Hepatic artery aneurysm erosion into the stomach: an unusual cause of gastrointestinal bleeding

Background: Hepatic artery aneurysms are the second most common visceral aneurysms. The natural history of hepatic artery aneurysms typically results in enlargement, rupture, and life-threatening hemorrhage. Atherosclerosis, traditionally, has been the most common cause of hepatic artery aneurysm. Objective: A case of a hepatic artery aneurysm invading the stomach is presented to draw attention to the clinical presentation of this potentially catastrophic entity. Case Report: A 74-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with hematemesis. He was hemodynamically stable with a hemoglobin of 10.5. Abdominal CT imaging revealed a hepatic artery aneurysm that eroded into the stomach. The erosion was successfully repaired operatively and the aneurysm was embolized. Conclusion: The most common symptom is epigastric pain. The clinical and radiological findings of a hepatic artery aneurysm eroding into the stomach with subsequent upper and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage, as highlighted in the case reported, have received little prior attention in the medical literature.     

Primary splenic lymphoma complicated by hematemesis and gastric erosion

Gastrosplenic fistula resulting from erosion of a primary splenic lymphoma is a rare cause of massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage associated with benign peptic ulcer disease, gastric Crohn's disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and primary gastric and splenic lymphomas. Upper intestinal hemorrhage can be successfully treated with splenic artery embolization, followed by splenectory and gastric resection.     

Massive gastric bleeding - perforation of pancreatic pseudocyst into the stomach: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUNDPancreatic pseudocyst may cause serious gastrointestinal complications including necrosis, infection, and perforation of the gastrointestinal tract wall, but massive gastric bleeding is very rare.CASEWe report a rare case of a 49-year-old man with life-threatening gastric bleeding from a pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery perforating the stomach induced by pancreatic pseudocyst. During hospitalization, gastroscopy revealed a bare blood vessel in an ulcer-like depression of the greater gastric curvature, and computed tomography scan confirmed a pancreatic pseudocyst invading part of the spleen and gastric wall of the greater curvature. Arteriography showed that the bare blood vessel originated from a pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery. The bleeding was controlled by the trans-arterial embolization, the patient’s recovery was rapid and uneventful.CONCLUSIONMassive gastrointestinal bleeding could be a rare complication of pancreatic pseudo aneurysm.     

Posttraumatic splenic artery aneurysm presenting as occult gastrointestinal bleeding

A 53-year-old man presented with a 19-month history of gastrointestinal bleeding. Repeated endoscopic investigation of the upper and lower intestine showed no source of bleeding. When the patient collapsed due to massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage he was referred to our center. Gastroscopy showed a large, bulging tumor protruding from the posterior gastric wall. The consistency of this tumor was soft and the overlying mucosa appeared smooth and intact. Endoscopic ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computerized tomography scan identified a partly thrombosized splenic artery aneurysm (SAA). Arteriography of the celiac trunk confirmed the SAA diagnosis; the SAA was subsequently occluded by coils. So far, four months after discharge, the patient is in excellent health and no further episode of gastrointestinal bleeding has occurred. SAA is a very rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but it must be considered when no other common bleeding source can be detected.     

Spontaneous rupture of intrahepatic artery aneurysm with complicated vascular anomalies

An 18-year-old man developed a sudden onset of upper abdominal pain with vomiting. Ul-trasound and computed tomographic (CT) scans revealed the spontaneous rupture of an intrahepatic artery aneurysm with subcapsular hematoma. A celiac arteriogram demonstrated a ruptured intrahepatic artery aneurysm in the right lobe of the liver, right extrahepatic artery aneurysm, obliteration of gastroduodenal artery, and abnormal flow pattern of the splenic artery. Portal vein phase, using superior mesenteric arteriography, showed portal vein varices and obliteration of the portal trunk. A right hepatic lobectomy was performed. The cut surface of the resected liver revealed a ruptured intrahepatic artery aneurysm with massive hematoma.     

Haemorrhage due to erosion of a metal biliary stent through the duodenal wall.

Self-expanding, metal biliary stents have recently been used in malignant obstructive jaundice as their large diameter reduces the likelihood of occlusion by biliary sludge and bacterial biofilm. However, there is a significant rate of late obstruction by tumour overgrowth and infiltration through the wire mesh. Our case of stent erosion through the duodenal wall, resulting in massive haemorrhage, is a hitherto unreported serious complication of the Wallstent (Schneider). Its occurrence may be suggested by continuous upper abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding or late expansion of the stent.     

Spontaneous false aneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery in a hemophilic patient ruptured into the duodenum: case report

Pseudoaneurysms of the splanchnic arteries are rare causes of gastrointestinal bleeding. We report a case of a spontaneous gastroduodenal artery false aneurysm ruptured into the duodenum in a patient with hemophilia. The diagnosis was confirmed by spiral computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography. The patient died from massive gastrointestinal bleeding.     

Hemosuccus pancreaticus secondary to intraductal rupture of a primary splenic artery aneurysm: diagnosis by ERCP and successful management by interventional radiology

This report describes the case of a 65-year-old man with a prolonged history of gastrointestinal bleeding of unknown origin. During a 2-year period, he underwent 28 endoscopic procedures, three angiographies with or without heparin provocation, a nuclear scan, and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging, none of which were diagnostic. A blind ileocecal resection was also carried out. A diagnosis of hemosuccus pancreaticus secondary to a ruptured primary splenic artery aneurysm was obtained by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and successful interventional radiographic embolization of the splenic artery aneurysm was conducted. During a 17-month follow-up period, no relapse of gastrointestinal bleeding was observed.     

胰源性门脉高压伴巨大脾假性动脉瘤并结肠脾区瘘致消化道大出血一例

脾假性动脉瘤所致消化道出血是一种少见的疾病。该文报道了1例43岁男性慢性胰腺炎致胰源性门脉高压伴脾假性动脉瘤并致消化道大出血患者的诊治过程。该患者既往有胰腺炎伴脾假性动脉瘤病史,因消化道大出血就诊,入院后行内镜及影像学等检查,诊断为胰源性门脉高压伴脾假性动脉瘤并结肠脾区瘘,经脾动脉栓塞术后,患者消化道出血症状消失,2个月后复查腹部CT提示原脾假性动脉瘤已基本消失。该例提示若患者既往患有胰腺炎伴脾假性动脉瘤,出现消化道出血症状时,应及时考虑是否存在动脉消化道瘘,做到及时诊治,挽救患者生命。     

Hemosuccus pancreaticus--a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding: diagnosis and interventional radiological therapy

Hemorrhage from the pancreatic duct, i.e. hemosuccus pancreaticus (HP), is a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. Pancreatic hemosuccus is usually due to the rupture of an aneurysm of a visceral artery, most likely the splenic artery, in chronic pancreatitis. Other causes of HP are rare. We present a case of HP in a female patient with no history but with positive findings of chronic calcifying pancreatitis upon ultrasonographic investigation, computed tomography scan, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. With detectable fresh blood in the descending duodenum, angiography of the celiac artery revealed an aneurysm of the splenic artery as the suspected cause of intermittent bleeding from the pancreatic duct. The treatment is traditionally surgical or by interventional radiological means. This is the first case described in the literature in which interventional radiological therapy involved implantation of an uncoated metal Palmaz stent in the splenic artery. In the follow-up of 18 months no relapse of HP was observed.     

HEPATIC ARTERY ANEURYSM: AN UNUSUAL PRESENTATION

SUMMARY The natural history of visceral artery aneurysms, and in particular those of the hepatic artery, is unclear. The clinical presentation can include upper abdominal pain, bleeding into the gastrointestinal tract, and obstructive jaundice. We present the case of a middle-aged woman with right upper quadrant pain and a palpable mass, in whom a thrombosed hepatic artery aneurysm was found to be the cause.     

Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy for hemosuccus pancreaticus due to an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm

Hemosuccus pancreaticus (HP) is a condition that is defined as gastrointestinal hemorrhage which occurs through the pancreatic duct. We present the rare case of a 75-year-old woman who developed HP caused by intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). She had been followed for sarcoidosis, splenic artery aneurysm and pancreatic cyst. The patient presented to the emergency room of our hospital with epigastric pain and bloody discharge. Computed tomography revealed hemorrhage from a splenic artery aneurysm in a cystic lesion of the pancreas. On angiography, extravasation from the splenic artery was observed. Thus, we performed coil embolization. After interventional radiography (IVR), magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography showed a branch duct IPMN. Based on these findings, elective laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy was performed. The histopathological diagnosis was IPMN with HP caused by rupture of a splenic artery aneurysm. For such complicated cases, minimally invasive surgery is applicable after successful hemostasis by IVR.     

Stomach arteriovenous malformation resected by laparoscopy‐assisted surgery: A case report

Arteriovenous malformations of the stomach are an uncommon cause of upper GI bleeding. We report a case of stomach arteriovenous malformation in an 85‐year‐old Asian man who presented with massive hematemesis. Initial esophagogastroduodenoscopy did not detect this lesion, but contrast multi‐detector CT confirmed GI bleeding. Multi‐detector CT revealed a mass of blood vessels underlying the submucosa that arose from the right gastroepiploic artery. Repeat esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed that the lesion was a submucosal tumor with erosion and without active bleeding in the lower body of the stomach on the greater curvature. We performed partial gastrectomy via laparoscopy‐assisted surgery. The histopathological diagnosis was arteriovenous malformation.     

综合治疗急性非静脉曲张性上消化道大出血50例

目的探讨综合治疗急性非静脉曲张性上消化道大出血的疗效。方法回顾性分析安庆医院2010年5月至2011年4月50例急性非静脉曲张性上消化道大出血患者的临床资料。结果 33例联合使用奥曲肽和质子泵抑制剂止血成功,4例胃溃疡伴有渗血者分别予3～8枚金属钛夹止血成功,3例胃溃疡,2例球部溃疡,Mallory-Weiss综合征、Dieulafoy溃疡、Mallory-Weiss综合征合并胃溃疡各1例伴有活动性出血者均急转外科手术治疗成功。Dieulafoy溃疡、残胃吻合口溃疡、球部溃疡伴活动性出血者各1例转外科后拒绝手术自动出院,2例胃癌转外科手术,总有效率为94%,住院时间3～36 d,平均11.4 d。结论联合使用奥曲肽及质子泵抑制剂,必要时金属钛夹治疗急性非静脉曲张性上消化道大出血疗效良好。     

Hemobilia: Calcified hepatic artery aneurysm presenting with massive gastrointestinal bleeding

A case of a calcified and ruptured hepatic artery aneurysm presenting with hemobilia and massive gastrointestinal bleeding is reported and illustrated. The clinical diagnosis should be entertained whenever the trial of findings (abdominal colic, gastrointestinal bleeding, elevated bilirubin levels) is present. Angiography is the method of choice in confirming this diagnosis. A short review of the clinical and radiographic syndrome of hemobilia with emphasis on the occurence, significance, and prognosis of hepatic artery aneurysms is presented.     

Pseudoaneurysm in a chronic pancreatitis patient: report of a case,with emphasis on contrast-enhanced sonograms

The association between pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery and pancreatitis is now established. Rupture of an aneurysm is a lethal condition, and early diagnosis and treatment are required to prevent this hazardous life-threatening complication. In our case, early detection of pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery enabled us to start prompt embolization, which yielded good results. Splenic infarction is known to be an important and frequent complication of transarterial embolization of splenic artery aneurysms. Thus, when performing transarterial embolization of a splenic artery aneurysm, this complication must be kept in mind and it is absolutely necessary to confirm the presence or absence of this complication after embolization of the aneurysm. In our case of pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery due to acute aggravation of chronic pancreatitis, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography confirmed the spleen to be free from infarction. Thus, this technique is strongly recommended in such instances.     

Endovascular management of a carotid aneurysm into the sphenoid sinus presenting with epistaxis

Non-traumatic cavernous internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms are rare, and favour the occurrence of massive recurrent epistaxis, which is associated with a high mortality rate. We report the case of a 67-year-old woman presenting a ruptured ICA aneurysm extending into the sphenoid sinus, revealed by epistaxis. Selective coil embolization of the aneurysm was performed. Flow-diverter stents were deployed in order to utterly exclude the aneurysm and prevent revascularization. Anti-platelet treatment was provided to lower the risk of in-stent thrombosis. A left frontal hematoma associated with a subarachnoid haemorrhage occurred at day 2. Outcome was favourable with no neurological sequelae, and no clinical recurrence of epistaxis occurred. A 4 months follow-up digital subtraction angiography showed a complete exclusion of the aneurysm. In addition, a magnetic resonance cerebral angiography at 16 months showed stable results. Thus, this two-stage endovascular procedure has proven its effectiveness in preventing epistaxis recurrence while preserving the ICA patency.     

Case Report: Aortoenteric Fistula Presenting as Repeated Hematochezia

Background: Aortoenteric fistula (AEF) is a rare but life-threatening condition in which expedient diagnosis is often difficult. It arises from erosion of a segment of aorta, usually an abdominal aortic aneurysm, into an adjacent portion of the gastrointestinal tract or between a vascular graft of the aorta and an adjacent portion of the gastrointestinal tract. It can present as life-threatening upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding and is a surgical emergency that requires rapid assessment, emergency resuscitation, and definitive treatment. Case Report: To present the case of an 87-year-old man diagnosed with AEF in the emergency department. A review of the literature follows the case report. Conclusions: Aortoenteric fistula is a rare diagnosis that can cause sudden life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding.     

Laparoscopic resection for splenic artery aneurysm using the lateral approach: Report of two cases

We report two cases of successful laparoscopic surgery for splenic artery aneurysm. In case 1, a 59‐year‐old man who had hypertension was admitted to the hospital with complaints of slight back pain. CT scan showed a winding splenic artery and an aneurysm behind the pancreas body. In case 2, a 71‐year‐old woman with hypertension consulted us and was diagnosed with splenic artery aneurysm. Her aneurysm increased from 1.2 mm to 20 mm at the 1‐year follow‐up. In both cases, we performed laparoscopic splenectomy, using the left lateral approach, to resect the aneurysm. Splenectomy was performed after the spleen had changed color. The operating times were 210 and 259 min, respectively and the bleeding was 60 and 100 mL, respectively. The postoperative course was uneventful. By using the lateral approach from the left side, we were able to precisely resect the splenic artery aneurysm under a stable laparoscopic view.     

Rupture of a Splenic Artery Aneurysm in the First Trimester of Pregnancy

Background: Rupture of a splenic artery aneurysm during pregnancy is a rare and serious event, occurring mainly during the third trimester. The risk of rupture for an existing splenic artery aneurysm is very high during pregnancy (from 20% to 50%). When it does rupture, the maternal mortality rate is around 75% and the fetal mortality rate 95%. Of 110 cases reported in the literature, only one ruptured during the first trimester. Objectives: The aim of this case report is to make emergency physicians aware of this diagnosis, because only if it is considered can it be managed rapidly and appropriately. Case Report: We report the case of a 6-weeks pregnant patient referred to our institution in hemorrhagic shock who died of a ruptured splenic artery aneurysm shortly after surgery. The initial diagnosis considered was a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Conclusion: We report this case to increase awareness of splenic artery rupture during pregnancy, even during the first trimester.