急性肺栓塞的诊断与治疗进展

急性肺栓塞(APE)作为一种非常危重的呼吸系统疾病,也可以称为心血管系统疾病。APE是致死性胸痛急症之一,其发病率在逐年升高。在过去临床工作中由于其症状不典型,缺乏经验及检查手段,以及对其重视不够,造成其漏诊率、误诊率和死亡率均较高。尽早明确疾病诊断并及时诊治非常重要,可以挽救更多危重症患者生命。现在临床医师对该病越来越重视,使本病的漏诊率逐年下降。本文详细介绍了APE的易患因素、临床表现以及诊断,包括疑似诊断,及进一步确诊的各种方法。最后讲述该病的治疗方案,从轻症患者抗凝治疗,到危重患者溶栓治疗,详细展示了APE的最新诊断及治疗进展。     

急性肺栓塞41例临床分析

急性肺栓塞(Acute Pulmonary Embolism,以下简称 APE)是呼吸科急危重症之一,临床表现多样且无特异性,误、漏诊率极高,死亡率较高,而早期诊断、早期治疗可明显改善预后,因此,如何避免该病的误、漏诊是提高生存率的关键。现总结我院41例APE诊治经验,报道如下。     

可手术切除的Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌预后因素临床分析

目的 探讨新辅助化疗对手术切除的Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)预后因素的影响.方法 回顾性分析先化疗后手术的43例Ⅲ期NSCLC患者的临床资料,随访5年以上,运用Log-Rank分析和Cox单、多因素分析,对影响预后的因素进行单因素和多因素分析.结果 43例先化疗后手术Ⅲ期NSCLC患者的1、3、5年生存率分别为81.40%、27.91%、9.30%.Cox单因素分析结果显示影响先化疗后手术Ⅲ期NSCLC预后因素为总分期、术式、切端及术式、肺门、肿瘤大小、输血量和术后化疗周期数.Cox多因素分析结果显示影响先化疔后手术Ⅲ期NSCLC预后因素为肿瘤大小和术后化疗周期数.肿块≤3 cm和术后化疗＞4个周期患者预后好.结论 肿瘤大小和术后化疗周期数为影响先化疗后手术Ⅲ期NSCLC患者重要的预后因素.肿瘤小、术后化疗周期数多的患者预后好.对于临床估计患者的生存时间、提供最佳的治疗方式、改善预后具有重要意义.     

超声在保胆手术中的应用

目的 探讨超声在胆囊结石及胆囊息肉样病变诊断中的价值及保胆手术后的临床评估.方法 选取拟行保胆手术的胆囊结石及胆囊息肉样病变患者160例,对比分析超声对胆囊疾病的诊断及术中探查结果,跟踪观察保胆手术后患者的康复情况.结果 超声对胆囊结石及胆囊息肉样病变的正确诊断率为96.9％(155/160),误诊率为2.5％(4/160),漏诊率为0.6％(1/160).保胆术后结石复发率为3.6％(5/137).结论 超声可以作为胆囊疾病的首选检查方法,对保胆手术的术前评价及术后随访有重要意义.     

可手术切除的Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌预后因素临床分析

目的探讨新辅助化疗对手术切除的Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）预后因素的影响。方法回顾性分析先化疗后手术的43例Ⅲ期NSCLC患者的临床资料，随访5年以上，运用Log-Rank分析和Cox单、多因素分析，对影响预后的因素进行单因素和多因素分析。结果43例先化疗后手术Ⅲ期NSCLC患者的1、3、5年生存率分别为81．40％、27．91％、9．30％。Cox单因素分析结果显示影响先化疗后手术Ⅲ期NSCLC预后因素为总分期、术式、切端及术式、肺门、肿瘤大小、输血量和术后化疗周期数。Cox多因素分析结果显示影响先化疗后手术Ⅲ期NSCLC预后因素为肿瘤大小和术后化疗周期数。肿块≤3cm和术后化疗〉4个周期患者预后好。结论肿瘤大小和术后化疗周期数为影响先化疗后手术Ⅲ期NSCLC患者重要的预后因素。肿瘤小、术后化疗周期数多的患者预后好。对于临床估计患者的生存时间、提供最佳的治疗方式、改善预后具有重要意义。     

神经外科术后颅内感染相关因素分析与预防对策

目的:对神经外科术后颅内感染的因素进行分析,并探讨其预防对策.方法:选取2013年4月-2016年4月在我院神经外科接受治疗(429例)后发生颅内感染的患者25例作为研究对象,对其临床资料进行认真分析,探讨相关的影响因素,并结合实际情况分析有效的预防对策.结果:白蛋白>35g/L的患者颅内感染率低于手术后白蛋白35g/L者;未留置引流管者颅内感染率低于采用引流管留置患者;选择手术时机者颅内感染率低于急诊手术患者;无基础疾病者患颅内感染率低于有基础疾病患者;无切口脑脊液漏者颅内感染率低于有切口脑脊液漏患者;手术时间4h以内者颅内感染率低于手术时间>4h的患者.结论:手术时间>4h、手术后白蛋白<35g/L、有切口脑脊液、患有基础疾病、留置引流管和急诊手术是导致神经外科术后颅内感染的相关因素.     

体外循环心内直视术后应激性溃疡的个体化防治

目的：探讨体外循环心内直视术后应激性溃疡个体化围手术期的防治措施与疗效观察。方法：选取2008年12月-2013年12月本院体外循环心内直视心脏手术后并发应激性溃疡的30例患者为研究对象,其中心内直视术：心脏瓣膜置换术22例,冠状动脉搭桥术5例,先天心脏病矫治术2例,大血管手术1例。回顾性分析其临床资料,包括术前危险因素评估,术中减少胃肠道缺血时间因素,术后应激性溃疡的预防、早发现、早干预以及预后影响因素,总结其防治方法,进而观察疗效。结果：本组30例患者均行保守治疗,其中1例患者联合手术治疗;经治疗后,29例痊愈出院,治愈率为96.7%,1例因术后出现多器官功能衰竭而死亡,死亡率为3.3%。结论：术前详细询问有无消化系统病史,术中尽量缩短体外循环和手术时间,术后常规应用质子泵抑制剂和胃肠黏膜保护剂以及尽早进食,对明确并发应激性溃疡者,采取早发现、早干预的综合个体化治疗;对并发出血者,根据患者个体情况积极采取药物、内镜及手术治疗,可有效预防并降低术后应激性溃疡发生率,提高体外循环心内直视术后应激性溃疡的治愈率。     

腰椎后路术后感染原因分析及处理措施

目的 探讨腰椎后路手术术后感染的危险因素与预防治疗对策,以期为临床提供借鉴,降低感染发生率.方法 回顾性分析近期收治的行腰椎后路手术的患者临床资料,包括患者感染的病因、临床表现、诊断依据、治疗方法等,并进行单因素及多因素分析与制定预防治疗对策.结果 单因素分析发现,手术操作的熟练程度低(OR=1.769,95％ cI:1.420～2.115)、患者身体健康状态差(OR=6.447,95％ CI:1.826～22.769)等是感染的主要病因;以细菌培养作为术后感染的金标准,血沉(OR=1.863,95％ CI:1.709～2.051)、C反应蛋白(OR=1.53995％ CI:1.042～2.635)是诊断术后感染的敏感化指标;敏感抗菌药物(OR=0.640,95％ CI:0.169～0.956)+病灶清创灌洗引流(OR=0.130,95％ CI:0.069～0.913)等是治疗的主要方法.结论 对于腰椎后路手术术后感染,血沉及C-反应蛋白的升高可作为细菌培养之前的诊断因素,患者的身体状况、手术操作的熟练程度低为相关的危险因素,所以应该密切观察患者血沉及C-反应蛋白以检测患者的术后感染情况,其次加强患者的营养提高其免疫力,其次减少患者手术暴露时间,以降低术后感染的可能性,对于已感染的患者,应予以敏感抗菌药物、病灶清创灌洗引流以提高治愈率.     

老年人肺部真菌感染的临床分析及预防

目的 探讨老年人肺部真菌感染发病的易患因素、临床特征、治疗和预防措施.方法 应用回顾性调查的方法对78例肺部真菌感染患者进行分析.结果 100％(78/78)的病例患有基础疾病,其中以慢性阻塞性肺疾病(15例)、糖尿病(15例)、肺炎(10例)为多见,原发性肺部真菌感染少见.感染的发生与老年患者长期应用广谱抗生素、糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂,慢性基础疾病,免疫功能低下,反复长期住院等有密切关系.肺部真菌感染的临床表现及早期影像检查无特异性,病原菌主要以酵母菌属为主,早期诊断仍困难.结论 肺部真菌感染是多种疾病继发感染的重要原因,其临床表现特异性差,病死率高,发病率呈上升趋势,早诊断、早治疗能明显缩短病程,临床应高度重视合理、预防用药,是减少肺部真菌感染的关键.     

胆总管结石微创与开放手术后腹腔感染因素分析

目的 分析胆总管结石微创手术和开放手术后腹腔感染因素.方法 选取2010年1月-2011年11月进行治疗的98例胆总管结石患者为研究对象,将其分为微创手术组(A组)55例,传统开腹手术组(B组)43例,将两组患者术后感染及感染因素进行统计分析.结果 A组中各感染因素为手术时间长占42.7％、胆漏占28.6％、残余结石占21.4％、胆道自身炎症占7.14％;B组中各感染因素为手术时间长、胆漏、残余结石、胆道自身炎症各占25.0％；A组感染率为25.5％,B组为9.3％,A组患者术后感染率明显高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 微创胆道(胆总管结石)手术易引起腹腔感染,临床工作中应引起足够重视.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.