伏隔核毁损术戒毒术前及术后精神心理学量表测评结果分析

目的研究探讨伏隔核定向毁损术戒毒对智力、记忆、人格特征及焦虑情绪的影响,评价手术的安全性。方法采用中国修订韦氏成人智力量表(Wechsleradultintelligencescale-revisedinChina,WAIS-RC)和韦氏记忆量表(Wechslermemoryscale,WMS)、明尼苏达多项人格调查表(Minnesotamultiphasicpersonalityinventory,MMPI),卡特尔16种个性因素测验(theCattell16personalityfactor,16PF)及汉密顿焦虑量表(Hamiltonanxielyscale,HAMA)对2000年7月至2004年11月272名接受手术的药物依赖、成瘾患者进行术前、术后的测评比较。结果术后1个月及3个月WAIS-RC及WMS测评结果与术前比较,未发现手术对智力、记忆有不良影响,且智商和记忆商均较术前有明显改善,VIQ,PIQ,MQ改善显著(P<0.01),而FIQ改善不显著(P>0.01);MMPI测评术后评分较术前显著减少(P<0.01)的有疑病、抑郁、癔病、心理病态,评分显著增加并有显著差异(P<0.01)的有偏执、精神分裂、轻躁狂;术后16PF测评显示,志愿者手术后的人格的多种因素无显著改变,只有H、L、O、Q2和适应焦虑分增高;HAMA测评结果显示,术后躯体性焦虑分数、精神性焦虑分数及焦虑总分均比术前显著降低(P<0.001)。结论定向伏隔核毁损术对志愿者的智力和记忆水平无明显不良影响,部分功能较术前有所改善;对志愿者的人格特征总体影响不显著,但可能对其中的部分个性特征如独立性、敢为性、忧虑性、怀疑性等构成一定影响。手术可使志愿者的焦虑水平明显降低,伏隔核定向毁损术戒毒是安全可行的。     

伏隔核毁损术戒毒术后患者复吸原因研究

目的 调查伏隔核毁损术后患者复吸原因,比较手术戒毒与保守治疗的效果,评价手术戒毒疗效.方法 回顾性调查手术后观察期2年以上的复吸患者43例,通过家庭走访、门诊、电话、书信、问卷等方式,调查复吸原因,操守时间,术前、术后吸食毒品量变化、对毒品的心理渴求感及吸食毒品后的主观感觉变化,通过自身对比,分析比较手术与以往保守治疗戒毒的效果及复吸原因.结果 失随访9例,主要复吸原因为接触与原成瘾相关的情境(28例,占82.4%)和生活负性事件的应激反应(6例,占17.6%);手术后的操守时间明显长于以往保守治疗后的操守时间;手术后每日吸食毒品量明显少于以往保守治疗后的吸食量;以手术组为研究对象,对操守时间及每日吸食毒品量按复吸原因分组进行成组t检验均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 手术戒毒与保守治疗相比,操守时间长,复吸后每日吸食毒品量明显减少,对毒品的心理渴求感降低.     

伏隔核毁损戒毒术不同毁损方法对疗效的影响(附74例报告)

目的 探讨立体定向伏隔核毁损术成除海洛因依赖不同毁损方法 与疗效的关系.方法 海洛因依赖患者74例,伏隔核毁损灶初始靶点坐标值:x:(±5.0)-(±6.5)mm,y:17-22 mm,z:(-6.0)-(-8.0)mm,随机采用A、B、C、D4种毁损方法 中的一种制作毁损灶.A、B、C 3组的毁损灶总体积相同,而位置不同,A组沿伏隔核内外方向扩大毁损灶,B组沿伏隔核前后方向扩大毁损灶,C组沿伏隔核内外及前后方向均扩大毁损灶;C、D两组的毁损灶位置相同,而体积不同,D组总体积大于c组.随访期4年,调查是否复吸,是否出现与毁损核团功能相关的特异性并发症.结果 总体未复吸率56.8%.经X~2检验4组未复吸率总体差异有统计学意义,C组未复吸率(78.9%)大于A组(31.3%)及B组(31.6%),经X~2检验均有统计学意义,而C、D组(80.0%)间未复吸率差异无统计学意义.总体特异并发症发生率24.3%(18/74).经X~2检验4组特异性并发症发生率总体差异无统计学意义,A组(12.5%,2/16)并发症发生率与B组(21.1%,4/19)、C组(26.3%,5/19)间差异无统计学意义.C、D(35.0%,7/20)组间差异亦无统计学意义.结论 立体定向伏隔核毁损术是戒除海洛因依赖的有效手段之一.毁损灶位于伏隔核中后1/3部,沿内外及前后方向均扩大毁损灶,疗效最佳,并发症发生率较低,C组毁损方法 最佳.     

伏隔核毁损治疗难治性精神分裂症的临床分析

目的探讨伏隔核（nucleus accumbens,NAC）毁损手术治疗难治性精神分裂症的可行性和安全性。方法该组先后采用CT或MRI扫描定位,脑立体定向手术,行双侧伏隔核射频毁损治疗。结果近期有效率90.70%,无严重的并发症和后遗症,智能、记忆及神经心理测验有明显提高。结论脑立体定向伏隔核射频毁是治疗难治性精神分裂症的安全有效方法,围手术期配合有针对性的心理治疗,药物及康复治疗等,使脑立体定向手术效提高,术后复发和一次治疗无效的患者可以再次手术。     

立体定向双侧伏隔核毁损术治疗阿片类药物依赖

目的探讨阿片类药物依赖手术治疗的方法及其安全性。方法采用立体定向微创手术行双侧伏隔核壳部后下份的毁损术,治疗35例病人,对其术后近期和中期随访观察,随访时间36～129天;观察术后近期生理与精神表征的变化;伴发的烟草依赖症状改善情况的调查;手术对睡眠、记忆力、性欲及工作能力的影响;观察不同时间段术后病人药物渴求程度的改变情况及重新非法用药的分析。结果该手术具有较高的安全性,术中心率减缓的情况与术后心瘾消除的比率有一定关系,手术诱发的精神障碍是阶段性的和可逆的;手术可以明显地改善大部分患者的睡眠障碍并提高工作能力;在术后不同时间段,患者吸烟量明显降低;阿片类药物渴求得到显著缓解,完全消除心瘾者27例,占79．4％,重新非法用药者3例,可疑用药者2例。结论双侧伏隔核毁损术可以有效地消除或部分缓解阿片类药物依赖患者的心理渴求,术后病人的操守率明显优于常规药物治疗,而且该手术较安全、副损伤小,所造成的生理和精神障碍均为阶段性和可逆的,是一种值得深入探索的治疗药物依赖的方法。     

伏隔核毁损术治疗药物依赖性脑病术后疗效随访分析

目的 评价伏隔核定向毁损术戒毒的安全性和有效性。方法 伏隔核定向毁损戒毒术后随访期达1年以上者42例，通过家庭访问、门诊、书信、电话，精神心理测评量表和随访调查问卷进行长期追踪随访，分析手术对一般生理学指标、本能行为、人格特征的影响及手术疗效、复吸率、并发症。对未复吸患者，不定期随机抽查尿检和纳络酮催瘾试验。结果 除术后短期内出现中枢性高热外，手术对其他生理学指标无明显影响；对本能行为的影响主要表现为术后1个月性相关暗示刺激诱发动机降低，术后3个月恢复至正常水平。术后患者人格特征总体趋势无明显变化；短期内可出现注意力、近期记忆和睡眠障碍，于1周-1个月内自行恢复；对工作能力和远期记忆无影响；未复吸19例，复吸21例，失随访2例，术后1年期以上平均操守率45．2％，复吸率54．8％；影响手术疗效的因素：术前生理脱毒是否彻底，毁损灶大小，患者吸毒史长短、吸食毒品种类和所处社会环境；本组无死亡及感染病例。近期并发症：癫痫样发作1例（2.4％）；远期并发症：动机形成障碍、对特征性刺激注意力下降、社会活动退避反应6例（14．3％），经康复训练3-6个月后症状减轻。结论 伏隔核定向毁损术戒毒是安全、有效、可行的。手术的副反应和并发症发生率低，程度轻，是短暂的，可恢复的，与患者不能摆脱毒品折磨的痛苦相比，是在可接受范围内的。手术戒毒效果明显好于常规药物戒毒效果，是在常规药物戒毒无效的基础上，用于克服心理依赖，防止复吸的一种重要手段。     

双侧伏隔核毁损术围手术期联合药物治疗海洛因成瘾9例

吸食海洛因(俗称吸毒)成瘾包括躯体依赖和精神依赖两方面,前者的治疗方法较多,但后者目前尚无理想的治疗方法。我院于2004年9-10月,对9例吸毒患者施行立体定向双侧伏隔核(nucleus accumbens,NAC)毁损术及在围手术期合并药物治疗,取得了较好的效果。现报道如下。     

定向伏隔核射频毁损戒毒的毁损情况与疗效关系探讨

目的探讨定向伏隔核射频毁损术戒毒中毁损灶的位置、大小与疗效、并发症的关系。方法回顾性分析接受定向伏隔核射频毁损戒毒手术后随访期达1年以上的60例志愿者的病历资料,复查MRI,测量毁损灶中心平均坐标值及毁损灶的平均大小,参照Schaltenbrand-Bailey人脑标准图谱,探讨毁损灶的位置、大小与疗效、并发症的关系。结果失访2例(3.3%)。疗效优27例(45.0%),良10例(16.7%),无效17例(28.3%),差4例(6.7%);总有效率61.7%,复吸率35.0%。伏隔核内有效靶点的平均坐标值分布趋势:x(6.5±0.5)mm,y(21.5±1.0)mm,z(-8.5±1.5)mm;最佳毁损灶平均大小为8mm×10mm×6mm,占整个伏隔核体积的1/3。中远期特异并发症包括顺行性遗忘、动机形成障碍10例,性欲减退1例,情感障碍1例,冲动行为1例,嗅觉迟钝1例;发生率为23.3%。结论定向伏隔核射频毁损戒毒的有效靶点位于伏隔核腹内侧的壳部,疗效及中远期特异并发症与毁损灶具体位置的设定及体积大小有关。毁损灶体积过小,导致手术无效;毁损灶偏离有效靶点,或毁损体积过大,均可导致并发症的发生。     

伏隔核壳部毁损术的手术技巧和电生理研究

目的 详细描述伏隔核壳部内下份切开手术过程,探讨该治疗的有效性和安全性.方法 共治疗68名患者,包括药物成瘾者65例、精神运动性癫痫2例、伴攻击行为精神发育迟滞1例.毁损靶点为伏隔核壳部的内后下份,在MRI片上该部位并没有孤立致密的灰质核团影,选AC-PC平面的轴位片,坐标为AC前5.5 mm,中线旁开5 mm,AC下6～8 mm.Z轴坐标的调整依据距侧脑室下壁的深度、电生理监测指标,调整幅度较大.需要指出,伏隔核内侧壳部毁损术的穿刺针道无法避开侧脑室,否则难以制作与壳部、斜角带三维形状相符的毁损灶.毁损温度,时间70秒,毁损2个层面.结果 并发症包括心率减慢、心情烦躁、易激惹、疼痛、食欲亢进等,均程度轻微并恢复.2例精神运动性癫痫患者1例发作消失,1例发作明显减少.1例伴攻击行为精神发育迟滞患者攻击行为消失.药物成瘾者术后对药物心理渴求完全消除者52人,占80.0%;7人虽有精神渴求,但程度轻微可以自控,未复吸,占10.8%;另外6人仍有精神依赖,均在术后2周～6个月复吸,占9.2%.术后记忆力无明显改变,病人焦虑、抑郁以及强迫性的的人格障碍有明显改善.结论 伏隔核是外科治疗药物成瘾等强迫性精神障碍的理想靶点,但必须强调毁损部位是伏隔核的壳部内后下部.     

药物依赖患者伏隔核毁损后行为选择变化的初步研究

目的探讨伏隔核毁损对于阿片类药物成瘾患者行为选择缺陷的影响并初步分析原因。方法对伏隔核毁损前后阿片药物依赖患者(15例)以及正常对照组(14例)进行爱荷华赌博任务测验(IOWA gambling test,IGT),剑桥赌博任务测验(Cambridge gambling test,CGT),go／nogo逆转学习／行为抑制测验以及数字记忆广度的测评,采用LSD-t检验、配对t检验以及levene方差齐性检验法进行统计学分析。结果IGT测试显示手术组术前较术后和正常组成绩均偏低,术前与术后差异有统计学意义(t=2．547,P<0．01),术后与正常对照组差异无统计学意义(t=0．746,P>0．1)。CGT测试术前与术后差异无统计学意义(t=1．254,P>0．1)。go／no-go行为抑制测试术前与术后差异无统计学意义(t=1．036,P> 0．1)。数字广度测评手术组成绩较正常对照组偏低,术前及术后差异无统计学意义(t=1．126,P>0．1)。结论伏隔核毁损可以改善成瘾患者行为选择的缺陷,这种改善作用与冒险行为、工作记忆及逆转学习／行为抑制等神经心理机制无关。     

Effects of Acute Nicotine Abstinence on Cue-elicited Ventral Striatum/Nucleus Accumbens Activation in Female Cigarette Smokers: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

To achieve greater understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying nicotine craving in female smokers, we examined the influence of nicotine non-abstinence vs. acute nicotine abstinence on cue-elicited activation of the ventral striatum. Eight female smokers underwent an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm presenting randomized sequences of smoking-related and non-smoking related pictures. Participants were asked to indicate by a key press the gender of individuals in smoking-related and non-smoking related pictures (gender discrimination task), to maintain and evaluate attention to the pictures. There was a significant effect of smoking condition on reaction times (RT) for a gender discrimination task intended to assess and maintain attention to the photographs-suggesting a deprivation effect of acute nicotine abstinence and a statistical trend indicating greater RTs for smoking cues than neutral cues. BOLD contrast (smoking vs. non-smoking cues) was greater in the non-abstinent vs. acutely abstinent conditions in the ventral striatum including the nucleus accumbens (VS/NAc). Moreover, a significant positive correlation was observed between baseline cigarette craving prior to scanning and VS/NAc activation (r=0.84, p=0.009), but only in the non-abstinent condition. These results may either be explained by ceiling effects of nicotine withdrawal in the abstinent condition or, may indicate reduced relative activation (smoking vs. neutral contrast) in the VS/NAc in the abstinent vs. non-abstinent conditions in this group of female smokers.     

Effects of Nicotine and Footshock Stress on Dopamine Release in the Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens

We have used a microdialysis technique to analyze the effects of nicotine administration on the release of dopamine in the striatum and the nucleus accumbens (NAC) in rats under footshock stress. In the striatum, neither chronic systemic nicotine administration alone nor stress alone changed the extent of dopamine release. During stress application, however, chronic nicotine administration significantly increased dopamine release. In the NAC, stress did not induce increase in dopamine release in rats given nicotine chronically. However, in rats subjected to stress alone, dopamine release in the NAC was significantly increased after stress. In the striatum, the local infusion of 1.0 mM nicotine increased dopamine release. Furthermore, stress significantly increased nicotine-induced dopamine release. The local infusion of 1.0 mM nicotine into the NAC significantly increased dopamine release, but the levels returned to the baseline 30 min later. On the other hand, stress alone induced the release of dopamine 30 min later and the combination of stress and nicotine induced the release of dopamine during the stress and the effects lasted for 30 min. These results suggest that the responses of nicotine-induced dopamine release were different in the striatum and in the NAC under the stress. Stress and nicotine (systematically or locally administered) induced an immediate effect on dopamine release in the striatum, but in the nucleus accumbens stress alone and the combination of stress and nicotine induced a lasting release of dopamine (DA).     

Gentiopicroside Attenuates Morphine Rewarding Effect through Downregulation of GluN2B Receptors in Nucleus Accumbens

Aims: Gentiopicroside (Gent) is one of the secoiridoid compound isolated from Gentiana lutea. This compound exhibits analgesic activities and inhibits the expression of GluN2B‐containing N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex in mice. Nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a forebrain structure known for its role in drug addiction. However, little is known about the role of Gent on morphine dependence and synaptic transmission changes in the NAc. Methods: Conditioned place preference (CPP) test and behavioral sensitization of locomotor activity were used to investigate drug‐seeking related behaviors. Brain slices containing NAc were prepared, and whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings were performed to record the excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). Expression of proteins was detected by Western blot analysis. Results: Systemic administration of Gent attenuated the CPP effect induced by morphine, but had no effect on morphine‐induced behavioral sensitization. Gent significantly reversed overexpression of GluN2B‐containing NMDA receptors and dopamine D2 receptors in NAc during the first week of morphine withdrawal. However, the compound did not affect the overexpression of GluN2A‐containing NMDA receptors, GluA1, and dopamine D1 receptors. Lastly, Gent significantly reduced NMDA receptors‐mediated EPSCs in the NAc. Conclusion: Our study provides strong evidence that Gent inhibits morphine dependence through downregulation of GluN2B‐containing NMDA receptors in the NAc.     

Reduced Firing of Nucleus Accumbens Parvalbumin Interneurons Impairs Risk Avoidance in DISC1 Transgenic Mice

A strong animal survival instinct is to approach objects and situations that are of benefit and to avoid risk. In humans, a large proportion of mental disorders are accompanied by impairments in risk avoidance. One of the most important genes involved in mental disorders is disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1), and animal models in which this gene has some level of dysfunction show emotion-related impairments. However, it is not known whether DISC1 mouse models have an impairment in avoiding potential risks. In the present study, we used DISC1-N terminal truncation (DISC1-N^TM) mice to investigate risk avoidance and found that these mice were impaired in risk avoidance on the elevated plus maze (EPM) and showed reduced social preference in a three-chamber social interaction test. Following EPM tests, c-Fos expression levels indicated that the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was associated with risk-avoidance behavior in DISC1-N^TM mice. In addition, in vivo electrophysiological recordings following tamoxifen administration showed that the firing rates of fast-spiking neurons (FS) in the NAc were significantly lower in DISC1-N^TM mice than in wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, in vitro patch clamp recording revealed that the frequency of action potentials stimulated by current injection was lower in parvalbumin (PV) neurons in the NAc of DISC1-N^TM mice than in WT controls. The impairment of risk avoidance in DISC1-N^TM mice was rescued using optogenetic tools that activated NAc^PV neurons. Finally, inhibition of the activity of NAc^PV neurons in PV-Cre mice mimicked the risk-avoidance impairment found in DISC1-N^TM mice during tests on the elevated zero maze. Taken together, our findings confirm an impairment in risk avoidance in DISC1-N^TM mice and suggest that reduced excitability of NAc^PV neurons is responsible.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12264-021-00731-7.     

酒精依赖患者立体定向伏隔核毁损术后1年健康状况及生存质量调查

目的探讨酒精依赖患者立体定向伏隔核毁损术后1年健康状况及生存质量变化。方法2007年5月至2010年12月立体定向双侧伏隔核毁损术治疗酒精依赖患者33例。术后1年应用简明36项健康状况问卷（SF-36）和WHO生存质量测定量表简表（WHOQOL—BREF）评估患者健康状况及生存质量。结果术后1年患者戒断率为87．9％（29／33）、复饮率为12．1％（4／33）；患者生存质量WHOQOL—BREF评分及健康状况sF-36评分较术前显著改善沪〈0．05）；术后患者主观感受的健康状况评分亦显著改善（P〈0．05）。术后2例发生嗅觉障碍，均于6月内恢复；未发生明显的严重影响生活质量的并发症。结论立体定向伏隔核毁损术短期内对酒精依赖患者安全有效，可以作为严重酒精依赖患者在其他方法治疗均无效时的一种选择。