总数的检测和判定。结果 2009—2014年10家酒店30套集中空调系统5项指标均合格的套数合格率分别为3.3%、33.3%、80.0%、90.0%、90.0%和93.3%,呈逐年上升趋势;积尘量总合格率88.6%,总体呈上升趋势;其中风管内表面细菌总数总合格率95.1%、真菌总数总合格率92.2%,通风系统送风β-溶血性链球菌总合格率97.4%,冷却水及冷凝水嗜肺军团菌总合格率98.8%。结论福州市星级酒店集中空调通风系统管道内表面的主要为积尘和微生物污染,应继续加强了卫生管理,定期清洗与消毒,改善污染状况。     

2007年海淀区部分酒店集中空调通风系统微生物检测分析

目的了解北京市海淀区酒店集中空调通风系统送风微生物污染状况。方法于2007年4月～10月监测了海淀区14家酒店的集中空调通风系统,分别对空调送风中空气细菌总数,真菌总数和β-溶血性链球菌、冷却水中嗜肺军团菌、风管内表面细菌总数和真菌总数进行检测。结果送风中空气细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌合格率分别为60.0%、92.0%、100%;风管内表面细菌总数、真菌总数合格率分别为97.4%、90.9%;冷却水中嗜肺军团菌合格率为41.6%。结论海淀区部分酒店集中空调通风系统送风中空气细菌总数合格率较低,冷却水中嗜肺军团菌污染情况较为严重,应加强集中空调系统的清洗消毒和卫生监督管理。     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

芜湖地区儿童隐孢子虫病调查

1989年5月~9月,对安徽省芜湖市五所医院儿科就诊的腹泻患儿进行隐孢子虫病调查。粪检腹泻患儿3 498人,卵囊检出率1.9%。男女检出率无差异;6个月内的患儿中未检出卵囊阳性者;86.2%的卵囊阳性者分布于7个月~4岁年龄段;乡村患儿的卵囊检出率2倍于城市患儿;病例呈高度散发状态;卵囊检出率从6月下旬开始上升,在本调查中,92.5%的病例分布于6月下旬~9月。所见病例,从临床表现到大便性状均无特殊,且均呈自限性,病程似较文献报道者为短。     

Correlation among cadmium levels in river sediment, in rice, in daily foods and in urine of residents in 11 prefectures in Japan

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine if overall correlation exists among cadmium levels (Cd) in the general environment, dietary Cd intake, and Cd body burden of local residents. Methods: Eleven prefectures in Japan were selected as the areas where large-scale data on Cd levels in urine of adult women (40–49 and 50–59 years of age, respectively) were available to calculate geometric mean (GM) values for each of the prefecture. Other data were cited from published or previously established databases on Cd in the sediments of river bottoms (as a representative of Cd in the environment), Cd in rice for local consumption, and Cd in daily food duplicate samples collected from local women populations, and calculated for GM values for the prefectures. The GM values were subjected to correlation matrix and regression analysis. Results: Marginally significant (P<0.10) correlation was detected between Cd in sediment and Cd in rice. Furthermore, correlation of Cd in sediment was significant with Cd in total foods (P<0.05) and possibly with Cd in urine (P<0.05–0.10). Importance of data on Cd in rice paddy soil as a missing link is discussed. Conclusions: Correlation was demonstrated in the flow of Cd transport from the environment (expressed as Cd contents in river sediments) to humans (in terms of Cd in urine) among general populations in Japan.     

谈神经内科医院感染危险因素及护理对策

目的：了解引起神经内科住院患者医院感染的危险因素，采取有效的护理措施，以降低医院感染的发生率和死亡率。方法：结合多年临床经验，对医院感染不同的危险因素进行分析及提出护理对策。结论：神经内科医院感染发病率较高，获得途径以外源为主，针对主要危险因素的发生原因，我们应加强病房管理，严格执行消毒隔离制度，合理应用抗生素，加强基础护理和健康教育，缩短住院天数，以降低神经内科医院感染的发病率。     

2003年汕头市住院婴儿住院情况分析

目的调查住院婴儿疾病分布情况。方法利用SAS8．0对汕头市2003年住院婴儿2923例病例进行统计分析。结果婴儿住院的病因包括：早产、新生儿窒息、呼吸道及消化道感染、新生儿黄疸以及先天性疾病等；造成婴儿死亡的前5位病因主要是出生窒息、窘迫、先天性肺炎、新生儿吸人性肺炎以及先天性心脏畸形；婴儿的住院时间越长，入院情况越危急，受到医院感染的机会越大；入院婴儿平均住院日为7．089天，平均住院费用3717．834元。结论婴儿发病入院主要由于先天性疾病以及后天感染，这是家庭及社会进行婴儿健康干预与促进的重点。     

Musculoskeletal pain in ragpickers in a southern city in Brazil

BACKGROUND: Ragpickers are informal workers who collect recyclable materials to earn a small wage. Their life and working conditions are extremely precarious. The ergonomic hazards and musculoskeletal pain in a sample of ragpickers in Pelotas, a city in southern Brazil are examined. METHODS: Two comparison groups were available: a matched sample of non-ragpickers from the same poor neighborhoods, and a random sample of the general population of the city. The cross-sectional study gathered data by interview on 990 individuals in 2004. Musculoskeletal pain was assessed using the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire. RESULTS: Ragpickers reported higher prevalences for most awkward postures and ergonomic exposures compared to neighbors with other demanding manual jobs. The prevalence within the last 12 months of low back pain (LBP), lower extremity pain (LEP), and upper extremity pain (UEP) among ragpickers were 49.2%, 45.1%, and 34.9%, respectively; levels similar to those reported by neighborhood controls. Both ragpickers and non-ragpickers reported considerably higher ergonomic exposures, and more prevalent LBP, than the general population. CONCLUSIONS: Ragpickers experience many occupational hazards and ergonomic stressors. Their overall prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was similar to a comparison group with other physically demanding manual jobs. For LBP, this prevalence was substantially higher (49% vs. 35%) than in the general population.     

Changes in social inequalities in health in the Basque Country

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of the inequalities in self reported health between socioeconomic groups and its changes over time in the Basque Country (Spain). DESIGN: Cross sectional data on the association between occupation, education and income and three health indicators was obtained from the Basque Health Surveys of 1986 and 1992. Representative population samples were analysed. In 1986 the number of respondents was 24 657 and in 1992, 13 277. SETTING: Basque Country, Spain. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The effect of socioeconomic position on health and the magnitude of social inequalities in health were quantified using the odds ratios based on logistic regression analysis, and the Relative Index of Inequality. RESULTS: As was expected, social inequalities in self reported health existed in both surveys, but the social gradient was greater in 1992. Social differences varied according to gender and health indicator. According to education an increase in social inequalities was observed consistently in all the health indicators except long term conditions in women. A consistent increase in inequalities in limiting longstanding illness was also observed according to all socioeconomic indicators. CONCLUSIONS: These results agree to a large extent with those of previous studies in other countries. In this context the unequal distribution of material circumstances and working conditions between socioeconomic groups seem to play a major part in health inequalities. The worsening of the labour market during this period and the onset of a new economic recession may explain the increase in social inequalities over time.