微卡对哮喘豚鼠肺组织嗜酸粒细胞凋亡及Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响

目的：研究微卡对哮喘豚鼠肺组织嗜酸粒细胞凋亡及Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响。 方法： 30只豚鼠随机分为生理盐水组、哮喘组及微卡组，每组10只。微卡组每只豚鼠在OVA致敏前10 d肌注22.5 μg微卡。应用TUNEL法检测肺组织嗜酸粒细胞的凋亡，免疫组化法检测肺组织Bcl-2蛋白的表达。 结果： 微卡组豚鼠肺组织嗜酸粒细胞凋亡指数（23.78±5.42）%显著高于哮喘组（4.56±0.68）%(P<0.01)；肺组织Bcl-2蛋白平均积分吸光度值（1 556.3±492.4）显著低于哮喘组（2 321.9±751.2）（P<0.05）。 结论： 微卡能诱导哮喘豚鼠肺组织嗜酸粒细胞凋亡，可能与其抑制Bcl-2蛋白在哮喘豚鼠肺组织的表达有关。     

咳喘宁对病毒诱发哮喘大鼠气道重塑及肺组织p-ERK1/2蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨咳喘宁对病毒诱发哮喘大鼠气道重塑及肺组织p-ERK1/2蛋白表达的影响。方法:构建呼吸道合胞病毒感染诱发哮喘建立大鼠哮喘模型,实验分为正常组、哮喘模型组、咳喘宁低剂量(0.33 mL/kg)组、咳喘宁中剂量(3 mL/kg)组、咳喘宁高剂量(10 mL/kg)组及PD98059(3 mg/kg)组;采用动物呼吸机测量大鼠气道反应性;HE染色法观察肺组织的病理形态学改变;PAS染色法和Masson染色法观察杯状上皮化生和气道胶原沉积情况。免疫组织化学染色法检测大鼠肺组织中基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子1(TIMP-1)的表达;Western blot法检测大鼠肺组织中的ERK1/2和p-ERK1/2表达。结果:与模型组相比,咳喘宁中、高剂量组大鼠气道反应性显著降低(P0.01),肺组织损伤显著减轻,杯状上皮化生和气道胶原沉积显著减少(P0.01),肺组织中MMP-9和TIMP-1表达显著减少(P0.01);此外,咳喘宁高剂量组肺组织p-ERK1/2蛋白表达较模型组显著减少(P0.01)。结论:咳喘宁可能是通过调节肺组织p-ERK1/2蛋白的表达,改善病毒诱发哮喘大鼠的气道重塑症状而治疗哮喘的。     

去甲肾上腺素和缺血预处理对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡、Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究去甲肾上腺素预处理(NE-P)和缺血预处理(IP)对大鼠缺血再灌注(I/R)心肌细胞凋亡及相关基因Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响。方法:复制缺血再灌注损伤(IRI),采用末端标记技术(TUNEL)检测心肌细胞凋亡;应用免疫组化SABC法检测Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达。结果:I/R组凋亡细胞较多,NE-P组及IP组凋亡细胞明显少于I/R组(P＜0.01)。在I/R组Bcl-2的表达少而Bax的表达较多,NE-P组及IP组Bcl-2的表达明显高于I/R组(P＜0.01),而Bax的表达明显低于I/R组(P＜0.01)。NE-P组与IP组各指标均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。结论:NE-P可抑制I/R诱发的心肌细胞凋亡,Bcl-2和Bax的蛋白表达在心肌凋亡的发生中起重要作用。NE-P与IP两者对心肌细胞凋亡及相关基因表达的影响的作用相近。     

哮喘豚鼠嗜酸细胞Bcl-2和Bax mRNA表达及意义

目的:观察Bcl-2及Bax mRNA表达与嗜酸粒细胞（Eos）凋亡的关系,探讨其在哮喘发病中的作用。方法:健康豚鼠随机分为正常组、哮喘组,卵蛋白致敏激发制作哮喘模型,检测支气管灌洗液（BALF）中低密度EoS（HEos）及正常密度Eos（NEos）细胞凋亡,原位杂交及RT-PCR法检测Bcl-2及Bax mRNA表达。结果:哮喘组EoS显著高于正常组,以HEos为著（P<0.01）;Eos凋亡率明显低于正常组（P<0.01）。哮喘组不同密度Eos表达Bcl-2 mRNA明显增加,而Eos表达Bax mRNA明显减少。结论:哮喘时Eos存在凋亡抑制,这是哮喘时Eos增多的原因之一,哮喘豚鼠BALF Eos表达Bcl-2增加,表达Bax减少,表明Bcl-2及Bax可通过调节Eos凋亡参与哮喘发病。     

IL-13对小鼠哮喘模型气道黏蛋白基因Muc5ac及Bcl-2、Bax表达的作用

目的研究白细胞介素-13(IL-13)处理小鼠支气管哮喘(哮喘)模型前后肺组织黏蛋白基因Muc5ac、凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2和Bax表达的作用,探讨气道黏液过度分泌的机制.方法45只雄性BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组、哮喘组和IL-13组,每组15只.用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法和免疫组化法分别检测Muc5acmRNA、Muc5ac蛋白、Bcl-2蛋白以及Bax蛋白在肺组织的表达.结果哮喘组和对照组肺组织Muc5acmRNA分别为(0.1552±0.0057)和(0.0633±0.0013),Muc5ac蛋白分别为(0.8849±0.0257)和(0.1166±0.0064),两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);IL-13组肺组织Muc5acmRNA和蛋白分别为(0.2807±0.0027)和(1.6138±0.0483),与哮喘组、对照组比较差异也均有统计学意义(P均<0.01).与对照组Bcl-2蛋白(0.3279±0.0136)、Bax蛋白(1.7284±0.0263)相比,哮喘组分别增加和降低(分别为0.8383±0.0310和0.8987±0.0106),两组差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01);IL-13处理后可分别促进Bcl-2和Bax蛋白增加和降低(分别为1.6934±0.0229和0.3522±0.0152),其和哮喘组的差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01);哮喘组和IL-13组小鼠肺组织Muc5acmRNA、蛋白表达与Bcl-2蛋白表达均呈直线正相关(P均<0.05),而与Bax蛋白表达则均呈直线负相关(P均<0.05).结论IL-13是引起哮喘气道黏液过度分泌的重要细胞因子,它可能通过改变Bcl-2和Bax的表达导致了上述病变.     

胰岛素对烟雾吸入性损伤大鼠肺组织细胞凋亡及Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨胰岛素对烟雾吸入性损伤大鼠肺组织细胞凋亡及Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响.方法 将成年清洁级雌性SD大鼠66只随机分为3组,正常对照组6只、吸入性损伤组和胰岛素治疗组各30只.胰岛素治疗组于烟雾吸入性损伤后皮下注射胰岛素5 U/kg,吸入性损伤组同样致伤后于相同部位注射等体积的生理盐水,正常对照组不做任何处理.各组均在伤在2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h监测血糖值.光镜进行肺组织切片病理形态学观察.采用原位末端标记法TUNEL观察肺组织细胞凋亡,免疫组织化学染色法检测抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2及Bax的表达变化.结果 光镜观察HE切片,正常对照组大鼠肺泡结构清晰完整.吸入性损伤组大鼠肺组织肺泡间隔增宽、炎细胞浸润,胰岛素治疗组与吸入性损伤组比较病理表现有所减轻.凋亡指数（AI）、Bax 和 Bcl-2在各时间点均明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）.胰岛素治疗组伤后2 h AI、Bax和Bcl-2和吸入性损伤组间差异无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,但12 h以后两组AI、Bax和Bcl-2比较时差异均有高度统计学意义（P〈0.01）,24 h各值达高峰,差异也具有高度统计学意义（P〈0.01）.结论 吸入性损伤后早期给予胰岛素可以直接促进Bcl-2蛋白表达,抑制Bax等促凋亡蛋白的表达,对吸入性损伤后肺脏组织细胞的凋亡有抑制作用,在肺损伤早期起到保护肺组织作用.     

人硫氧还蛋白对肺缺血再灌注损伤时细胞凋亡及Bcl-2/Bax的影响

目的:探讨细胞凋亡与肺缺血再灌注损伤的关系以及人硫氧还蛋白对凋亡及其相关基因的影响。方法:健康清洁级Wistar大鼠84只,随机分为对照组、肺缺血再灌注1h、3h、5h组和人硫氧还蛋白干预1h、3h和5h组。复制肺缺血再灌注损伤模型。采用电子显微镜和原位缺口末端标记法观测肺组织细胞凋亡的变化和凋亡指数,免疫组化技术检测肺组织细胞Bcl-2、Bax及凋亡信号调节激酶1(ASK1)蛋白表达的变化。结果:肺缺血再灌注组肺组织细胞凋亡指数、ASK1、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达均显著高于对照组(均P0.01),超微结构呈严重损伤性改变。人硫氧还蛋白干预组ASK1、Bax的表达显著下降(均P0.01),Bcl-2的表达及Bcl-2/Bax比值显著上调(P0.05或P0.01),肺组织细胞凋亡指数也显著低于缺血再灌注组(P0.01)。肺组织细胞凋亡指数分别与ASK1、Bax蛋白之间均呈显著正相关(分别r=0.775、r=0.814;均P0.01);与Bcl-2/Bax蛋白呈显著负相关关系(r=-0.275,P0.05)。结论:Bcl-2/Bax比值下调启动的肺组织细胞凋亡可能参与了肺缺血再灌注损伤的发生。人硫氧还蛋白可能通过下调ASK1的表达,提高Bcl-2/Bax的比值减少肺组织细胞凋亡,从而减轻肺缺血再灌注损伤。     

菩人丹超微粉对糖尿病大鼠视网膜神经细胞凋亡及相关基因表达的影响

目的: 探讨菩人丹超微粉(PRD)对糖尿病大鼠视网膜神经细胞凋亡及相关基因表达的影响。方法: 36只Wistar大鼠随机分为3组,正常对照组、糖尿病模型组和PRD治疗组,每组12只。糖尿病模型组和PRD治疗组大鼠均采用链脲佐菌素连续腹腔注射建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型。模型成功建立后,PRD治疗组大鼠给予PRD灌胃3个月。采用脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测大鼠视网膜神经细胞的凋亡;SP免疫组织化学染色法检测视网膜B细胞白血病/淋巴瘤相关抗原2(Bcl-2)、B细胞白血病/淋巴瘤相关抗原相关X蛋白(bax)和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase-3)蛋白的表达;逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测bcl-2、bax和caspase-3 mRNA的表达。结果: 糖尿病模型组与正常对照组比较,大鼠视网膜神经细胞凋亡指数、Bax、 caspase-3蛋白及mRNA的表达均明显升高(P＜0.01),Bcl-2蛋白及mRNA的表达、Bcl-2/Bax比值显著降低(P＜0.01);PRD治疗组与模型组比较,大鼠视网膜神经细胞凋亡指数、bax、caspase-3蛋白及mRNA的表达均明显降低,Bcl-2 蛋白及mRNA的表达、Bcl-2/Bax比值显著升高(P＜0.01)。结论: PRD可通过上调Bcl-2的表达及下调Bax及caspase-3的表达,抑制糖尿病大鼠视网膜神经细胞的凋亡,发挥对糖尿病视网膜的保护作用。     

HSP70调控Bcl-2表达抑制脓毒症大鼠肺血管内皮细胞损伤的机制研究

目的探讨热休克蛋白70(HSP70)调控B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)表达抑制脓毒症大鼠肺血管内皮细胞损伤的机制。方法 SD大鼠30只随机分为对照组、脓毒症组、干预组,每组10只,脓毒症组腹腔注射20 mg/kg内毒素,干预组尾静脉注射溶于15 mL林格液的800μg重组质粒pcDNA3.1-HSP70,48 h后腹腔注射20 mg/kg内毒素;对照组腹腔注射等量生理盐水。24 h后采血检测各组大鼠血清IL-6、TNF-α水平,采血后将各组大鼠处死取其肺组织行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,检测各组大鼠肺血管内皮细胞凋亡率,检测各组大鼠肺血管内皮细胞中HSP70、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、Bcl-2蛋白表达水平。结果 HE染色结果显示干预组大鼠肺组织病理改变较模型组明显改善。脓毒症组大鼠肺血管内皮细胞凋亡率及血清IL-6、TNF-α水平显著高于对照组(P0.05);干预组大鼠肺血管内皮细胞凋亡率及血清IL-6、TNF-α水平显著低于脓毒症组(P0.05);脓毒症组大鼠肺血管内皮细胞中HSP70、Bax、Bcl-2蛋白表达水平显著高于对照组(P0.05);干预组大鼠肺血管内皮细胞中HSP70、Bcl-2蛋白表达水平显著高于脓毒症组(P0.05);干预组大鼠肺血管内皮细胞中Bax表达水平显著低于脓毒症组(P0.05);干预组大鼠肺血管内皮细胞凋亡率及IL-6、TNF-α、HSP70、Bax、Bcl-2水平较对照组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 HSP70可能通过下调Bax及上调Bcl-2表达,减轻脓毒症大鼠炎症反应,减少肺血管内皮细胞凋亡,抑制肺血管内皮细胞损伤,从而起到保护肺血管内皮细胞的作用,这可能成为脓毒症肺损伤治疗的新靶点。     

平喘糖浆治疗急性发作期支气管哮喘患者疗效分析

目的观察平喘糖浆对支气管哮喘患者的治疗效果及其对哮喘患者外周血白细胞介素-5(IL-5)、嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)、嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)的影响。方法将436名住院病人随机分成实验组(平喘糖浆组)和对照组(氨茶碱组),观察两组疗效以及IL-5、ECP、EQC的变化。结果经4周治疗后,平喘糖浆能有效控制哮喘患者症状,有效率达到96.4%,显著高于氨茶碱对照组的78.3%(P<0.01),并且明显改善肺功能(P<0.01)。平喘糖浆能使外周血IL-5、ECP、EOS显著下降(P<0.01),其中IL-5、ECP下降幅度大于对照组(P<0.01)。结论平喘糖浆对支气管哮喘患者可显著改善肺功能,有良好的临床疗效。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.