Procedural Variations in Performing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Multiple variations exist in performing a primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) among various cardiologists. These variations range from the choice of peripheral access artery (radial vs femoral), performance or time of complete angiography including left ventriculography, and nonculprit vessel angiography before or after intervening on the culprit vessel. The reasons for such variations include emphasis on door-to-balloon time, knowledge of cardiac anatomy before proceeding with pPCI, physician expertise, and the level of comfort with radial approach. Over the last 2 decades, the field of interventional cardiology has changed dynamically leading to marked improvements in the clinical outcomes of patients with STEMI. This includes upstreaming of pPCI along with technical advancements ranging from radial artery catheterization to culprit lesion–guided approach. Increased comfort with use of radial access approach by cardiologists and availability of multiuse guide catheters would both reduce door-to-balloon time and enable complete coronary angiography before performance of percutaneous coronary intervention. There are no clear guidelines or consensus dictating on cardiologists a correct sequence of action during STEMI, or even suggesting what the preferred approach is. Lack of guidelines results in a substantive variation in methodology. This review aims to highlight and to better understand the variations in the current practice, and to emphasize the advantages as well as the disadvantages of each approach. It is also perhaps a call out for guidelines that direct cardiologists to the best practice.     

Electrocardiographic Criteria for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Patients with electrocardiographic (ECG) left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) have repolarization abnormalities of the ST segment that may be confused with an ischemic current of injury. We analyzed the ACTIVATE-SF database, a registry of consecutive emergency department ST-segment elevation (STE) myocardial infarction diagnoses from 2 medical centers. Univariate analysis was performed to identify ECG variables associated with presence of an angiographic culprit lesion. Recursive partitioning was then applied to identify a clinical decision-making rule that maximizes sensitivity and specificity for presence of an angiographic culprit lesion. Seventy-nine patients with ECG LVH underwent emergency cardiac catheterization for primary angioplasty. Patients with a culprit lesion had greater magnitude of STE (3.0 ± 1.8 vs 1.9 ± 1.0 mm, p = 0.005), more leads with STE (3.1 ± 1.6 vs 2.0 ± 1.8 leads, p = 0.002), and a greater ratio of STE to R-S-wave magnitude (median 25% vs 9.2%, p = 0.003). Univariate application of ECG criteria had limited sensitivity and a high false-positive rate for identifying patients with an angiographic culprit lesion. In patients with anterior territory STE, using a ratio of ST segment to R-S-wave magnitude ≥25% as a diagnostic criteria for STE myocardial infarction significantly improved specificity for an angiographic culprit lesion without decreasing sensitivity (c-statistic 0.82), with a net reclassification improvement of 37%. In conclusion, application of an ST segment to R-S-wave magnitude ≥25% rule may augment current criteria for determining which patients with ECG LVH should undergo primary angioplasty.     

直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗与溶栓后即刻和补救经皮冠状动脉介入治疗对急性心肌梗死患者近期心功能的影响

目的评价直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)与小剂量重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物(rt-PA)溶栓后即刻和补救PCI对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的有效性和安全性,并观察其对近期左心室重构及功能的影响.方法对初次发病、发病6 h内且无溶栓禁忌证的AMI患者63例随机给予直接PCI(直接PCI组,32例)或小剂量rt-PA溶栓加即刻和补救PCI(溶栓加补救PCI组,31例)治疗,于术后3 d、30 d、90d行二维超声心动图检查并记录有关心脏事件.结果术后3 d、30 d、90d两组间左心室收缩末期容积指数(ESVI)、左心室舒张末期容积指数(EDSI)、左心室射血分数(EF)和室壁运动指数(WMSI)均无显著差异(P＞0.05);各组内30 d、90d与3 d比较均有显著差异;依据首次造影血流是否达心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验(TIMI)3级将所有患者再分为两组.首次造影达TIMI血流3级者与未达TIMI3级者30d、90d各指标均显著改善.结论直接PCI与小剂量rt-PA溶栓后即刻和补救PCI同样安全有效,改善左心室功能并降低心脏事件的发生.     

血清新碟呤水平与急性心肌梗死冠状动脉介入治疗后左心室重构的关系

目的探讨血清新碟呤水平与急性心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉介入后左心室重构的关系。方法选择2011年1月至2012年12月成功接受急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术的ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者148例,于急诊介入术前检测血清新碟呤、高敏C反应蛋白及脑利钠肽水平,入院24 h、急性心肌梗死后12个月行超声心动图检测左心室舒张期末容积和左心室射血分数。左心室重构定义为12个月随访期左心室舒张期末容积较基础状态增加20%。结果 32例患者发展为左心室重构,116例没有发展为左心室重构,左心室重构组血清新碟呤水平显著高于非左心室重构组(9.01±1.68 nmol/L比4.95±0.83 nmol/L,P0.001)。Pearson相关分析显示新碟呤水平与随访期左心室舒张期末容积增加值呈正相关(r=0.749,P0.001)。Logistic回归分析表明,新碟呤是ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死后发生左心室重构最有意义的危险因素(OR=3.895,95%CI 2.242~6.767,P0.001),预测左心室重构发生的ROC曲线下面积为0.973(95%CI 0.948~0.998,P0.001),新碟呤的ROC曲线上最佳截断点为6.38 nmol/L,灵敏度和特异度分别为93.8%和94.8%。结论新碟呤水平与左心室重构密切相关,为ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死冠状动脉介入治疗后左心室重构的预测因子。     

Postprocedure Anticoagulation in Patients With Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

ObjectivesThis study sought to assess the association between postprocedural anticoagulation (PPAC) use and several clinical outcomes.BackgroundPPAC after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) may prevent recurrent ischemic events but may increase the risk of bleeding. No consensus has been reached on PPAC use.MethodsUsing data from the Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China–Acute Coronary Syndrome registry, conducted between 2014 and 2019, we stratified all STEMI patients who underwent pPCI according to the use of PPAC or not. Inverse probability of treatment weighting and a Cox proportional hazards model with hospital as random effect were used to analyze differences in in-hospital clinical outcomes: the primary efficacy endpoint was mortality and the primary safety endpoint was major bleeding.ResultsOf 34,826 evaluable patients, 26,272 (75.4%) were treated with PPAC and were on average younger, more stable at admission with lower bleeding risk score, more likely to have comorbidities and multivessel disease, and more often treated within 12 hours of symptom onset than those without PPAC. After inverse probability of treatment weighting adjustment for baseline differences, PPAC was associated with significantly reduced risk of in-hospital mortality (0.9% vs 1.8%; HR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.43-0.89; P < 0.001) and a nonsignificant difference in risk of in-hospital major bleeding (2.5% vs 2.2%; HR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.83-1.32; P = 0.14).ConclusionsPPAC in STEMI patients after pPCI was associated with reduced mortality without increasing major bleeding complications. Dedicated randomized trials with contemporary STEMI management are needed to confirm these findings.     

经介入治疗即刻前向心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验3级血流患者左心室功能不全的相关因素

目的:探讨急性ST段抬高性前壁心肌梗死(STEMI)直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)即刻前向心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验(TIMI)3级血流患者左心室功能不全的相关因素。方法:分析我院2004-01至2009-01的273例急诊PCI患者的临床和冠状动脉造影资料,STEMI直接PCI即刻前向血流TIMI3级心功能不全患者52例,为心功能不全组,由其余前壁STEMI直接PCI即刻前向血流TIMI3级心功能正常的患者中随机抽取60例,为心功能正常组,运用logistic回归分析左心室功能不全的相关因素。结果:STEMI直接PCI即刻前向血流TIMI3级心功能不全的发生率为19%。心功能不全组与心功能正常组比较,糖尿病、症状开始至再灌注的时间、梗死前心绞痛、心肌灌注显影血流分级(TMBG),室壁运动积分(WMS),室壁运动积分指数(WMSI)差异有统计学意义(P0.05～0.001)。Logistic多元回归分析表明:梗死前心绞痛、心肌灌注显影血流分级,室壁运动积分和室壁运动积分指数与STEMI直接PCI即刻前向血流TIMI3级患者左心室功能不全相关(P0.05)。结论:STEMI直接PCI即刻前向血流恢复TIMI3级,心肌灌注显影血流分级、微血管损伤和室壁运动异常可能会促使左心室功能不全的形成;梗死前心绞痛有助于微循环血流增加,可能减少左心室功能不全的发生;而冠心病的危险因素与左心室功能不全没有相关性。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗对急性心肌梗死患者左室重构的影响

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗能够有效防止左室重构 ,改善左室功能 ,但其作用机制和实行时机尚不明确。通过对其作用机制及实行时机的研究 ,为及时、有效实行PCI提供理论依据。