经食道多普勒超声心动图测定正常人工瓣膜返流

经食道超声心动图 CDFI 测定53例 MVR(无瓣周漏)者,检出机械瓣返流达98.1％。三种机械瓣返流束长度、面积、宽度各为 Medtronic-Hall 瓣3.9±0.4cm、2.2±0.6cm~2、0.3±0.04cm;上海倾斜瓣1.9±0.6cm、0.7±0.3cm~2、0.2±0.07cm;Carbometics 瓣2.4±0.6cm、1.5±1.0cm~2、0.3±0.05cm。本组结果认为以返流束长度和面积二项指标判断返流程度较准确。对动态观察机械瓣在心脏内的形态、活动,明显优于其它方法。     

人工机械瓣功能障碍的超声诊断

目的　评价人工机械瓣功能障碍彩色多普勒超声心动图的诊断价值。方法　使用 Sequoia2 5 6、HP5 5 0 0、ATL超 9彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检查 42例 (4 4个人工瓣 )术后重复出现临床症状的病人 ,并与手术结果进行比较。结果超声诊断瓣膜梗阻 12个 ,瓣周漏 16个 ,瓣内漏 16个 ,与手术相符率为 :人工瓣膜梗阻为 10 0 %,瓣周漏为 81%,瓣内漏为 87%。引起功能障碍原因有血栓、赘生物、缝线撕脱、碟片磨损。结论　超声诊断人工机械瓣功能障碍准确性高 ,是临床上评价人工机械瓣功能障碍的最重要检查方法。     

经食管二维和三维超声心动图对二尖瓣人工机械瓣瓣周漏定位诊断价值

目的:探讨经食管实时二维和三维超声心动图诊断二尖瓣瓣人工机械瓣瓣周漏的临床价值。方法:回顾分析二尖瓣人工机械瓣瓣周漏26例的二维、三维经食管超声心动图表现特征,并与术中所见进行对比。结果:26例二尖瓣人工机械瓣瓣周漏患者,术中发现二尖瓣人工机械瓣瓣周漏36处,其中6例同时存在2处漏口,2例同时存在3处漏口。经食管实时三维超声心动图共发现瓣周漏30处,与术中发现符合率100%,二维经食管超声心动图共发现瓣周漏28处,与术中发现符合率77.8%。结论:经食管实时三维超声心动图能够清晰显示二尖瓣人工机械瓣瓣周漏的位置、形态和大小,有利于术前手术计划的选择和制定。     

应用ATS机械瓣的早期经验

热解碳技术的进步产生了一个全新的双叶瓣即ATS机械瓣.该研究主要探讨临床应用ATS瓣及其瓣膜相关并发症(VRE)和术后入工瓣膜压差变化.     

多普勒超声心动图对同种主动脉瓣功能的评价

本文报道了应用多普勒超声心动图技术评价１１例同种主动脉瓣移植术后的近期疗效及同种瓣的血液动力学特征。研究发现，同种主动脉瓣的最大血流速度及最大跨瓣压差显著低于主动脉瓣位机械瓣，与正常自体主动脉瓣比较无显著差别。术后左室舒张末期内径明显缩小，左室射血分数显著增加。     

AS不同直径机械瓣置换术后左心功能超声心动图表现

彩色多普勒超声仪对15例置换外径21mm机械瓣的主动脉瓣狭窄（AS）患者（Ⅰ组）及15例置换外径≥23mm者（Ⅰ组）术前、术后左心功能进行检测。结果两组术后左心功能指标较术前均有改善（P〈0.05）,但Ⅱ组优于Ⅰ组（P〈0．05）。认为应重视瓣膜／患者不匹配（PPM）和有效瓣口面积指数（IEOA）对主动脉瓣置换术后左心功能的影响。     

人工机械瓣功能障碍的原因及治疗

目的 探讨人工机械瓣功能障碍的原因及治疗方法,总结治疗经验.方法 2001年11月至2013年12月,我科共完成人工机械瓣膜置换术614例,有5例患者因机械瓣功能障碍再次住院,发生率0.81％,其中3例患者接受再次瓣膜置换术,2例患者要求保守治疗.5例患者均为女性,年龄35～48岁（中位数42岁）.手术在全麻低温体外循环下进行.3例患者手术方式为二尖瓣置换术＋三尖瓣成形术,2例要求保守治疗的患者经静脉持续泵人替罗非班12.5 mg/d及口服沙格雷酯治疗.手术或保守治疗后1周复查心脏彩超评估.结果 5例患者机械瓣功能障碍的原因均为未正规服用华法林抗凝导致瓣膜血栓形成.1例保守治疗患者死亡,1例保守治疗患者好转出院,3例接受手术患者痊愈出院.死亡患者死因为心功能衰竭,4例存活患者无严重并发症.结论 人工机械瓣功能障碍是机械瓣置换术后严重并发症之一.机械瓣功能障碍的原因多为瓣膜血栓形成,诊断明确后应积极治疗,手术治疗效果明确。     

经食管超声心动图评价人工心脏瓣膜的功能

本文利用经胸及经食管超声技术观察了51例人工瓣膜置换术后的瓣膜功能及反流程度,并比较了两种技术在评价人工瓣膜中的优缺点。结果表明:(1)经食管超声心动图(TEE)在观察左房及左心耳血栓,判定二尖瓣位人工机械瓣反流程度及鉴别反流与瓣周漏方面均优于经胸超声心动图(TTE)技术,(2)TEE在检出人工二尖瓣反流方面明显优于TTE,且TEE及TTE对人工二尖瓣反流的检出率分别为87.76%和14.29%,(3)TEE在检出主动瓣反流方面与TTE比较,无显著性差异(P>0.05),但可低估瓣膜反流程度。经食管超声技术是判定二尖瓣位人工瓣功能异常的敏感、可靠方法。     

Assessing prosthetic heart valve function. Value of Doppler echocardiography and patient/prosthetic valve identity and follow-up card

Doppler echocardiography is being used increasingly in the follow-up of patients with valvular heart prostheses because it provides unique hemodynamic information about flow through prosthetic valves. A baseline checkup about 3 months after implantation is now recommended. We therefore now supply each patient with an identity and follow-up card for each particular prosthesis.     

Doppler echocardiography assessment of prosthetic heart valves

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography is an accurate noninvasive method for the evaluation of prosthetic valve function. The flow characteristics and pressure gradients of normally functioning mechanical and bioprosthetic valves have been, in general established. Normal functioning mitral valve prostheses have a valve area > 1.8 cm² with the St. Jude valve having the largest effective valve area and normally functioning aortic prosthetic valves have a peak instantaneous gradient of < 45 mmHg, with the Starr-Edwards valves (Starr-Edwards, Irvine CA) showing the highest gradients. The incidence of minimal or mild regurgitation is approximately 15% to 30% in the mitral position and 25% to 50% in the aortic position, with the higher incidence of regurgitation seen with mechanical compared to bioprosthetic valves. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography can accurately detect patients with prosthetic valvular stenosis. The presence of prosthetic aortic regurgitation can also generally be accurately assessed, except in the presence of both prosthetic aortic and mitral valves. Assessment of prosthetic mitral regurgitation remains limited due to significant attenuation of the ultrasound beam by the prosthesis and the frequent underestimation of severity of regurgitation. Other limitations of transthoracic studies include assessment of leaflet morphology, detection of vegetations and valve abscesses, and differentiation between valvular and paravalvular regurgitation.     

二尖瓣替换术后机械瓣进行性开放不良一例

1临床资料患者,女性,41岁,二尖瓣替换术后半年,进行性心累、气促1个月。查体：慢性病容,半卧位,呼吸稍促,口唇发绀,颈静脉怒张,肝颈征阳性。双肺正常。心界扩大,窦性心律,可闻及机械瓣音,音质稍低。入院超声显示二尖瓣机械瓣活动差,瓣口面积1．02cm2（入院前1个月发病时在外院超声显示瓣口面积1．67cm2,瓣口有异常回声附着。     

二尖瓣替换术后机械瓣进行性开放不良一例

1临床资料 患者,女性,41岁,二尖瓣替换术后半年,进行性心累、气促1个月。查体：慢性病容,半卧位,呼吸稍促,口唇发绀,颈静脉怒张,肝颈征阳性;双肺正常;心界扩大,窦性心律,可闻及机械瓣音,音质稍低。入院超声显示二尖瓣机械瓣活动差,瓣口面积1．02cm^2（入院前1个月发病时在外院超声显示瓣口面积1．67cm^2）,瓣口有异常回声附着。     

超声心动图评价二尖瓣位机械瓣口远期功能的探讨

目的：应用多普勒超声评价二尖瓣位机械瓣口的远期功能状况。方法：选择100例二尖瓣机械瓣置换术的患者,换瓣时间12～120个月,平均52个月。对比分析术后近期组（1～3年,30例）、中期组（3～5年,35例）和远期组（〉5年,35例）的二尖瓣口面积和最大压差。结果：与近期组比较,术后远期组机械瓣口舒张期跨二尖瓣口峰值血流速度[（1．56±0．20）m／s比（1．78±0．35）m／s]、压力降半时间[（80±0．36）s比（128±0．55）s]均显著增加,二尖瓣有效瓣口面积[（2．75±0．18）cm^2比（1．72±0．45）cm^2]显著减少,P〈0．05或〈0．01;中期组和近期组比较,瓣口功能略有减退,但两者无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论：二尖瓣机械瓣置换术患者机械瓣口面积有减少趋势。     

Assessment of mitral prosthetic valve thrombosis by live three-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with transesophageal echocardiography

We report the feasibility of transthoracic live three-dimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of a thrombus attached to the mitral bioprosthetic valve.     

Detection of prosthetic valve thrombosis using 111indium platelet imaging

The diagnosis of prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT) may be difficult in cases without valve obstruction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 111indium-labelled autologous platelet imaging in the detection of PVT. We studied 41 patients with 45 prostheses, mechanical (37) or biological (8), in the mitral (26) or aortic (19) site. Mean age was 55 +/- 13 years. All these patients experienced one or several thromboembolic events (mean: 2.3 per patient). The mean interval between the last embolic event and indium test (IT) was 32 +/- 25 days. Scintigrams were recorded in two views daily for 5 days. IT showed an abnormal platelet deposition on the prosthetic area in 24 patients. Platelet half-life was 3.8 +/- 1.0 days for patients with a positive IT and 4.6 +/- 0.6 days for those with a negative IT (P less than 0.01). Anatomical data were obtained in 10 cases (surgery nine, autopsy one) 16 +/- 5 days after IT. All these patients had PVT, and IT was positive in eight cases. In the other 31 medically treated patients, recurrent embolism occurred within 12 months after IT in four cases, three of whom previously had a positive test. We conclude that IT is a useful means for detecting PVT.     

超声心功能检测对重症心脏瓣膜病患者手术预后评估的临床价值

目的　观察重症心脏瓣膜病患者手术前后左心功能变化 ,探讨影响手术预后的左心功能指标。方法应用超声心动图检测 4 8例重症心瓣膜病瓣膜置换术患者手术前后左心功能各指标的变化 ,包括左室收缩末期内径 (ESD)、左室舒张末期内径 (EDD)、左室舒张末期容积指数 (EDVI)、左室收缩末期容积指数 (ESVI)、左室心肌质量指数 (L VMI)、左室射血分数 (EF)、左室内径缩短率 (FS)、心脏指数 (CI)。并根据术前 EF值将患者分为 A组2 8例 (EF≥ 4 0 % )和 B组 2 0例 (EF<4 0 % )。另选 10例健康人作为对照组。结果　 A组死亡 1例 ,B组死亡 6例。手术死亡率及术后心功能状况两组差异显著 (P<0 .0 5 )。A组术后除 EF外 ,余各项心功能指标均较术前显著改善 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,除 L VMI仍显著高于对照组 (P<0 .0 1)外 ,余各项心功能指标均恢复到正常范围 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;B组术后除 EF、FS外 ,各项心功能指标较术前有显著改善 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,但与对照组相比仍差异显著 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 EF、ESVI、FS、ESD等可作为评价重症瓣膜病左心功能损害程度及估计瓣膜置换手术预后的重要指标     

Salmonella prosthetic valve endocarditis

We report the case of a 69-year-old man with an aortic valve bioprosthesis in whom a diagnosis of Salmonella typhimurium prosthetic valve endocarditis was made. During the prolonged hospital admission early aggressive antibiotic therapy and early valve replacement surgery were the deciding factors enabling him to survive this otherwise lethal condition.