支气管镜介入技术治疗结核性瘢痕性中心气道狭窄的对照研究

目的 探讨当前我国常用的支气管镜介入技术治疗结核性瘢痕性中心气道狭窄的安全性和有效性,探索针对该类患者的最佳治疗方法.方法 结核性瘢痕性中心气道狭窄患者85例,根据采用的不同介入治疗方法将患者分为4组:A组给予单纯球囊扩张;B组给予.球囊扩张联合冷冻;C组给予球囊扩张联合针形电刀;D组给予球囊扩张联合局部应用丝裂霉素.每例患者给予每周1次的介入治疗,连续4周,初次治疗后于第5、9、13、21、25、29周进行疗效评价.评价指标:气促评分、KPS评分、狭窄程度、狭窄长度以及治疗有效率和临床受益率.结果 各组患者治疗后气促评分、KPS评分、狭窄程度均显著改善,组间差异无统计学意义.除球囊扩张联合冷冻组治疗有效率较低(82.4％)外,其余3组患者有效率和临床受益率均在90％以上,4组间比较差异无统计学意义.结论 上述方法均能有效治疗结核性瘢痕性气道狭窄,组间差异无统计学意义.出于减少治疗程序,减轻费用,在上述4种方法中,我们推荐单独球囊扩张治疗结核性瘢痕性中心气道狭窄.     

Description of a multidimensional classification system for patients with expiratory central airway collapse

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Patients with expiratory central airway collapse present with various symptoms, aetiologies, morphologies, extent and severity of airway collapse. The aim of this study was to delineate a multidimensional classification system and common language for evaluating patients with expiratory central airway collapse. METHODS: The classification system was based on the morphology and origin of the airway abnormality as well as stratification parameters such as functional status, extent and severity of airway collapse. Patients with expiratory central airway collapse who underwent clinical and bronchoscopic examination before and after treatment were identified from a bronchoscopy database. The classification was applied to the study patients before and after treatment to assess the utility of this stratification approach. RESULTS: Eighteen patients were studied. Four had excessive dynamic airway collapse and 14 had tracheobronchomalacia. Post-treatment, functional status improved by one class in 12 patients, by two classes in four patients and remained unchanged in two. Severity of airway collapse improved in 15 and remained unchanged in three patients. The extent of abnormality diminished in 14 patients and did not change in four. CONCLUSIONS: Using this classification, the morphologies and aetiologies of expiratory central airway collapse are identified, and an objective stratification of patients according to degree of functional impairment, extent of disease and severity of airway collapse is possible.     

经支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗良性中心气道狭窄临床分析

目的探讨经支气管镜球囊扩张技术治疗良性中心气道狭窄的操作方法、安全性及有效性。 方法选择2014年6月至2018年6月达州市中心医院呼吸内科收治的良性中心气道狭窄患者67例,其中结核性狭窄61例,气管损伤性狭窄6例,对不同原因导致的气道良性狭窄患者进行球囊扩张治疗,并必要时联合其他介入治疗措施如冷冻治疗等。治疗结束后对气促评分、KPS评分、肺功能(FEV₁)、气管狭窄程度和并发症发生情况进行评价。 结果所有患者均在气管镜直视下进行球囊扩张治疗,同时进行冷冻治疗。67例患者中,共进行球囊扩张治疗324次。经过球囊扩张治疗后,短期观察狭窄段支气管均有内径增大,气促评分增加,症状缓解。对球囊扩张后气道扩宽的瘢痕狭窄患者随访观察,有18例气道扩宽后再次发生瘢痕挛缩,发生再次狭窄。所有患者中,扩张治疗出现胸痛12例,黏膜少许撕裂2例,无严重不良反应发生。 结论良性中心气道狭窄支气管球囊扩张治疗,近期疗效良好,远期疗效有待进一步评估。     

经支气管镜氩气刀治疗气道狭窄临床观察

目的 探讨经支气管镜氩气刀治疗在气道狭窄的作用及安全性评价.方法 对140 例确诊为中心气道狭窄的患者,在积极治疗原发病的同时,经支气管镜引导进行氩离子凝固术APC.根据狭窄再通和气促评分情况评价疗效.结果 经支气管镜介入治疗1 个月后评价疗效.完全有效62 例(44.3%),部分有效55例(39.3 %),轻度有效2...     

Patología obstructiva no maligna de la vía aérea central

The most common causes of non-malignant central airway obstruction are post-intubation and post-tracheostomytracheal stenosis, followed by the presence of foreign bodies, benign endobronchial tumours and tracheobronchomalacia. Other causes, such as infectious processes or systemic diseases, are less frequent. Despite the existence of numerous classification systems, a consensus has not been reached on the use of any one of them in particular. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of this entity has allowed us to improve diagnosis and treatment. For the correct diagnosis of nonspecific clinical symptoms, pulmonary function tests, radiological studies and, more importantly, bronchoscopy must be performed. Treatment must be multidisciplinary and tailored to each patient, and will require surgery or endoscopic intervention using thermoablative and mechanical techniques.     

良性气道狭窄的治疗方法综述

良性气道狭窄病因多种多样,患者个体情况也存在很大差异,不同患者究竟选择何种治疗方法来解除气道狭窄,需结合病因与患者的个体情况等综合分析.目前常用的气道狭窄治疗方法包括传统的手术治疗,药物治疗和近十年迅速发展起来的介入治疗.本文主要介绍常用的几种气道狭窄处理方法及该领域的研究新进展.     

Reaction patterns of the tracheobronchial wall to implanted noncovered metal stents

BACKGROUND: Endoluminal implantation of stents has evolved as a nonsurgical treatment option for stenosis of the central airways. Based on the favorable results in treatment of tumorous tracheobronchial stenosis, stenting has been introduced into the therapy of nonmalignant stenosis.Aim: To study the long-term biocompatibility and incorporation of implanted bronchial stents based on the pathoanatomic reaction of the tracheobronchial system in humans. The incorporation of bronchial stents was documented, with specific interest in transformation or induction of dysplasia in the implantation zone. METHODS: The tracheobronchial reaction was studied in 18 patients 2 days to 18 months after implantation of 24 noncovered metal stents (Wallstent; Schneider; Bülach, Switzerland; n = 8; and Ultraflex; Boston Scientific; Natick, MA; n = 16). RESULTS: Stenting produced slow papillomatous growth of granulative tissue through the interfilamentary space of the stents. A nonspecific inflammatory response of nontumorous tissue could be documented. Sparse spots of superficial squamous cells occurred. No epithelial dysplasia or giant cells were detected within the stented region. The number of superficial ciliated cells in the implantation zone was markedly reduced. CONCLUSION: After stent insertion in the upper airways, no malignant transformation of initially nontumorous tissue occurs. Stenting seems to be a safe therapy option when considered even for nonmalignant airway stenoses.     

呼出气一氧化氮在中央型气道疾病气管镜治疗前后的变化

目的 探讨中央型气道疾病患者气管镜治疗前后呼出气一氧化氮(FeNO)变化及意义。方法 选取2019年7月至2019年8月于应急总医院明确诊断的中央型气道疾病且需行气管镜治疗患者48例,其中良性中央型气道病变患者18例,恶性中央型气道病变患者30例,每例患者均于气管镜治疗前及治疗24h后行FeNO 检查。结果 良、恶性中央型气道病变患者FeNO水平差异无统计学意义;中央型气道病变位置不同,所测量FeNO 水平差异无统计学意义;良、恶性病变患者气管镜治疗后FeNO 均较治疗前明显下降(t 值分别为2. 701、2 .895,P值均<0 05)。结论 将FeNO 应用于中央型气道疾病气管镜治疗前后气道炎症研究有一定的提示意义。     

Stenting therapy for stenosing airway diseases

Tracheobronchial stents have proved very valuable in the management of airway stenosis due to a variety of causes, both benign and malignant. These include benign strictures which are post-traumatic (e.g. after intubation), post anastomotic (e.g. after lung transplantation), or post inflammatory (e.g. after inflammatory conditions such as tuberculosis or Wegener's granulomatosis); as well as narrowing due to malignant involvement of large airways. In addition, airway stents have been used to treat tracheobronchomalacia and oesophageal-airway fistulae. The insertion of the stent may need to be combined with other procedures such as airway dilatation, laser photocoagulation, brachytherapy or a mixture of these treatment modalities. Stents have been fashioned out of silicone, wire mesh or a combination of these materials, but the perfect stent has yet to be devised. Common problems include displacement and obstruction with secretions or granulation tissue. Less commonly the stent may perforate the airway wall, sometimes into the accompanying blood vessel. Nonetheless, airway stents are valuable tools in the management of airway narrowing.     

气管支气管结核的支气管镜诊治分析

目的分析46例气管支气管结核患者诊治情况及分析诊治过程中误诊、延迟诊断原因。方法分析46例患者支气管镜检查前误诊病因、镜下表现与刷检、黏膜活检、临床表现、气道狭窄情况。结果非呼吸专科医师就诊或诊所就诊39例,至诊断气管支气管结核时间1月~3年,中位数时间42天;2例患者首次支气管镜检查就发现中心气道狭窄,治疗后共有5例患者出现不同程度气道狭窄。7例患者住院支气管镜检查后诊断支气管结核,诊断气管支气管结核中位数时间为7.5天,治疗后未发生气道狭窄。两组在诊断时间上比较,P0.05,差异有统计学意义;两组在气道狭窄发生率上比较,P0.05,差异无统计学意义。结论气管支气管结核容易被非呼吸专科医师误诊,提高医师认知,及时行支气管镜检查、治疗,才能减少并发症的发生。     

Accuracy of virtual bronchoscopy for grading tracheobronchial stenosis: correlation with pulmonary function test and fiberoptic bronchoscopy

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To compare the accuracy of virtual bronchoscopy (VB) with fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) and pulmonary function testing (PFT) for the assessment of tracheal stenosis and bronchial anastomotic stenosis. DESIGN: Prospective case series. SETTING: Pulmonary institute of major tertiary university-affiliated center. PATIENTS: The study group included 10 lung transplant recipients and 13 patients with central airway stenosis. INTERVENTIONS: All patients underwent PFT, VB, and FOB. All cases were graded by each modality on a scale of 1 to 3, and the findings were compared between modalities. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD stenosis score was 2.0 +/- 0.79 for PFT, 1.62 +/- 0.73 for FOB, and 1.82 +/- 0.77 for VB. A statistically significant correlation was found between VB and FOB scores (p < 0.0001, r = 0.76) and between VB scores and PFT (p = 0.03, r = 0.45). There was no correlation between PFT and FOB. CONCLUSIONS: VB grading of tracheobronchial stenosis is well correlated with PFT. VB may be used to evaluate patients with known tracheobronchial stenosis after treatment and thereby reduce the frequency of repeated invasive FOB performed for that purpose. The correlation of VB with PFT may improve the reliability of this approach.     

Laser-based endoscopic measurement of airway dimensions

Bronchoscopy is the technique of choice for the evaluation of a stenosis in the large airways. However, no system has been successfully employed for the bronchoscopic measurement of airway stenosis. The purpose of these study was the development and validation of a method for measuring the cross-sectional areas in the large airways. Furthermore, this application should be used for the 3D-reconstruction and visualisation of airway stenosis. A laser probe inserted into the operating channel of the bronchoscope enabled assessment of the distance between the images and the tip of the bronchoscope by means of projecting a ring of light on to the endoluminal wall. Image distortion due to the wide-angle lens was corrected by a computer program developed by us. Plastic tubes with known diameters were used for validation. Additionally, distortion-corrected bronchoscopic images were compared with distortion-free videoscopic image analysis of tracheal slices taken from pigs. When plastic tubes were used, the correlation coefficient (r) was slightly higher (r = 0,99, p < 0,01) than the correlation of cross-sectional areas between bronchoscopic and videoscopic images of tracheal slices (r = 0,88, p < 0,01). Furthermore the system could be used in a few patients for 2D and 3D measurement and visualisation of airway stenosis. Application of the present method offer quantitative assessment of airway stenosis located in the large airways.     

Update on interventional bronchoscopy for the thoracic radiologist

Interventional bronchoscopy, together with other domains of interventional pulmonology, has experienced tremendous technological advances. Diagnostic applications include endobronchial ultrasound, which enables endoscopists to see through airway walls. White light videobronchoscopy, autofluorescence imaging, and narrow band imaging have enhanced the ability to detect early lung cancer at a preinvasive stage. Electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy, ultrathin bronchoscopy, and virtual bronchoscopy increase the diagnostic yield of biopsy of small peripheral lung lesions. The options that are currently available for the relief of central airway obstruction are also numerous, with both flexible and rigid bronchoscopic applications. Stents, although dichotomized to silicone and metal, come in various sizes and shapes to suit the requirements of the pathology being treated. Ablative techniques are categorized into those with an immediate effect and those with a delayed effect. Laser, electrocautery, and argon plasma coagulation can immediately relieve obstruction and control hemoptysis, whereas cryosurgery, brachytherapy, and photodynamic therapy have established roles in subacute airway obstruction and in the treatment of early lung cancer. Microdebriders have recently been added to the armamentarium of modalities for mechanical debulking of tumor. Distal airway obstruction has also been targeted with bronchial thermoplasty treatment of refractory asthma and with bronchoscopic lung volume reduction for the management of severe emphysema. This array of new technology has fostered collaborative work with a wide range of other medical specialties to deliver safer, more effective, minimally invasive treatment.     

球囊扩张疗法治疗良性气道狭窄临床应用

临床研究显示,电凝治疗气道瘢痕病变时可导致对气道更严重、更大范围的损伤,从而引起再狭窄并最终导致治疗失败。根据良性气道瘢痕狭窄的不同情况,采用单纯球囊扩张治疗,或采用针形电刀和(或)冷冻对瘢痕组织进行先期松解,然后在辅以球囊扩张,是目前治疗良性瘢痕增生性气道狭窄疗效相对可靠且并发症相对较少的方法。经合理恰当的球囊扩张治疗,其疗效在80%以上,值得在临床中加以推广。     

中心气道占位性病变的呼吸内镜介入治疗策略与疗效分析

目的分析经支气管镜介入治疗中心支气管狭窄的有效性及安全性。 方法回顾分析了2018年9月至2019年8月在上海市肺科医院内镜中心接收腔内治理的患者136例,均为中心支气管重度以上狭窄经支气管介入治疗患者。收集患者临床病历资料,观察患者病变位置、占位引起管腔狭窄类型及程度、治疗手段、病理类型、术后1周内症状缓解情况,以评估气管镜介入治疗的短期疗效。 结果在136位接受支气管镜介入治疗患者里,男性有109例(80%)、女性27位(20%),中位年龄(57.66±7.35)岁。术前或术后病理结果为恶性：111例、良性：25例。主要采取电凝、圈套、球囊扩张、APC、激光、支架植入等治疗方案。术后所有患者的占位处气管狭窄得到明显改善,狭窄程度、呼吸困难程度均较术前明显改善(P<0.01,P<0.05)。术中或术后主要并发少量出血113例(83.09%)。 结论呼吸内镜介入治疗可以高效、安全、微创地改善症状,为后续治疗创造条件,并能作为气管外科手术的评估手段。     

联合介入方法治疗良性瘢痕增生性气道狭窄的疗效分析

目的初步探讨在狭窄部位局部注射丝裂霉素C治疗良性瘢痕增生性气道狭窄的安全性和疗效。方法良性瘢痕增生性狭窄患者24例,对照组16例,丝裂霉素组8例。对照组采用单纯支气管镜下介入治疗。丝裂霉素组采用介入方法联合狭窄局部注射丝裂霉素C(浓度为0.4 mg/ml,给药剂量按狭窄长度计算,1 ml/cm),给药方法为气管镜下黏膜针注射。随访6个月,观察狭窄气道内局部注射丝裂霉素的安全性及疗效。结果两组患者治疗后气道直径、气促指数均明显改善,差异有统计学意义。两组治疗后气道直径增加值均显示丝裂霉素治疗组效果好,差异有统计学意义。对照组与丝裂霉素组6个月内平均每例介人治疗次数为(4.94±1.18)次和(2.63±0.74)次,差异有统计学意义。丝裂霉素组患者在观察期内均未出现与药物相关的并发症。结论局部注射丝裂霉素联合常规介入方法,可明显延长良性瘢痕增生性气道狭窄再狭窄的时间,安全性好。     

Quantitative evaluation of coronary stenosis by coronary magnetic resonance angiography

Coronary magnetic resonance angiography (coronary MRA) can detect, noninvasively, a high proportion of severe stenotic lesions found on coronary angiograms. However, quantitative evaluation of coronary artery stenosis by coronary MRA has been performed only in a small number of patients. This study was designed to determine whether coronary MRA can assess the degree of stenosis using the two-dimensional segmented turbo-FLASH method (2D method). We studied 108 patients with technically adequate coronary MRA images. The blood flow signal intensity on coronary MRA was classified as markedly decreased, moderately decreased, or normal. The severity of coronary artery stenosis was determined by the caliper method, and coronary stenosis was rated using a seven-point scale (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, 99%, and 100%) in accordance with the American Heart Association classification system. Patients were classified into three groups: normal coronary artery (0%–25% stenosis), moderate stenosis (50%–75% stenosis), and severe stenosis (90%–100% stenosis). The degree of stenosis on coronary angiography and the decrease in coronary MRA signal intensity were compared. The right coronary artery was evaluated in 64 patients and the left coronary artery in 73 patients. When a marked or moderate decrease in coronary MRA blood flow signal intensity was defined as indicating stenosis, the sensitivity and specificity of coronary MRA for detecting angiographically severe stenosis were 85% and 80%, respectively. A moderate decrease in coronary MRA blood flow signal intensity detected angiographically moderate stenoses with a sensitivity of 38% and a specificity of 83%. Coronary MRA can detect a high proportion of severe stenoses but only a low proportion of moderate stenoses. Technical improvements are required before coronary MRA can be used clinically. Received: June 23, 2000 / Accepted: December 16, 2000     

经气管镜下APC联合冷冻治疗中央气道病变腔内生长的临床研究

目的探究经气管镜下氩等离子体凝固(APC)联合冷冻治疗中央气道病变腔内生长的临床效果。方法选取2019年1月开始到6月在韶关市第一人民医院诊断及拟行APC联合冷冻治疗的中央气道病变患者30例,采用APC联合冷冻治疗,对比患者治疗前后肺功能,包括:用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气量(FEV 1)、FEV 1/FVC;动脉血气指标,包括:氧分压(PaO 2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO 2);6分钟步行实验结果(6MWD);气管狭窄程度及气促指数。结果治疗前后患者的FVC无明显差异(P>0.05),治疗后患者的FEV 1%及FEV 1/FVC均较治疗前显著提高(P<0.05),治疗后患者的PaO 2水平较治疗前显著提高且PaCO 2显著下降(P<0.05),治疗后6MWD距离较治疗前显著提高(P<0.05),治疗后患者气管狭窄程度及气促指数分级显著优于治疗前(P<0.05)。结论经气管镜下APC联合冷冻治疗中央气道病变腔内生长的效果显著。     

经支气管镜治疗良性瘢痕增生性气道狭窄方法的比较

目的 通过临床病例资料的分析,对厅前常用的治疗良性瘢痕性气道狭窄的介入技术进行评价,并对影响疗效的相关因素进行讨论.以期寻找最佳的治疗方法.方法 研究选择2004年12月至2009年12月收入北京天坛医院呼吸科的良性瘢痕增生性气道狭窄患者36例,其中男15例、女21例,年龄13～82岁,平均(40±21)岁.根据采用的介入治疗方法不同将患者分为3组,A组使用电凝治疗;B组经电凝治疗后改为针形电刀、球囊扩张和(或冷冻治疗);C组不使用电凝治疗,采用球囊扩张、冷冻和(或)针形电刀治疗.评价不同介入处理方法的疗效及并发症情况,各组间病例资料的比较采用四格表卡方检验.结果 36例患者中治愈9例,治愈率为25%(9/36),有效10例,总体有效率为53%(19/36);无效12例,失败5例,总体无效率47%(17/36).其中电凝治疗有效者1例(1/12,8%),治疗后狭窄段延长8例(8/12,67%);球囊扩张及冷冻和(或)针形电刀治疗有效者14例(14/17,82%),治疗后狭窄段延长2例(2/17,12%).与电凝治疗相比,球囊扩张及冷冻和(或)针形电刀治疗的有效率明显提高,再狭窄率明显减少.结论 急性期气道复张治疗中,目前常用的电凝方法可加重气道再狭窄并最终导致治疗失败,而急性期应用球囊扩张联合针形电刀及冷冻是较为合理且有效的气道复张治疗方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of different interventional bronchoscopic techniques for the management of benign cicatricial hyperplasia airway stenosis,and to study the factors associated with the treatment effects.Methotis From December 2004 to December 2009,36 patients with cicatricial airway stenosis were admitted to our department.An investigation was made to analyze the effects by different interventional bronchoscopie treatments.The most suitable treatment modality for cicatricial airway stenosis was explored and described.Results For the 36 patients,the disease was cured in 9,improved in 10,not improved in 12,and failure in 5.The care rate,effective rate and ineffective rate were 25%,53%and 47%,respectively.Further analysis showed that the effective rate was 8%and 82%respectively for the electrical coagulation therapy and the balloon dilation eombined with needle electrical knife and/or cryotherapy.Restenosis extension after operation occurred in 67%of the cases by electrical coagulation therapy,but only 12% of casesby the balloon dilation combined with needle electrical knife and/or cryotherapy.Conclusions Our experience demonstrated that for the treatment of airway cicatricial stenosis,electrical coagulation might induce and worsen serious airway restenosis resulting in failure of treatment.On the other hand,balloon dilation combined with needle dectrical knife and/or cryotherapy might be a relative safe and effective therapy for airway cicatricial stenosis.     

Photodynamic therapy for airway stenosis in rabbit models

BACKGROUND: Acquired airway stenosis in childhood is resistant to conventional treatment. We examined whether endoscope-assisted photodynamic therapy (PDT) is effective for airway stenosis in animal models of which the pathophysiologic progressions are similar to those of clinical cases showing rapid deterioration. METHODS: Tracheal mucosa-scraped rabbits were administered IV porfimer sodium (Photofrin; Wyeth K.K., Tokyo, Japan) [2 mg/kg], and the tracheal lesions were irradiated with 630 nm of light emitted from a cylindrical diffuser tip via a transtracheal approach. RESULTS: Rabbits without PDT (untreated animals) showed dense granulation tissue in the scraped lesion, resulting in airway stenosis complicated with respiratory stridor. PDT ameliorated the degree of airway stenosis (p = 0.008) and reduced respiratory stridor; rabbits that received PDT showed patchy granulation tissue that was only 20 to 30% of the volume of that seen in the untreated animals. Survival time of rabbits that received PDT was significantly prolonged compared with that of untreated animals (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: PDT was effective for airway stenosis in rabbit models. This suggests that PDT has the potential as a new therapeutic method for airway stenosis originating from granulation tissue.