Risk factors of postoperative spinal epidural hematoma after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion surgery

ObjectTo assess the incidence and analyze the risk factors of postoperative spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) surgery, in order to provide a solution for reducing the occurrence of postoperative SEH after TLIF.MethodsA total of 3717 patients who were performed TLIF surgery in the Orthopedics department of our hospital from January 2010 to March 2020 were included. Patients who had reoperations due to postoperative SEH were selected as the SEH group. The control group was randomly selected from patients without reoperations with the ratio of 3:1 compared to the SEH group. The basic information, preoperative examination and surgical information of the patients were collected through the hospital medical record system, and the statistics were processed through SPSS 22.0 software.Results(1) Among the 3717 patients who underwent TLIF surgery in our hospital in the past 10 years, 46 had secondary surgeries, with a total incidence of 1.24%. 12 cases had secondary surgeries due to postoperative SEH, with an incidence of 0.35%. (2) Univariate analysis identified eight factors potentially associated with risk for postoperative SEH, including older age, longer thrombin time (TT), higher level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), higher number of fusion segments, revision surgery, having received blood transfusion, using of more than one gelatin sponge or using of styptic powder in the surgery, longer operation time and more blood loss in the surgery (P < 0.05). (3) On multivariate analysis, three factors were identified as independent risk factors, which include revision surgery (P = 0.021, OR = 7.667), longer TT (P = 0.027, OR = 2.586) and using of more than one gelatin sponge or using of styptic powder in the surgery (P = 0.012, OR = 9.000).ConclusionsRevision surgery (P = 0.021, OR = 7.667), longer TT (P = 0.027, OR = 2.586) and using of more than one gelatin sponge or using of styptic powder in the surgery were independent risk factors for postoperative SEH after TLIF.     

Huge epidural hematoma after surgery for spinal cord stimulation

Summary Objective and importance. Spinal epidural haematoma (SEH) following implantation of an epidural spinal cord electrode is a very rare complication but one that must not be overlooked. This case is unusual because of the almost holocord extension of the haematoma and the excellent recovery obtained by prompt surgical treatment.Clinical presentation. A 69 years old man with normal serum coagulation parameters was submitted to spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for chronic pain syndrome. After a minimal L1 laminotomy the patient developed paraplegia due to a large haematoma at D4-L2.Intervention. Surgical removal of the entire clot by a D4-L2 laminectomy was performed immediately.Conclusion. Large epidural haematoma can result from SCS and this complication may be cured by appropriate and prompt surgery.     

脊柱减压术后症状性硬膜外血肿形成的影响因素分析

目的 探讨脊柱减压术后症状性硬膜外血肿(spinal symptomatic epidural hematoma,SSEH)形成的危险因素,为脊柱术后症状性硬膜外血肿的预防及治疗提供依据.方法 纳入2010年1月～2020年1月在本院行脊柱后路减压手术后发生SSEH的20例患者,设为血肿组;同时采用随机数表法按1:4比例选择未发生SSEH的患者80例,设为正常组.收集两组患者的病例资料,采用单因素和多因素回归分析确定脊柱减压术后SSEH的独立危险因素.结果 两组患者的年龄、术前抗血小板药物使用、术前术后收缩压波动值(△SBP)、长期吸烟史、术中出血量、手术时间、明胶海绵的使用、非正常拔管、术后引流量等指标有统计学差异(P<0.05);Logistic回归分析显示:血清钙值<2.03 mmol/L(OR=4.846)、△SBP>20 mmHg(OR=2.935)、手术时间>3 h(OR=13.00)、术中出血量>250 mL(OR=4.529)、明胶海绵的使用(OR=5.412)是脊柱减压术后SSEH形成的独立危险因素.结论 脊柱减压术后症状性硬膜外血肿形成的独立危险因素是血清钙值<2.03 mmol/L、△SBP>20 mmHg、手术时间>3 h、术中出血量>250 mL、明胶海绵的使用.     

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma presenting as paraplegia after cardiac surgery

An 86-year-old woman was scheduled to undergo aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass graft. On postoperative day 3, she developed sudden-onset neck pain followed by weakness in the right arm. Her symptoms worsened with time, and she developed paraplegia. At 60 h after the first complaint, spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) from C2 to C6 with spinal cord compression was diagnosed from a magnetic resonance image of the cervical region. We decided on conservative therapy because operative recovery was impossible. Delayed diagnosis led to grievous results in the present case. When neurological abnormalities follow neck or back pain after open heart surgery, SSEH must be considered in the differential diagnosis. Further, if it is suspected, early cervical computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging and surgery should be considered.     

Delayed postoperative epidural hematoma formation after heparinization in lumbar spinal surgery

Treatment of thromboembolic disease in the postoperative lumbar spine patient is controversial. This case report describes an epidural hematoma with neurologic sequelae in an elderly patient who received intravenous heparin therapy over 2 weeks after lumbar decompression. Implications for treatment of thromboembolic disease in the postoperative lumbar spine is reviewed.     

Delayed epidural hematoma after spinal surgery: a report of 4 cases

Symptomatic postoperative epidural hematoma is a rare and potentially devastating complication of spinal surgery. The overwhelming majority of reported cases have occurred in the immediate postoperative period. A recent publication defined the clinical entity of delayed postoperative epidural spinal hematoma as neurologic deterioration due to an epidural hematoma occurring at least 3 days after the index procedure. Only 2 such cases have been reported in the lumbar spine to date. Four cases of delayed postoperative spinal epidural hematoma were identified over a 6-year period among the spine surgeons at a single large academic institution. Each case involved the lumbar spine. The details of each patient's initial surgery, presentation, and hospital course were then gathered from a retrospective chart review. The 4 patients presented are unusual in their delayed symptomatic presentations of postoperative spinal epidural hematoma. Despite the longer time to onset, however, our patients exhibited many of the characteristics common to cases that presented in the acute postoperative period. The spine surgeon must remain vigilant for the possibility of postoperative spinal epidural hematoma in at-risk patients, even weeks after the original surgical procedure.     

Thoracic epidural hematoma after spinal manipulation therapy

Posttraumatic spinal epidural hematoma is an unusual pathology. The authors report the case of a 64-year-old woman who experienced thoracic epidural hematoma during a session of spinal manipulation therapy (SMT). In the literature, such an event has been reported previously only twice. This case represents the first spinal epidural hematoma occurring after a chiropractic manipulation in the lumbar region. Surgical evacuation of the spinal hematoma resulted in complete recovery in the patient. Complications of SMT are reviewed, and the etiology and features of spinal epidural hematoma are discussed.     

口服抗凝药物致脊柱术后硬膜外血肿形成的治疗

<正>2002年3月~2013年2月,我院治疗8例因口服抗凝药物引起脊柱术后硬脊膜外血肿形成患者,现报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组8例,男3例,女5例,年龄43~71岁。术前诊断:脊髓型颈椎病2例,胸椎管狭窄症4例,胸椎骨折1例,腰椎间盘突出症1例。1例因腰腿疼痛一直服用含有活血成分(如红花等)的中药,术前未引起重视。7例术     

腰椎手术患者术后发生症状性硬膜外血肿危险因素的Meta分析

目的：通过系统评价的方法分析腰椎手术患者术后症状性硬膜外血肿（postoperative symptomatic epidural hematoma,PSEH）发生的相关危险因素。方法 ：计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、CBM、CNKI、万方和维普数据库,搜集有关腰椎手术患者术后发生PSEH危险因素的病例-对照研究和队列研究,检索时限均为建库至2022年3月。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取纳入研究的基本信息、基线特征及PSEH相关的危险因素,如手术时间、术中出血量、抗凝治疗等所关注的结局指标和结果测量数据。评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果：共纳入17项研究,包括14项病例-对照研究和3项队列研究,共132363例患者,发生症状性硬膜外血肿525例。16篇文献的质量评分均≥6分,仅1篇文献质量评分为5分。Meta分析结果显示,年龄≥65岁[比值比（odds ratio,OR）=3.36,95%可信区间（confidence interval,CI）(2.13,5.30),P&...     

颈椎手术患者术后发生硬膜外血肿危险因素的Meta分析

【摘要】 目的：系统评价颈椎手术患者术后发生硬膜外血肿的相关危险因素。方法：通过计算机检索PubMed、Embase、the Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国知网（CNKI）、万方数据库（Wanfang）、维普数据库（VIP）和中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）,自建库至2023年4月公开发表的有关颈椎手术患者术后发生硬膜外血肿的回顾性或前瞻性研究,2名评价者分别按照纳入与排除标准对所获文献进行文献筛选,采用NOS量表进行质量评价,提纳取入文献的基本信息,包括年龄、性别及体质指数（body mass index,BMI）以及与颈椎术后硬膜外血肿发生相关研究因素（如手术节段、是否合并后纵韧带骨化、手术时间、糖尿病史、高血压病史、吸烟史、非甾体抗炎药的使用以及实验室相关指标等）,通过RevMan 5.4软件进行Meta分析。采用漏斗图对纳入的研究进行偏倚风险分析。结果：共纳入12篇文献,纳入文献的NOS质量评分均在6~8分,其中11篇为高质量研究,1篇为中质量研究。Meta分析显示：男性[比值比（odds ratio,OR）=2.84,95%可信区间（confidence interval,CI）（1.73,4.67）,P＜0.0001]、BMI＞24kg/m2[OR=8.50,95%CI（2.56,25.24）,P=0.0005]、多手术节段（手术节段≥2）[OR=2.26,95%CI（1.42,3.59）,P=0.0005]、手术时长＞2h[OR=1.46,95%CI（1.08,1.97）,P＝0.01]、术前服用非甾体类抗炎药物[OR=3.60,95%CI（1.00,12.99）,P=0.05]是颈椎术后发生硬膜外血肿的危险因素。采用漏斗图对纳入文献最多的影响因素手术节段及术中出血量进行发表偏倚检验结果显示手术节段不存在发表偏倚,而术后出血量存在部分发表偏倚。结论：男性、BMI过大、多节段手术、手术时间长、术前服用非甾体类抗炎类药物等是颈椎术后SEH发生的危险因素。     

Risk management in regional anesthesia: spinal epidural hematoma

Spinal epidural hematoma following neuraxial anesthesia is a rare condition that usually presents with acute and, if any, progressive neurological symptoms including pain, sensory/motor impairment, and bladder/ rectal disturbance. Although possible pathogenesis is mainly considered to be a direct injury of Batson's venous plexus, preoperative coagulation status and anticoagulant therapy also play some role in its development. Therefore, to prevent such a disastrous complication, one must choose an appropriate anesthetic technique and monitor neurological function of the patient at a regular time interval. In addition, it is highly recommended to carefully follow the recently revised regional anesthesia guideline for the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy, although we still need further understanding and investigation of the complexity around this issue.     

A case report of spinal epidural hematoma complicated after open heart surgery]

The authors reported the first case of acute spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) developed after open heart surgery. The patient was noticed that her legs felt weak and numb on the first postoperative day evening. On the next day morning, neurological examination revealed that flaccid paralysis of both legs and also loss of all sensory perception below the level of Th-6 spine bilaterally. The prolonged effect of anesthesia and painless onset made delayed recognition of the lesion. SEH (Th5-7) was diagnosed with MRI and decompressive surgery was immediately done, sixty hours after the beginning of cardiac operation. But in this case neurological deficits were not changed. We concluded that a routine diagnostic approach was very important procedure to find out this serious complication for all patients underwent open heart surgery in early period of its onset.     

胸椎椎管狭窄症术后急性硬脊膜外血肿

目的探讨胸椎椎管狭窄症术后急性硬脊膜外血肿的成因、诊断、治疗及预防措施。方法回顾性分析2003年6月～2011年12月因胸椎椎管狭窄症给予后路全椎板减压手术的患者101例,其中术后经再次手术证实术区急性硬脊膜外血肿9例,对其临床表现与再次手术情况进行分析。结果 9例患者全部获得随访,随访时间为3～45个月,平均34个月。血肿清除前神经功能评分为0.89±0.78,血肿清除后的神经功能评分为2.33±1.22,与术前相比差异有统计学意义（t=4.91,P〈0.01）。硬膜外血肿压迫时间为（7.72±7.06）min,血肿清除后神经功能恢复率与血肿压迫时间呈负相关（r=-0.789 6,P〈0.01）。结论胸椎椎管狭窄症手术后急性硬膜外血肿应尽快手术减压,血肿清除越早,术后神经功能恢复越好。     

颈椎前路术后硬膜外血肿的相关因素分析及防治

目的:探讨颈椎前路术后发生硬膜外血肿的相关因素及其防治措施.方法:1998年1月～2006年12月共行颈椎前路手术1821例,10例术后出现了颈椎硬膜外血肿,并通过再次行血肿清除减压术得到证实.回顾分析该10例患者出现硬膜外血肿的相关因素,统计分析确诊时段、清除血肿的时段与末次随访神经功能恢复情况之间的关系.结果:10例患者出现硬膜外血肿的相关因素分别是:凝血功能障碍5例,伤口引流障碍2例,血管瘤1例,不明原因2例.经Spearman等级相关分析,确诊时ASIA等级与确诊时段呈负相关(Spearman等级相关系数=-0.85),末次随访神经功能恢复情况与手术时段呈负相关(Spearman等级相关系数=-0.93).结论:术前凝血功能障碍及伤口引流障碍是颈椎前路术后硬膜外血肿发生的高危因素,早期发现并尽快再次手术清除血肿利于患者神经功能的恢复.     

胸椎手术后急性硬脊膜外血肿

 目的 探讨胸椎手术后急性硬脊膜外血肿的形成原因、血肿压迫时间对脊髓神经功能的影响及预防措施。方法 回顾性分析2002年5月至2012年5月经手术证实的胸椎后路手术后发生急性硬脊膜外血肿致神经功能障碍的14例患者资料,男6例,女8例;年龄41～69岁,平均61.2岁;胸椎管狭窄症10例,胸椎管内脊膜瘤3例,胸椎转移瘤1例;胸椎后路手术后3～14 h,平均6.6 h,患者脊髓神经功能出现恶化,ASIA分级A级5例,B级9例。对比血肿清除前、后以及随访时患者神经功能评分及神经功能恢复率。分析神经功能恢复率与血肿压迫时间及血肿清除前神经功能的关系。结果 14例患者血肿清除后AISA分级为：B级1例,C级2例,D级4例,E级7例。其中B、C级3例患者血肿压迫时间均 ＞10 h。血肿清除前、后神经功能比较差异有统计学意义,血肿清除后神经功能恢复率为63.7%±23.3%,与血肿压迫时间呈负相关,与血肿清除前神经功能呈正相关。血肿清除前神经功能与随访神经功能比较差异有统计学意义,随访神经功能恢复率为86.97%±17.58%,与血肿压迫时间呈负相关,与血肿清除术前神经功能呈正相关。结论 胸椎术后急性硬脊膜外血肿可致脊髓神经功能严重损害。脊髓神经功能恢复与血肿压迫时间有直接关系。早期诊断并清除血肿压迫是挽救脊髓功能的关键。     

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma

Two cases of the spontaneous occurrence of spinal epidural hematomas of the high thoracic area are reported. Both acute and subacute presentations of paraplegia are represented. Neither patient had experienced any significant antecedent trauma. No predisposing medical conditions were present. Both patients recovered to independent ambulation following timely operative intervention. The pertinent literature on spinal epidural hematomas is reviewed, and the differential diagnosis of this entity is discussed. The need for prompt diagnosis and surgical treatment to achieve the best neurological outcome is emphasized.