江苏省青少年饮食行为调查

目的了解江苏省青少年学生饮食行为,为改善学生营养状况,促进学生身体健康提供科学依据。方法按照全国青少年健康相关行为调查领导小组办公室统一制定的监测方案和调查问卷,采用分层随机抽样原则,对江苏省初中、高中、大学学生进行匿名问卷调查。结果不同性别学生饮食行为差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),男生喝饮料和牛奶较女生多,女生吃甜食和快餐较男生多,大学生不吃早餐现象较中学生多,特别是男大学生。不同家庭环境、不同学习成绩学生的饮食行为差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论青少年存在饮食行为问题,应引起教育、卫生部门的关注。     

Dietary sources of energy and macronutrient intakes among Flemish preschoolers

This study aims to identify major food sources of energy and macronutrients among Flemish preschoolers as a basis for evaluating dietary guidelines. Three-day estimated diet records were collected from a representative sample of 696 Flemish preschoolers (2.5-6.5 years old; participation response rate: 50%). For 11 dietary constituents, the contribution of 57 food groups was computed by summing the amount provided by the food group for all individuals divided by the total intake of the respective nutrient for all individuals. Bread (12%), sweet snacks (12%), milk (6%), flavoured milk drinks (9%), and meat products (6%) were the top five energy contributors. Sweet snacks were among the top contributors to energy, total fat, all fatty acids, cholesterol, and complex and simple carbohydrates. Fruit juices and flavoured milk drinks are the main contributors to simple carbohydrates (respectively 14% and 18%). All principal food groups like water, bread and cereals, vegetables, fruit, milk and spreadable fats were under-consumed by more than 30% of the population, while the food groups that were over-consumed consisted only of low nutritious and high energy dense foods (sweet snacks, sugared drinks, fried potatoes, sauces and sweet spreads). From the major food sources and gaps in nutrient and food intakes, some recommendations to pursue the nutritional goals could be drawn: the intake of sweet snacks and sugar-rich drinks (incl. fruit juices) should be discouraged, while consumption of fruits, vegetables, water, bread and margarine on bread should be encouraged.     

The relationship of weight-related perceptions, goals, and behaviors with fruit and vegetable consumption in young adolescents

BACKGROUND: The effect of dieting and weight-control perceptions, goals, and behaviors on food intake, including fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption, is not completely understood. We examined these associations in 1,755 young adolescents. METHODS: Data from the Teens Eating for Energy and Nutrition at School (TEENS) study were analyzed separately by gender using mixed linear modeling. Surveys completed at the beginning and end of 7th grade asked students to self-report fruit and vegetable consumption, weight-related perceptions, goals, and behaviors, and demographic variables. RESULTS: Underweight boys reported 0.8 fewer F&V servings per day than boys who reported their weight to be 'about right' (P = 0.002), while overweight girls reported 0.7 fewer F&V than girls who reported their weight to be 'about right' (P = 0.005). Boys with weight-related goals consumed significantly more F&V than did boys not wanting to do anything about their weight (P < 0.05). Girls engaging in weight-related behaviors reported 0.7 more F&V than girls who did not engage in weight-related behaviors (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Because F&V intake is low among all adolescents, population interventions should take place to increase F&V intake. These data support the inclusion of gender-specific intervention components related to weight-related perceptions, goals, and behaviors.     

Is ideal body image related to obesity and lifestyle behaviours in African American adolescents?

Background Childhood obesity epidemic has become a public health issue in the USA, especially among African American youths. Research on the association between ideal body image (IBI) and obesity and related lifestyle factors among African American children and adolescents is limited. Methods Data collected from 402 low‐income African American adolescents aged 10–14 years in four Chicago public schools were used. Questionnaires were used to assess IBI, weight perception, weight control practices, and self‐efficacy towards food and physical activity. Body mass index was calculated using measured weight and height. Associations between IBI and weight perception, overweight/obesity and lifestyle behaviours were assessed using linear and logistic regression models. Results The most frequently chosen ideal body size was the fourth of eight silhouettes (from thinnest to heaviest) for boys (55%) and girls (49%). Overweight and obese girls selected larger ideal body figures than the others (trend test: P < 0.001). Compared with those with middle ideal body figures, girls who selected smaller ones were twice as likely to have an unhealthy diet as indicated by less fruit and milk consumption; the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were 2.40 (1.15–5.02) for fruits intake (P < 0.05). Overweight and obese boys and girls appeared to have better food choice intentions and food self‐efficacy than their non‐overweight peers (trend test: both P < 0.01). Conclusions Ideal body image is associated with weight status, food self‐efficacy and lifestyle behaviours among low‐income African American adolescents.     

Children and eating. Personality and gender are associated with obesogenic food consumption and overweight in 6- to 12-year-olds

The role of children's personality traits in the consumption of potentially obesogenic foods was investigated in a sample of Norwegian children aged 6-12 years (N=327, 170 boys, 157 girls). Mothers rated their child's personality on the traits of the Five Factor Model (i.e., extraversion, benevolence, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and imagination). Mothers also completed a food frequency questionnaire assessing their child's consumption of sweet drinks, sweet foods, and fruit and vegetables, and reported their child's height and weight. Controlling for age and mothers' education, boys and girls who were less benevolent consumed more sweet drinks, and girls who were less conscientious and more neurotic consumed more sweet drinks. Boys and girls who were more benevolent and imaginative consumed more fruits and vegetables, and boys who were more extraverted, more conscientious, and less neurotic consumed more fruits and vegetables. Controlling for maternal education, boys and girls who were less extraverted, and girls who were less benevolent, less conscientious, and more neurotic were more likely to be overweight or obese. These findings suggest that children's personality traits play an important yet understudied role in their diet. Further investigation of mechanisms that relate child traits to obesogenic eating and overweight would be valuable.     

Weight perception and weight-related sociocultural and behavioral factors in Chinese adolescents

BACKGROUND: Rapid economic development accompanied by imported Western media, advertising, fashion, and lifestyle in mainland China has resulted in shifts in cultural beliefs and beauty ideals in adolescents. The present study focused on understanding relationships among weight perception and weight-related sociocultural and behavioral factors in Chinese adolescents. METHODS: Data collected in 2002 from 6863 middle and high school students and their parents from four large cities in mainland China were used. Weight status was determined by measured weight and height. Weight perception, media exposure, attitudes, and health behaviors were assessed by a structured questionnaire survey. RESULTS: Boys were more likely to describe themselves as either too thin or relatively thin than girls (37.32% vs. 18.79%), while girls more often considered themselves either relatively heavy or too heavy than boys (50.83% vs. 26.54%). Girls who were actually normal or underweight were more likely than boys to describe themselves as either relatively heavy or very heavy (41.6% vs. 11.6%), while boys who were actually normal or overweight were more likely than girls to believe themselves as underweight (30.9% vs. 15.7%). Girls who were frequently exposed to media from Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, and placed high value on their physical appearance, were more likely to be dissatisfied with their body weight, which in turn were more likely to restrict consumption of certain foods, smoke cigarettes, and drink alcohol. Similar results were not observed in boys. CONCLUSIONS: Weight dissatisfaction was prevalent in Chinese adolescents and was significantly related to media exposure, attitudes towards physical appearance, and adoption of certain health-risk behaviors in girls. Our findings underscore the importance of sociocultural influences in shaping realistic body image and have implications for prevention and early intervention for establishing health behavioral practices during adolescence.     

Salience of weight-related worries in adolescent males and females

The present study of high school sophmores assessed the prominence of weight concerns relative to other worries typical of adolescents. Subjects were 453 females and 355 males from a parochial school who indicated how much they worried about each of 15 items. Girls reported worrying most about looks, figure, weight, and popularity with and relationships with the opposite sex. Boys worried most about money, looks, and popularity and relationships with the opposite sex. Girls reported significantly greater worry than boys on nine of 15 items and scored significantly higher than boys on trait anxiety. Obese boys and girls reported worrying significantly more about weight and figure (physique) than did their non-obese peers, but being overweight was otherwise unrelated to trait anxiety or worry about other issues. The findings indicate that weight and figure are of primary concern to adolescent girls relative to other issues. Boys clearly were not weight-preoccupied but did share several of the principal worries reported by girls.     

Adolescents' attitudes about and consumption of low-fat foods: associations with sex and weight-control behaviors

The objective of the study was to examine adolescents' attitudes about and consumption of low-fat foods by sex and weight-control behaviors. Ninth- to 12th-grade students (n=1,083) in 20 Minnesota high schools completed mail surveys (response rate=74%) as part of baseline measurements (Fall 2001) in a randomized controlled trial (TACOS: Trying Alternative Cafeteria Options in Schools). Linear models examined attitudes and consumption of low-fat foods by sex and weight-control behaviors. Girls were more likely than boys to report positive attitudes and consumption of low-fat foods (all P<.01). Weight-control practices were associated with more positive attitudes about and higher consumption of low-fat foods. Promoting low-fat snacks to adolescents who are interested in weight control may be an effective component of nutrition intervention programs because these students have more positive attitudes about low-fat foods. Dietitians' efforts to educate adolescents about the benefits and healthfulness of low-fat foods would aid intervention programs.     

广州市青少年饮食行为分析

目的 了解广州市青少年饮食行为习惯,为开展有针对性的干预措施提供科学依据.方法 采用“中国青少年健康相关行为调查问卷”,对分层整群随机抽取的广州市66所大、中学校11939名学生进行问卷调查.结果 广州市青少年偏食行为检出率为29.87％.调查前7d经常饮用汽水饮料以及进食甜点、油炸食品、快餐及经常吃路边摊的不健康饮食行为比例分别为6.83％,18.36％,9.72％,0.71％和1.52％;很少吃水果、蔬菜,少用早餐,少喝牛奶的行为比例依次为18.20％,2.74％,3.47％和38.74％.经常喝汽水饮料的男生(9.36％)明显多于女生(4.66％),而经常吃甜点的女生(20.42％)则明显多于男生(15.98％);城市青少年经常吃西式快餐(0.90％)的比例明显高于农村青少年(0.36％),而农村青少年很少喝牛奶(54.22％)的比例明显高于城市青少年(30.57％);6.78％的大学生很少吃早餐,47.77％的职中生很少喝牛奶.结论广州市青少年不健康饮食行为普遍存在,不同性别、地区及学段均有各自的特点.应采取有针对性的健康教育措施.     

北京市和湖北省儿童青少年零食消费现况调查分析

目的 了解北京市和湖北省部分儿童青少年零食消费现况。方法 采取多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法，确定1860名3～17岁、身体健康的儿童青少年。采用零食消费调查表来获取信息。结果 89．9％的儿童青少年有吃零食的习惯。吃零食与否有性别差异（P〈0．01），不同类型调查对象零食消费率不同（P〈0．01）。零食消费的主要原因是好吃、饿了／渴了、周围朋友／同学有人吃、电视／报刊等广告宣传、赠送玩具／小礼物。在休息日或休假日吃零食的机会最多，消费地点最常在家中；零食来源主要由家长、家里人或其他成年人或者孩子自己购买。吃零食的儿童青少年最常消费的前10位零食为：新鲜水果类、膨化小食品、纯奶及制品、面包类、糖果及巧克力、水果干或蔬菜干、坚果类、新鲜蔬菜类、饼干类、蛋糕类。结论 必须加强对儿童青少年及家长的饮食营养教育，尤其是如何合理选择和消费零食。     

Perception de la corpulence, régime alimentaire, estime de soi et anxiété chez les préadolescents

Objective: to describe the self-esteem and trait-anxiety profile (SE-TA) in early adolescents according to their perception of body weight and dieting behaviors. Method: self-questionnaires in 6 months of interval, during a 24 months follow-up. Main results: adolescents who find their weight “in the average“ have a better self-esteem and are less anxious than the other ones. An altered SE-TA profile is predictive of a body image dissatisfaction 24 months before at the girls and 6 months before at the boys. Boys who find them “overweighted” and who attempted weight loss have an altered ES-AT profile, but not the girls. Conclusion: in terms of prevention programs, these results plead for an adaptation of the actions to the public concerned, based on a meticulous evaluation of its principal psychological and psychosocial characteristics.     

Association Between Depressed Mood and Perceived Weight in Middle and High School Age Students: Texas 2004–2005

Research exploring the relationship between weight perception and depressed mood among adolescents is limited in the United States. The purpose of this study is to examine the association of perceived versus actual body weight and depressed mood in a representative sample of 8th and 11th grade public school students in Texas. Using data from the 2004–2005 School Physical Activity and Nutrition (SPAN) study, logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association of weight perception with depressed mood. Healthy weight students who perceived themselves to be a healthy weight were the reference group for all analyses. A high prevalence of misperception of body weight was observed. Overweight and obese 8th grade girls and boys who perceived themselves to be overweight had increased odds of depressed mood [Girls: OR 1.70 (95% CI: 1.07–2.69), Boys: OR 2.05 (95% CI: 1.16–3.62)]. Healthy weight 8th grade girls who perceived themselves to be overweight had 2.5 times greater odds of depressed mood (OR 2.63, 95% CI: 1.54–4.50). Healthy weight boys who perceived themselves to be underweight had more than twice the odds (OR 2.18, 95% CI: 1.23–3.89) of depressed mood. No weight category was significantly associated with depressed mood in boys or girls in 11th grade. The present study suggests that weight misperceptions are associated with depressed mood in young adolescents. Education about healthy body size is necessary to correct the common weight misperceptions observed. The high prevalence rates of depressed mood suggest a greater need for research into understanding factors that may contribute to depressed mood in adolescents.     

北京学龄儿童青少年体格发育指标增长速度性别差异

目的 探索学龄儿童青少年体格发育指标增长速度的性别差异,为明确中国儿童青少年的生长发育规律提供科学依据.方法 基于北京市顺义区2009-2018年6～18岁学龄儿童及青少年健康体检资料,经匹配个人信息后共纳入94 122名学生,计算年龄别身高、体重、体质量指数(BMI)增长速度,以及以身高增速高峰年龄(PHA)为基点的...     

Understanding the correlates of adolescents' dietary intake patterns. A multivariate analysis

We investigated dietary intake patterns (DIP) in adolescents (14-18 year-olds) and the association with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and lifestyle variables. This school-based survey was carried out among high school students from the city of Maringá in the state of Paraná (PR), Brazil (2007). The sample included 991 students (54.5% girls) from high schools. DIPs were investigated by the frequency of weekly consumption of each food group: vegetables, fruit, rice, beans, fried food, sweet food, milk, soda, meat, eggs, alcoholic drinks. Independent variables were: demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and lifestyle variables. DIPs were identified using principal component analysis with orthogonal rotation (varimax). Three components were extracted. Component 1 (fried foods, sweets and soft drinks) was positively associated with not having breakfast for girls and dinner for boys. Moreover, component 2 (consumption of fruit and vegetables) was positively associated with having breakfast at home for boys and number of meals for girls. Component 3 (beans, eggs and meat) was positively associated with having lunch, employment and sedentary behavior level for girls. However, it was negatively associated with having lunch and dinner for boys. Adolescents who have healthier eating patterns also had other healthier behaviors regardless of gender. However, factors associated with dietary patterns differ between boys and girls.     

Breakfast habits and factors influencing food choices at breakfast in relation to socio-demographic and family factors among European adolescents. The HELENA Study

Breakfast consumption has been shown to be an important indicator of a healthy lifestyle. Little is known however about factors influencing breakfast consumption and food choices at breakfast in adolescents. The aim of the present study was therefore to describe breakfast habits, and factors influencing food choices at breakfast within the framework of the EU-funded HELENA Study, in 3528 adolescents from ten European cities. Additionally, socio-demographic differences in breakfast habits and in influencing factors were investigated. Half of the adolescents (and fewer girls than boys) indicated being regular breakfast consumers. Girls with mothers with a high level of education, boys from 'traditional' families and boys who perceived low family affluence were positively associated with breakfast consumption. Boys whose parents gave encouragement and girls whose peers ate healthily were more likely to be regular breakfast consumers. 'Hunger', 'taste', 'health concerns' and 'parents or guardian' were the most important influences on the adolescents' food choices at breakfast. Adolescents from southern Europe and girls reported to be more influenced by personal and socio-environmental factors. Socio-demographic differences, in particular regional and gender differences, need to be considered in discussions surrounding the development of nutritional intervention programs intended for adolescents.     

Appalachian adolescents' snack patterns: morning, afternoon, and evening snacks

The snack patterns of 225 adolescents selected from four metropolitan and three rural schools in eastern Tennessee were examined with the use of 24-hour food records kept on a school day. Most (89%) of the respondents ate at least one snack on the day of the survey. Morning snacks, most of which were obtained from school stores or school vending machines, were more likely to include candies and salty snack foods than were afternoon and evening snacks, most of which were eaten at home. Breads and cereals were popular choices for afternoon and evening snacks. Carbonated beverages and desserts were popular during all time periods. Nutrient densities of snacks were low in all time periods but lowest in morning snacks. Nutrients present in lowest amounts were iron, calcium, and vitamin A. Snack patterns of boys and girls were similar, although boys' intakes of energy, calcium, and riboflavin were higher than those of girls.     

The Effects of COVID-19 on the Eating Habits of Children and Adolescents in Italy: A Pilot Survey Study

Nutrition during childhood and adolescence is very important for growth and can have long-term health implications. The COVID-19 lockdown caused significant changes in everyday life, including in children and adolescents. This study evaluated the effects of the first COVID-19 lockdown on eating habits and body weight in children and adolescents. An online cross-sectional survey was carried out among the parents of children (5–9 years) and adolescents (10–14 years) living in Italy. The online self-administered questionnaire included demographic and anthropometric data (reported weight and height) weight and dietary habit changes during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy (March to June 2020). A total of 439 participants were included. We found a change in eating habits with an increase in consumption of sweet packaged snacks (34%) and processed meat (25%), as well as bread, pizza and bakery products (47%). We also found an increase in vegetable, fresh fruit and legume intake (19%), and a reduction in sweet beverage and candy intake. A total of 59.7% of the participants reported body weight gain, with adolescents gaining more than children (67% vs. 55%, p = 0.010, respectively). In children, body weight gain was associated with a change in body height and increased consumption of dairy products and sweet packaged snacks, while in adolescents it was associated with an increased intake of comfort foods and processed meat. Our data highlighted the need to carefully monitor eating behaviors to avoid the establishment of unhealthy eating habits and prevent obesity in children and adolescents during periods of self-isolation.     

Snacking behavior among elementary and junior high school students and its relationship to stress-coping

The aim of the present study was to investigate current problems of snacking behavior and their relationship to stress coping among 1,486 fourth through ninth grade students from 10 elementary schools and six junior high schools. An anonymous self-completed questionnaire was utilized which included items about 1) selection of snack foods, which were classified into healthy, popular, complementary and western-style snacks, 2) problems of snacking behavior, which included external and emotional eating scores, and 3) stress coping scale. The stress coping scale contained two sub-scales; problem-focused and emotion-focused coping. The results were as follows: 1) Students who frequently went without breakfast did not select healthy foods, i.e., fruits and dairy products, but popular snacks, i.e., potato chips, pop corn and sweet beverage. 2) Both external and emotional eating scores increased by age in girls but was not apparent in boys. 3) Students who preferred either western-style or popular snacks showed higher score of external and emotional eating. 4) The score of problem-focused coping was positively correlated with preference for health snacks, but emotion-focused coping was positively correlated with external and emotional eating scores. The close relationship between snack food selection and problematic aspects of eating behavior suggests that modification of eating behavior is necessary to develop healthy snack habits in early adolescents. Also, it is interesting that snacking behavior is closely related to stress coping, which suggested the behavioral intervention for healthy eating habit should be included in development of stress-coping skills against various kinds of demands in life.     

Behaviour, body composition and diet in adolescent girls

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships between patterns of behaviour, body composition and diet in adolescent girls. A group of 328 14 to 16-year-old girls at school in Southampton, U. K. completed a questionnaire about their behaviour and lifestyle, and had their heights, weights and skinfold thicknesses measured. Of these girls, 286 also provided dietary information. Socially independent girls were more likely to smoke, and less likely to eat breakfast and meals with family. They consumed more snacks, chocolate and soft drinks. Girls who were dissatisfied with their weight dieted and exercised, watched less television and spent less of their money on food. Dissatisfaction with weight was strongly related to body mass index. The odds of being a dieter, an indication of dissatisfaction with weight, increased with every unit increase in body mass index, so that girls with a body mass index of 24 kg/m(2)and over were 19 times more likely to diet than those with a body mass index of 19 kg/m(2)or less. Girls who were less satisfied with their weight reported lower energy intakes but ate more green vegetables and brown bread than other girls. The eating habits of the girls were therefore influenced by the extent of their social lives and by their satisfaction with their weight.     

Validity and reproducibility of an adolescent web-based food frequency questionnaire

OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity and reproducibility of a newly developed, cost-effective, and easy to administer, Web-based food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for the dietary assessment of adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional validation of a Web-based FFQ, which contained 15 food groups (water; soft drinks, including fruit juice and diet soft drinks; alcoholic beverages; soup; milk and milk products; fruit; sweet and savory snacks/fillings; sauces and fat spreads; breakfast cereals; bread; cheese, fish/eggs/meat; pasta/rice; vegetables; and potatoes). Reference data for validation were 3-day estimated food records. Analyses were done for all participants and for consumers only (consumer in both Web-based FFQ and food record). SUBJECTS/SETTING: A selected group of adolescents (12 to 18 years of age, n=104) from participating secondary schools in Ghent, Belgium. RESULTS: For all participants, the measured intakes of water, fruit, breakfast cereals, fish/eggs/meat, pasta/rice, and potatoes were not significantly different between the two methods. The Spearman correlation for all foods was on average 0.38 (ranging from 0.20 for pasta/rice to 0.64 for breakfast cereals). When analyzed for consumers only, the Web-based FFQ showed significantly lower estimates for soft drinks, sweet and savory snacks/fillings, sauces and fat spreads, cheese, pasta/rice, and vegetables. The average Spearman correlation for all foods collectively was 0.30. When reproducibility of the Web-based FFQ was assessed, the average Spearman correlation coefficient for all foods collectively was 0.62. CONCLUSIONS: Most questions on the 15 food groups had acceptable reproducibility, whereas validation only showed reliable intakes for water, fruit, bread, and fish/eggs/meat. This Web-based FFQ could be a start for development of dietary assessment methods in public health nutrition contexts.