Effect of aqueous extract from Herniaria hirsuta L. on experimentally nephrolithiasic rats

Despite considerable progress in medical therapy, there is no satisfactory drug to treat kidney stones. Therefore, this current study is aimed to look for an alternative treatment by using Herniaria hirsuta on nephrolithiasic rats as a preventive agent against the development of kidney stones. The experiment was conducted in normal and calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasic rats during 3 weeks. Several parameters were followed weekly including water intake, urinary volume and pH, some urinary chemistries, and crystalluria. At the end, kidneys were analyzed by light microscope. The results showed that water intake and urinary volume increased in nephrolithiasic rats, but their urinary pH decreased especially in the third week of treatment. Urinary oxalate increased significantly during the second week for untreated rats and remained constant in rats treated with Herniaria decoction. However, urinary calcium decreased significantly in week 2 in untreated rats and remained constant in treated rats. Qualitative analysis of crystalluria showed that untreated rats excreted large CaOx monohydrate and few dihydrate crystals while treated animals excreted mostly small CaOx dihydrate crystals. The examination of kidney sections revealed that CaOx deposition was limited in treated rats when compared to untreated ones. These results obtained in vivo confirmed the beneficial effect of Herniaria hirsuta and may justify its use as a preventive agent against the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones.     

The effects of the hydroalcohol extract of Rosa canina L. fruit on experimentally nephrolithiasic Wistar rats

This research evaluated the possible therapeutic potential of Rosa canina (RC) as a preventive agent in experimentally induced calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis with ethylene glycol (1% EG) in rats. In this experiment, 50 Wistar rats were divided randomly into five groups (n = 10). These groups received tap drinking water (group I), 1% EG (group II), 250 mg/kg RC + 1% EG (group III), 500 mg/kg RC + 1% EG (group IV), or 2.5 g/kg potassium citrate + 1% EG (group V) for a period of 30 days. Blood and urine were collected for biochemical analysis, and the liver and kidneys were prepared for total lipid peroxides, calcium content and histological evaluation. The extract was analysed for total phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, citric acid and radical scavenger activity. The supplementation of the hydromethanol RC extract contributed to reducing the kidney and liver lipid peroxides to optimum levels in rats that had been treated with EG‐induced CaOx lithiasis. The extract also decreased renal and urinary calcium contents, decreased the size and number of CaOx calculi in the kidneys, and significantly increased citrate excretion without changing the volume, pH, or urinary concentrations of oxalate in comparison with the control group. According to these results, RC can be useful as a preventive agent against the formation of CaOx kidney stones. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自由基与草酸钙尿石形成的相关性实验研究

目的研究自由基与草酸钙尿石形成的相关性。方法 SD雄性大鼠20只,随机分为2组:均喂食标准鼠料,A组饮用自来水,B组饮用含0.75?乙二醇和0.75?氯化铵的自来水。饲养6周后,检测2组大鼠的肾功能、尿草酸和钙含量,血清和肾组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,并观察肾组织结构的变化及草酸钙晶体的分布。结果 B组肾组织SOD明显下降,肾组织MDA的含量及血清BUN和Cr、尿中钙和草酸等含量增加(P均<0.01);草酸钙晶体布满全肾,肾组织细胞损伤明显。结论自由基与草酸钙尿石形成关系密切,可为防治尿石开创新方法。     

金钱草黄酮提取物对大鼠肾脏草酸钙结石形成的影响

目的:探讨金钱草黄酮提取物对大鼠肾草酸钙结石形成的影响。方法:饲喂1%乙二醇溶液建立大鼠肾草酸钙结石模型,分别给予100,200,400 mg.kg-13种剂量的金钱草黄酮提取物6周。用离子对高效液相色谱法测定大鼠尿中草酸浓度、含量,全自动生化分析仪测定血清尿素氮(BUN),Cr及Ca2+,P3+,K+,Na+含量,原子吸收光谱仪测定肾组织及尿Ca2+,Mg2+含量,尿总Ca2+,Mg2+含量测定,显微镜下观察肾小管中草酸钙结晶分布和肾小管扩张情况。结果:不同剂量黄酮组大鼠肾Ca2+含量、24 h尿Ca2+分泌量,肾组织的草酸钙晶体沉积及肾小管扩张均明显低于草酸钙结石模型组(P<0.05),黄酮组大鼠尿草酸浓度和24 h累积草酸含量和草酸钙结石模型组间无明显差异。结论:金钱草黄酮提取物能抑制实验性高草酸尿症大鼠肾脏草酸钙晶体的形成。干预实验大鼠体内钙代谢可能是金钱草黄酮提取物抑制大鼠肾脏草酸钙晶体形成的途径之一。     

Effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum and Ammi majus on calcium oxalate urolithiasis in rats

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed and Ammi majus fruit on experimentally-induced kidney stones. Oxalate urolithiasis in male rats was produced by the addition of 3% glycolic acid to their diet. After 4 weeks, highly significant deposition in the kidneys was noticed and changes in water intake and body weight recorded. Daily oral treatment with T. foenum-graecum significantly decreased the quantity of calcium oxalate deposited in the kidneys thus supporting its use in Saudi folk medicine. The effects obtained by A. majus were, however, not significant.     

消微防石汤对大鼠肾脏草酸钙微结石防治作用及机制的实验研究

目的：观察消微防石汤对大鼠肾脏草酸钙微结石防治作用并初步探讨其防治机制。方法72只Wistar大鼠按随机数字表法分成6组,即正常组、生理盐水阴性对照组、复方金钱草颗粒阳性对照组、消微防石汤低、中、高剂量实验组。正常组不予以任何处理,其它各组均上午给予乙二醇以造模、下午分别给予生理盐水、复方金钱草颗粒溶化液及低、中、高剂量消微防石汤,连续灌药5天。第5天末次灌药后各组均收集12小时尿液离心取清液并检测尿液pH值及草酸、钙、肌酐浓度,称各组大鼠体重并腹腔麻醉,采腹主动脉血离心取血清并检测动脉血清草酸、钙、肌酐浓度,取肾组织称重并制作切片观察肾组织成石程度。结果六组大鼠肾组织总体成石率差异有统计学意义（P0．05）,与复方金钱草颗粒阳性对照组比较,消微防石汤低、中、高剂量实验组差异均无统计学意义（均为P〉0．05）;六组大鼠尿液总体pH值、动脉血清与尿液中草酸、钙、肌酐总体浓度差异均无统计学意义（均为P〉0．05）,消微防石汤中、高剂量实验组分别与正常组、生理盐水阴性对照组比较,尿液pH值、动脉血清与尿液中草酸、钙、肌酐浓度差异均无统计学意义（均为P〉0．05）;六组大鼠左肾重量、右肾重量、终末体重总体差异分别有统计学意义（ P〈0．05、P〈0．01、P〈0．01）。结论消微防石汤对大鼠肾脏草酸钙微结石具有防治作用,作用机制可能是通过影响草酸钙晶体的附着、排出使得肾组织草酸钙晶体减少,而不是通过影响大鼠尿液pH值及动脉血清与尿液中草酸、钙浓度以影响草酸钙晶体的形成。     

乌司他丁对大鼠肾脏烫伤后肾脏热休克蛋白70表达的早期影响

目的研究烫伤后早期给予乌司他丁对大鼠肾脏组织细胞热休克蛋白70(HSP70)表达的影响,探讨乌司他丁对大鼠肾脏的保护作用和可能的作用机制。方法选用健康Wistar大鼠45只,随机分为对照组(非烫伤,n=5)、烧伤组(单纯烫伤,n=20)、治疗组(烫伤后给予乌司他丁,n=20)。建立30%TBSAⅢ度烫伤大鼠模型。用HE染色方法、免疫组织化学方法检测各组创伤后1 h、6 h、12 h、24 h肾脏组织中HSP70蛋白的表达。结果①对照组肾脏组织中HSP70蛋白呈弱阳性表达。与对照组比较,烧伤组在烫伤后6 h HSP70表达增强(P<0.05)。治疗组肾组织中HSP70表达在1 h、6 h、12 h明显高于烧伤组(以12 h点最为显著,P<0.05)。②正常大鼠肾脏外观呈现马蹄形或蚕豆形,圆润,颜色红。烧伤组外观较对照组肿胀变大,颜色暗红,充血明显。烫伤后12 h改变最为明显。治疗组外观较对照组略肿胀,颜色暗红,充血不明显。③烫伤后各个时间段肾组织出现不同程度损伤性改变,6 h最为明显。肾小球毛细血管丛缩小,肾小球囊腔扩大。肾小管细胞肿胀、变性坏死、管腔扩张。近曲小管上皮细胞扁平,刷状缘脱落,个别上皮细胞脱落,基底膜尚完整。治疗组上述改变明显减轻,仅见部分肾小管细胞肿胀、管腔扩张、无明显变性坏死。结论严重烧伤早期大鼠肾脏组织损伤明显,早期应用乌司他丁具有保护肾脏组织的作用。HSP70在烧伤大鼠早期肾脏组织的表达可能具有细胞保护作用和作为应激反应强度标志的作用。乌司他丁能够明显增强烧伤早期大鼠组织细胞内HSP70的表达,这可能是其抗肾脏组织细胞凋亡,保护肾脏组织的机制之一。     

柴黄益肾方对大鼠慢性肾损害的改善作用

目的研究柴黄益肾方对5/6结扎肾动脉大鼠慢性肾损害的作用.方法实验大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、蒙诺对照组、柴黄益肾方小剂量组(0.55 g/kg)、中剂量组(1.1 g/kg)和大剂量组(2.2 g/kg),利用结扎5/6肾动脉加高蛋白饲料喂养诱导慢性肾损害大鼠模型,观察大鼠24 h尿蛋白定量、血清总蛋白、血清白蛋白、血清胆固醇、三酰甘油、血清尿素氮、血清肌酐等血清生化学指标,对肾组织进行病理组织学观察并对损害程度进行评分,探讨柴黄益肾方对蛋白尿、肾小球硬化及肾间质纤维化的治疗作用.结果柴黄益肾方能明显抑制大量尿蛋白,提升血清总蛋白和白蛋白含量,降低胆固醇及三酰甘油含量,降低血清尿素氮,改善肾脏病理损伤.结论柴黄益肾方能减轻由肾动脉结扎诱导的肾组织损伤,改善肾功能和纠正脂蛋白代谢紊乱.     

肾消方对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏NADPH氧化酶表达的影响

目的：探讨肾消方对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏NADPH氧化酶表达的影响。方法：单肾切除加链脲佐茵素（STZ）腹腔注射制作糖尿病肾病动物模型。实验分正常组、模型组、西药对照组和肾消方组,两给药组分别予以中药肾消方和厄贝沙坦干预治疗16周,检测大鼠血糖、血脂、肾功变化,WesternBlot测定大鼠肾组织NADPH氧化酶亚单位p22phox蛋白表达,化学比色法测定肾皮质内Cu,Zn-SOD含量,光镜观察肾脏病理变化。结果：糖尿病肾病大鼠血糖、血脂、SCr、BUN、24小时尿蛋白、肾脏p22phox蛋白表达显著增高,而肾皮质内Cu,Zn-SOD活性降低;厄贝沙坦和肾消方能从不同程度上逆转糖尿病大鼠上述各项指标的变化,但二者无显著差异。结论：肾消方通过显著降低糖尿病大鼠肾脏氧化应激水平,减轻氧化应激对肾组织的损伤,保护肾脏。     

防石合剂对肾草酸钙结石模型大鼠骨桥蛋白表达的影响

目的:测定应用防石合剂前后草酸钙模型大鼠肾组织OPN表达和尿中尿钙及尿尿酸的浓度变化,探讨防石合剂预防肾结石复发的作用机制。方法:用乙二醇+氯化胺法构建草酸钙肾结石大鼠模型,同时给予防石合剂1.50g生药材/1.5mL/100g、3g生药材/1.5mL/100g、6g生药材/1.5mL/100g,各组均给药7周。实验结束后检测各组大鼠24h尿量、尿PH、尿尿酸、尿钙,免疫组化法检测OPN蛋白表达,实时荧光定量PCR技术检测大鼠肾骨桥蛋白mRNA的表达。结果:模型组大鼠肾OPN mRNA及蛋白的表达明显增加,为对照组的2倍,防石合剂各剂量组均能进一步增加大鼠肾组织OPN mRNA及蛋白的表达,为对照组的3.5倍;且防石合剂各剂量组能显著降低大鼠尿中尿钙和尿尿酸含量,增加排尿量。结论:防石合剂可能通过增强草酸钙模型大鼠肾组织OPN的表达,从而抑制结石形成。     

宣痹汤对实验性IgA肾病大鼠肾脏病理变化及TGF-β1表达的影响

目的:观察宣痹汤对实验性IgA肾病(IgA nephropathy,IgAN)大鼠肾脏病理变化及肾组织转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)表达的影响。方法:采用BSA加SEB诱导建立IgAN大鼠模型,随机分成正常对照组、模型组、雷公藤多甙组、宣痹汤低剂量组、宣痹汤中剂量组、宣痹汤高剂量组,分别给予相应处理12周,光镜观察各组大鼠肾组织病理变化,用免疫组化和RT-PCR方法分别检测肾组织TGF-β1蛋白和基因的表达。结果:与模型组相比,各用药组肾小球轻度增大,系膜细胞和系膜基质增生的程度较模型组均减轻,系膜细胞数较模型组减少;宣痹汤能够有效抑制TGF-β1在肾组织的基因和蛋白表达(P<0.05)。结论:宣痹汤能改善大鼠肾脏病理损伤,下调TGF-β1在肾脏的表达可能是宣痹汤治疗IgA肾病的作用机制之一。     

溶石胶囊对肾结石模型大鼠的治疗作用

目的观察溶石胶囊灌胃给药后对结石大鼠的治疗作用。方法采用乙二醇加氯化铵制成肾结石病理模型，观察溶石胶囊对大鼠肾结石模型的治疗作用。结果溶石胶囊能基本恢复肾结石模型大鼠的体重，抑制因结石引起的组织水肿和肾脏重量增加，增加排尿量，促进肾脏组织和血液中Ca^2＋的排泄和代谢，减少肾组织中结石的形成，降低血清尿素氮、肌酐水平，减缓大鼠肾组织因结石引起的损伤和病变。结论溶石胶囊对大鼠肾结石形成有一定的治疗作用，     

泽泻提取物不同组分对尿草酸钙结石形成的实验研究

目的 :研究泽泻提取物不同组分对尿草酸钙结石形成的影响 ,并确定其抑制尿草酸钙结石形成的有效部位。方法 :通过喂服泽泻提取物不同组分对乙二醇和氯化铵诱导的大白鼠肾草酸钙结石模型进行实验研究。结果 :服用泽泻醋酸乙酯浸膏的醋酸乙酯洗脱液大鼠的血清尿素氮 (BUN) ,肌酐 (Cr) ,肾钙 (Ca²⁺ )含量 ,24h尿Ca²⁺ 分泌量 ,肾组织的草酸钙晶体沉积均明显低于成石组 (P<0.05)。结论 :泽泻醋酸乙酯浸膏的醋酸乙酯洗脱液能抑制实验性高草酸尿症大白鼠体内肾草酸钙晶体的形成 ,是泽泻抑制尿草酸钙结石形成的有效部位。     

Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. root-wood on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats

In India, drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae)) is commonly used as a phytotherapeutic agent. The effect of oral administration of aqueous and alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera root-wood on calcium oxalate urolithiasis has been studied in male Wistar albino rats. Ethylene glycol feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased renal excretion of calcium and phosphate. Supplementation with aqueous and alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera root-wood significantly reduced the elevated urinary oxalate, showing a regulatory action on endogenous oxalate synthesis. The increased deposition of stone forming constituents in the kidneys of calculogenic rats was also significantly lowered by curative and preventive treatment using aqueous and alcoholic extracts. The results indicate that the root-wood of Moringa oleifera is endowed with antiurolithiatic activity.     

Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum extract as a preventive agent in experimentally induced urolithiasis model

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Since ancient times, various herbal preparations have been used in treatment of urolithiasis, which is basically formation of calcium oxalate stones in kidney. The aim of our study is to assess the effects of Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum (HP) as a preventive agent in experimentally induced urolithiasis model in rats.

Materials and methods

The efficacy of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg HP extract was studied in 1% ethylene glycol and 1% ammonium chloride-induced urolithiasis for 21 days in rats. The weight difference and the levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid in both serum and 24 h-urine were measured. The calcium oxalate (CaOx) and pH were defined in urine. Histo-pathological analyses in kidneys were also performed.

Results

The rats’ weights were higher in HP groups than urolithiasis group. Urolithiasis caused a significant increase in both serum and urine biochemical parameters compared to healthy rats. HP extract decreased levels of these parameters. Urine CaOx level was high in urolithiasis rats, whereas it was decreased by HP extract. Histopathological examinations revealed extensive intratubular crystal depositions and degenerative tubular structures in urolithiasis group, but not in HP treatment groups.

Conclusion

More studies will be necessary to elucidate the antiurolithiatic activity of HP. Nonetheless, having a beneficial effect in preventing and eliminating CaOx deposition into kidneys, HP extract may be a potential drug for urolithiasis treatment.     

莪术对糖尿病肾病大鼠的保护作用

目的:探讨莪术(Curcuma wenyujin)对糖尿病肾病大鼠的保护作用。方法:Wistar大鼠40只,分为假手术组、模型组和莪术治疗组,利用肾切除和链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ,45 mg.kg-1 ip)诱导糖尿病大鼠模型并用莪术进行干预(3 g.kg-1.d-1 ig),观察肾脏病理学变化,检测血糖(glucemia,Glu)总胆固醇(total cholesteral,TC)、血肌酐(blood serum creatinine,Scr)、尿微量白蛋白及结缔组织生长因子(connective tissue growth factor,CTGF)在肾脏的表达变化。结果:模型组较假手术组Glu,TC,尿白蛋白排泄率明显增高(P<0.01),CTGF在肾组织中的表达显著增加(P<0.01),肾脏病理变化显著;而莪术治疗组上述指标较模型组显著减少(P<0.01),CTGF在肾组织中的表达显著降低(P<0.01),肾脏病理变化有明显改善。结论:莪术对糖尿病大鼠的肾脏有保护作用,可能与其抑制CTGF在肾组织中的表达有关。     

Toxic effect of Herniaria cinerea DC. on the stomach,intestine, lung,and kidney of rats

The toxic effect of the butanolic extract of Herniaria cinerea DC., a plant used traditionally to cure renal stones, has been tested by oral administration on Wistar male rats. The extract causes bloody diarrhea and respiratory troubles. The study of the histopathological lesions in the stomach, intestine, lung, and kidney revealed an ulcerous effect on the digestive tract and alveolar destruction. In the kidney, we observed total tubular necrosis with hemorrhage.     

复方广金钱草合剂改善肾草酸钙结石大鼠肾功能的效果及其机制

目的:探讨复方广金钱草合剂改善肾草酸钙结石大鼠肾功能的效果及其机制。方法:将SPF级雄性SD大鼠40只随机分为观察组和对照组,每组20只。观察组采用L-羟脯氨酸注射法诱导创立肾草酸钙结石大鼠模型,并以复方广金钱草合剂灌胃干预28 d。分别于对照组入组后和观察组建模前、建模后1 d、建模后28 d收集尿液标本,进行尿量、尿蛋白、尿肌酐、尿钙等肾功能相关指标的检测。并在收集尿液标本的同时取2组尾静脉血2 mL,进行血肌酐、血尿素氮等肾功能指标的检测。观察组干预28 d均双肾标本,其中左肾制成10%匀浆进行丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)水平检测,右肾组织切片并通过免疫组织化学检测骨桥蛋白(OPN)和转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)等炎性相关蛋白表达情况。结果:与对照组比较,观察组建模后1 d尿量降低,尿蛋白、尿肌酐、尿钙、血肌酐、血尿素氮水平升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与同组建模前比较,观察组建模后1 d尿量降低,尿蛋白、尿肌酐、尿钙、血肌酐、血尿素氮水平升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与同组建模后1 d比较,观察组建模后28 d尿量升高,尿蛋白、尿肌酐、尿钙、血肌酐、血尿素氮水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,观察组肾组织MDA水平以及OPN、TGF-β阳性表达率升高,SOD、GSH-Px水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:复方广金钱草合剂可改善肾草酸钙结石大鼠肾功能,而改善氧化应激和炎性反应可能为其作用机制。     

双黄连粉针剂与盐酸头孢吡肟联合用药的肾毒性研究

目的 观察双黄连粉针剂与注射用盐酸头孢吡肟联合用药对肾功能的影响.方法 将SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组,双黄连组,头孢吡肟高、中、低剂量组,双黄连合用头孢吡肟高、中、低剂量组.尾静脉注射给药7d,收集末次给药后24 h尿液,腹主动脉取血处死、摘除双肾检测丙二醛(MDA)、总超氧化物歧化酶(TSOD)以及尿β-D-N乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、尿蛋白等生化指标变化,并观察各组大鼠肾组织病理变化.结果 与空白对照组相比,合并用药各剂量组尿NAG、尿蛋白、肾组织MDA、组织T-SOD酶含量显著升高(P＜0.01).合并用药组出现明显的肾小管蛋白管型及小血管壁增厚或增生.结论 双黄连粉针剂与注射用头孢吡肟联合应用会增加头孢吡肟的肾毒性.     

经皮肾镜联合加味五金汤治疗肾结石临床疗效

的：探讨经皮肾镜碎石术联合加味五金汤治疗肾脏结石的临床效果。方法：选取60例肾脏结石患者,根据治疗方法的不同分为治疗组与对照组,两组各30例,对照组单纯应用经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术,治疗组在对照组的基础上联合加味五金汤进行治疗,比较两组的治疗效果。结果：治疗组痊愈22例,良好8例,好转0例,无效0例,总有效率为100.00%;对照组痊愈19例,良好6例,好转5例,无效0例,总有效率为83．33％。治疗组总有效率明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：采用经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术联合加味五金汤对肾结石患者进行治疗,效果确切,值得临床推广使用。