泉州市1982-2011年乙型脑炎流行病学特征

目的 分析泉州市1982-2011年流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)流行趋势,为乙脑防控提供依据.方法 对1982-2011年泉州市乙脑疫情资料进行分析.结果 泉州市1982-2011年共报告乙脑951例,年均发病率为0.46/10万;累计死亡70例,年均死亡率为0.033/10万;年均病死率为7.4％.高发季节为6～8月,占病例数的97.0％,发病高峰7月,占病例数的63.0％.发病前3位的地区为南安、安溪和德化,年平均发病率分别为0.832/10万、0.61/10万和0.55/10万.男女发病之比1.16∶1;发病散居儿童最多(38.6％),其次为学生(33.3％),发病第3位为农民(10.6％);15岁以下病例占77.3％.结论 开展健康教育,提高乙脑疫苗接种率,开展防蚊灭蚊,对防控乙脑的发生有重要意义.     

浙江省台州市2005-2012年流行性乙型脑炎流行病学分析

目的了解浙江省台州市2005-2012年流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)的流行病学特征及影响因素,为制定乙脑防控对策提供科学依据。方法收集和分析2005-2012年台州市乙脑疫情监测资料。结果台州市2005-2012年共报告乙脑120例,死亡3例,年平均发病率为0.26/10万,病死率为2.50%,其中2007年发病率最高为0.49/10万,2011年发病率最低为0.119/10万;椒江区最高(0.57/10万),黄岩区最低(0.08/10万);病例主要集中在7月,发病数占病例总数的90%;病例中15岁的儿童占86.67%,其中最小的为5月龄。结论台州市乙脑疫情呈现波动性下降趋势。加强乙脑病例监测和媒介蚊虫监测,落实适龄儿童常规免疫接种、加强防蚊灭蚊为主的综合防控措施是降低乙脑发病的关键。     

1990-2007年周口市流行性乙型脑炎流行病学特征分析

目的分析周口市流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)流行病学特征,为制定乙脑预防控制措施提供依据。方法采用Excel软件进行描述流行病学分析。结果周口市1990~2007年乙脑发病率呈下降趋势;发病季节前移;高发地区为周口市东南部的太康、商水县;发病者中<15岁占96.21%,发病者多在农村。结论预防控制乙脑应采取以免疫预防和灭蚊、防蚊为主导的综合性预防措施。提高乙脑疫苗接种率,开展乙脑病例监测,在高发地区及农村进行重点控制,是降低周口市乙脑发病率的必要手段。     

西双版纳州2004年～2010年流行性乙型脑炎流行特征分析

[目的]了解2004年～2010年西双版纳州流行性乙型脑炎（乙脑）的流行情况,分析其流行病学特征,为制定防控策略提供依据。[方法]对法定传染病报告系统报告的乙脑疫情资料进行描述性流行病学分析。[结果]西双版纳州2004年-2010年共报告乙脑病例246例,死亡13例,年均发病率为3．40／10万,年均死亡率为0．19／10万,年均病死率为5．28％;发病主要集中在5月～8月,占病例总数的96．34％,6月形成发病高峰;发病主要以10岁以下儿童为主,共169例,占病例总数的52．84％;男性发病多于女性,性别比为1．51：1;以散居儿童、学生和农民居多,占病例总数的85．37％。[结论]西双版纳州为乙脑的高发地区,应采取以预防接种、灭蚊防蚊和健康教育为主的综合性防控措施,有效地控制乙脑发病率。     

1971-2010年贵州省流行性乙型脑炎流行特征

目的 分析贵州省1971-2010年流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)的流行病学特征,为乙脑防控提供依据.方法 利用1971-2010年的乙脑发病数据资料进行描述性流行病学分析.结果 贵州省1971-2010年乙脑报告发病率0.61/10万～18.96/10万,呈下降趋势,2004-2010年下降较为明显,但仍高于全国平均水平;乙脑发病季节性明显,8月达到高峰;仍以小年龄发病为主,1990-2010年15岁以下儿童病例占89.9％～97.8％;1971-2003年发病率前3位的是安顺市、铜仁地区、遵义市,2004-2010年发病率前3位的是黔西南州、毕节地区和遵义市.2007-2010年目标儿童病例中无免疫史和免疫史不详的比例分别为89.7％、80.0％、81.7％和72.3％.结论 贵州省2004-2010年乙脑防控效果明显;免疫接种未改变乙脑发病的季节性和年龄分布.应进一步加强乙脑监测,提高乙脑常规免疫及时接种率和接种质量;考虑通过强化免疫来提高目标儿童的乙脑疫苗接种率和抗体水平.     

2004-2012年周口市乙型脑炎流行病学特征及影响因素

目的分析2004-2012年周口市流行性乙型脑炎(简称乙脑)的流行病学特征及影响因素变化,为制定科学的乙脑防控措施提供科学依据。方法收集2004-2012年周口市乙脑疫情监测资料、乙脑发病的相关影响因素资料,然后进行归纳整理统计分析。结果 2004-2012年周口市乙脑发病304例,死亡6例,年平均发病率0.34/10万,发病呈明显的季节性,集中在7、8、9三个月,发病人群以10岁以下农村儿童为主。结论乙脑疫情总体情况良好,乙脑防制工作在加强乙脑疫苗免疫接种同时,还应加强防蚊灭蚊和健康教育宣传工作。     

2007-2011年信阳市流行性乙型脑炎流行病学分析

目的分析2007-2011年信阳市流行性乙型脑炎的流行病学特征,为预防和控制乙脑提供依据。方法通过描述性流行病学方法分析2007-2011年信阳市乙脑发病的流行病学特点及影响因素,采用ELISA方法检测病例血液乙脑病毒IgM抗体。结果 2007-2011年信阳市累计报告583例乙脑病例,年均发病率为1.79/10万;累计报告死亡13人,;年均病死率为2.23%,病例主要集中在息县、固始县和淮滨县,三县共报告乙脑病例347例,占全市总病例的59.57%;病例主要分布在6～9月,7～8月为发病高峰;发病年龄以15岁以下儿童为主,占97.08%,其中散居儿童占65.18%,学生占27.79%。结论在乙脑的流行季节,加强乙脑病例监测,落实高发地区15岁以下儿童的免疫接种、防蚊灭蚊为主的综合防治措施是降低信阳市乙脑发病的关键。     

2005-2008年云南省保山市流行性乙型脑炎流行特征分析

目的了解保山市2005-2008年流行性乙型脑炎（乙脑）流行病学特征,为防治提供依据。方法对2005-2008年报告的乙脑病例进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2005-2008年保山市共报告乙脑病例224例,各年发病率分别为1.70/10万、2.68/10万、2.46/10万和2.35/10万,各年皆呈高度散发状态。流行高峰为7-8月,占总发病数的63.84%。主要发病人群为10岁以下儿童,占发病总数的76.79%。死亡3例,病死率为1.34%。结论保山市乙脑疫情得到了较好控制,但仍应加强预防接种、防蚊灭蚊为主的综合防治措施。     

2011-2020年河南省流行性乙型脑炎流行病学特征

目的 分析河南省2011-2020年流行性乙型脑炎（乙脑）的流行病学特征，为河南省制定乙脑防控策略提供科学依据。方法 收集《中国疾病预防控制信息系统》中2011-2020年河南省乙脑发病数据，进行描述性流行病学分析；应用Joinpoint 4.9.0.0软件计算乙脑发病率的年度变化百分比(annual percentage change,APC)及其95%置信区间（95%CI）以分析发病率的变化趋势。结果 2011-2020年河南省共报告乙脑819例，年均发病率为0.09/10万，其中男性441例，年均发病率为0.09/10万，女性378例，年均发病率为0.08/10万，发病率男性高于女性(P<0.05);0～14岁人群455例，占55.56%；农民、散居儿童及学生为主要发病人群，分别占发病总数的32.84%、27.84%、23.57%。报告死亡34例，总病死率4.15%。发病高峰在8-9月，占总发病数的83.39%。十年间在乙脑高发的8月APC为-21.09%(95%CI:-33.38%～-6.53%,P<0.05)，呈逐年下降趋势。报告病例主要分布在信阳市、洛阳市、南阳...     

贵州省1997～2004年流行性乙型脑炎流行病学分析及控制策略

目的：分析贵州省1997-2004年流行性乙型脑炎（乙脑）流行趋势，为乙脑预防控制策略提供科学依据。方法：疫情信息监测管理系统的监测资料及2004年个案调查资料进行分析。结果：累计报告13664例乙脑病例，年均发病率为4．65／10万；累计死亡540人，年均死亡率为0．12／10万；年均病死率为3．95％；男性与女性发病之比为1．48：1，病例中以散居儿童为主（67．54％），其次为学生（23．06％）。10岁以下病例占88．00％；高发季节为6～10月，发病高峰是7～8月。结论：该省应对高发地区和高发县开展健康教育和宣传动员，对0～10岁儿童开展乙脑疫苗预防接种，开展防蚊灭蚊。以降低乙脑发病率。     

Tuberculosis in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s

The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) cases and deaths were analyzed in order to characterize the epidemiological profile of TB (incidence and mortality) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s. Annual incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender, age bracket, and clinical forms of the disease using databases from the Tuberculosis Information System of the Bahia State Health Secretariat and the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. TB spatial distribution was analyzed according to health district. Cases and deaths were predominantly in males in the 15 to 39 year group. The pulmonary form showed the highest incidence and mortality. The existing data did not corroborate the hypothesis that AIDS/TB co-infection might contribute to maintaining the high mortality rates. The greater occurrence of tuberculosis in certain health districts may be associated with population density and unfavorable living conditions.     

Arsenic,cadmium, cobalt,copper, lead,mercury, molybdenum,selenium and zinc concentrations in liver,kidney and muscle in Australian sheep

Matched muscle, liver and kidney samples from 152 sheep in different states of Australia were analysed for trace elements. Mean levels found in muscle, livers and kidneys were 0.010, 0.010 and 0.011 mg kg⁻¹ (fresh weight) for arsenic; 0.0035, 0.280 and 0.853 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium; 0.006, 0.060 and 0.044 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt; 0.74, 66.0 and 2.72 mg kg⁻¹ for copper; 0.007, 0.040 and 0.057 mg kg⁻¹ for lead; 0.0025, 0.0034 and 0.0061 mg kg⁻¹ for mercury; 0.014, 1.05 and 0.44 mg kg⁻¹ for molybdenum; 0.09, 0.31 and 0.95 mg kg⁻¹ for selenium; and 40.4, 37.2 and 20.8 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc. The lead, mercury and arsenic concentrations in meat and organs may be regarded as low, but the concentrations of cadmium in kidney and livers are sometimes relatively high. Apart from cadmium, lead and selenium, tissue trace element concentrations were not related to the age of the investigated animals. Differences in essential and non-essential trace element accumulation in sheep reared in different regions (states and territories) of Australia were also evaluated. Cadmium, lead and selenium were the only elements that appeared to show significant regional differences. Overall the results show that concentrations of the elements considered are within current acceptable ranges.     

Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and cardiovascular risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly attributable to differences in blood concentrations of homocysteine, and related blood concentrations of folate and vitamin B12. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 726 fasting subjects aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: Mean plasma total homocysteine concentrations did not show significant ethnic differences; values were Indians (men 16.2 and women 11.5 mumol/l), Malays (men 15.0 and women 12.5 mumol/l), and Chinese (men 15.3 and women 12.2 mumol/l). Similarly, the proportions with high plasma homocysteine (> 14.0 mumol/l) showed no important ethnic differences being, Indians (men 60.0 and women 21.9%), Malays (men 53.9 and women 37.8%), and Chinese (men 56.6 and women 30.6%). Mean plasma folate concentrations were lower in Indians (men 8.7 and women 10.9 nmol/l) and Malays (men 8.5 and women 10.8 nmol/l), than Chinese (men 9.7 and women 13.8 nmol/l). Similarly, the proportions with low plasma folate (< 6.8 nmol/l) were higher in Indians (men 44.9 and women 36.6%) and Malays (men 45.3 and women 24.5%) than Chinese (men 31.4 and women 12.6%). Mean plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were lowest in Indians (men 352.5 and women 350.7 pmol/l), then Chinese (men 371.1 and women 373.7 pmol/l), and then Malays (men 430.5 and women 486.0 pmol/l). CONCLUSION: While there were ethnic differences for plasma folate and vitamin B12 (in particular lower levels in Indians), there was no evidence that homocysteine plays any part in the differential ethnic risk from CHD in Singapore and in particular the increased susceptibility of Indians to the disease.     

Vitamins, selenium, iron, and coronary heart disease risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly because of differences in antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E, and selenium) and pro-oxidants (iron). DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 941 persons aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: There were moderate correlations between vitamin A and vitamin E, and between these vitamins and selenium. Mean plasma vitamins A and E were similar by ethnic group. Vitamin A concentration for Indians were (men 0.66 and women 0.51 mg/l), Malays (men 0.67 and women 0.54 mg/l), and Chinese (men 0.68 and women 0.52 mg/l). Vitamin E concentrations for Indians were (men 12.9 and women 12.8 mg/l), Malays (men 13.6 and women 13.3 mg/l), and Chinese (men 12.6 and women 12.6 mg/l). In contrast, mean plasma vitamin C concentrations were lower in Indians (men 5.7 and women 6.9 mg/l) and Malays (men 5.1 and women 6.4 mg/l) than Chinese (men 6.3 and women 8.4 mg/l). Mean serum selenium was lower in Indians (men 117 and women 115 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 122 and women 122 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 126 and women 119 micrograms/l). Mean serum ferritin was much lower in Indians (men 132 and women 50 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 175 and women 85 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 236 and women 92 micrograms/l). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Lower vitamin C and selenium in Indians, particularly in combination, could play a part in their increased risk of CHD. Vitamins A and E, and ferritin (iron) have no such role. Lower vitamin C in Indians and Malays is probably because of its destruction by more prolonged cooking. In Indians, lower selenium is probably because of a lower dietary intake and the much lower ferritin to a lower dietary intake of iron and its binding by phytates.

 

     

Passive smoking in bars, restaurants, and discotheques in Florence, Italy

BACKGROUND: "Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure in a sample of European cities" is the first European multicentre project intended to measure ETS exposure in public places in a number of European cities. OBJECTIVES: To present results of measurements of nicotine concentration in a number of bars, restaurants and discotheques in Florence, Italy. METHODS: The ETS marker was vapour-phase nicotine sampled by passive monitors. At least two monitors were placed in each of seven bars (five in hospitals; one at an airport; one at a railway station), and seven restaurants (three with smoking and non-smoking sections), and left in place for several days. In each of four discotheques two nicotine passive monitors were used as personal samplers. RESULTS: The average nicotine concentration in discotheques, restaurants and bars was respectively 26.78 micro/m3, 2.32 microg/m3 and 0.83 microg/m3. In the smoking section of restaurants with separated areas for smokers and non-smokers the average nicotine concentration was 2.54 microg/m3, which was similar to that measured in non-smoking sections (2.14 microg/m3).