四氢生物蝶呤负荷试验诊断四氢生物蝶呤反应性苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏症的临床研究

目的探讨四氢生物蝶呤(BH4)反应性苯丙氨酸羟化酶(PAH)缺乏症的临床诊断方法,进一步了解其临床特征,为该型患儿应用BH4药物治疗提供科学依据。方法73例高苯丙氨酸血症(HPA)患儿,男47例,女26例,平均年龄1.93个月。所有患儿都进行口服BH4负荷试验,同时进行尿蝶呤谱分析、红细胞二氢蝶啶还原酶测定。对其中血苯丙氨酸(Phe)浓度<600μmol/L者给予口服Phe BH4联合负荷试验,对部分BH4反应性PAH缺乏症患儿,在普食条件下给予BH4片剂(10～20mg/kg)替代治疗6～7天,观察其疗效。结果(1)在BH4负荷试验中,不同类型HPA患儿的血Phe浓度表现出特征性的曲线改变,22例诊断为经典型苯丙酮尿症(PKU),39例中度PKU,12例四氢生物蝶呤缺乏症;(2)在中度PKU患儿中发现22例(56.4%)对BH4有反应;(3)6例BH4反应性PAH缺乏症患儿以BH410mg/kg治疗6～7天,其中4例血Phe浓度能控制到正常或接近正常治疗水平,另2例BH4需增加到20mg/kg使Phe浓度显著下降。结论在BH4负荷试验中,部分因苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏引起的中轻度PKU患儿对BH4有反应性,给予这些患儿BH4治疗可部分或全部替代低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗,拓宽了PKU的治疗方法,有助于提高患儿的生活质量。     

广州市18年新生儿先天性甲低苯丙酮尿症和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症筛查

目的 探讨广州市新生儿先天性甲低、苯丙酮尿症和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)缺乏症筛查方法及其对遗传代谢缺陷病的控制作用.方法 收集广州市新生儿出生3 d时的足跟血滤纸干血斑标本,检测促甲状腺素(TSH)筛查先天性甲状腺功能减低症(CH);检测苯丙氨酸(Phe)检出持续性高苯丙氨酸血症(PHPA),筛查苯丙酮尿症(PKU)和四氢生物蝶呤缺乏症(BH4D);检测红细胞G6PD活性筛查G6PD缺乏症.凡筛查阳性者按疾病诊疗常规进行确诊和治疗,将检出的CH和PHPA作为筛查干预组.将未经过新生儿筛查出现症状才就诊、临床诊断CH和PKU的患儿做为对照组.结果 1989年4月至2007年6月共筛查新生儿945 372名,检出CH 331例,PHPA 29例,G6PD缺乏症39 700例.结果 显示CH发病率为1∶2 856, PHPA为1∶32 599,G6PD缺乏症达1∶23.81.总发病率为4.24%.CH和PHPA共360例,治疗随访357例,治疗率99.2%.PHPA全部免费治疗.平均开始治疗日龄20 d,4～6岁时IQ或0～3岁DQ测定智能正常(IQ或DQ≥90)者320例(89.6%),低于正常(70≤IQ或DQ<90)者36例(10.1%), 智能残疾 (IQ或DQ<70)者1例(0.3%).对照组开始治疗年龄平均3岁,智能残疾26例,筛查组的智能发育明显好于对照组.结论 新生儿代谢病筛查是遗传代谢缺陷病的一种早期诊断和早期防治方法,对检出的CH、PKU进行早期有效治疗,可保持脑和智能发育正常,预防智能性残疾.     

高苯丙氨酸血症56例临床研究

目的探讨高苯丙氨酸血症的早期诊断以及治疗时间与疗效之关系。方法采用时间分辨化学荧光法,测定56例患儿血苯丙氨酸(Phe)浓度,血Phe浓度持续>120μmol/L(2mg/dl)诊断为高苯丙氨酸血症。同时作四氢生物喋呤(BH4)负荷试验、尿喋呤谱分析、红细胞二氢喋定还原酶(DHPR)活性测定进行进一步确诊和苯丙酮尿症(PKU)、BH4缺乏症的鉴别诊断。一经确诊立即行低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗。结果出生筛查阳性患儿立即治疗及初治年龄≤6个月者,智力发育与正常同龄儿差异无统计学意义;初治年龄>6个月者智力发育与正常同龄儿差异有统计学意义。结论新生儿疾病筛查意义重大,早期、合理治疗预后良好。     

甘肃省93例苯丙酮尿症患儿筛查分析

目的探讨甘肃省苯丙酮尿症(PKU)的发病情况。方法对1999年10月-2006年12月59 900例新生儿和在本院儿科门诊就诊的118例疑似PKU患儿,均采集足跟静脉血3滴,滴到新生儿筛查专用滤纸片上,形成3个直径0.8～1.0 cm的血斑。应用化学荧光分析法检测其血斑中的苯丙氨酸(phe)水平,根据血phe水平标准确诊PKU患儿。确诊患者予低phe饮食治疗,定期检测患儿血phe水平及体格和智能发育水平。测量患儿身高、体质量、头围等,1次/月,每0.5年测定患儿智商1次(采用Gesell发育量表测定)。采用SPSS11.0软件进行t检验。结果确诊治疗PKU患儿93例。通过筛查59 900例活产新生儿确诊36例PKU患儿,确诊年龄0.5～3.0个月。在儿科门诊的118例疑似PKU患儿共确诊57例,年龄0.5～6.0岁。晚发现的57例PKU患儿均有不同程度PKU的表现。经低phe饮食治疗后,早治患者的智能和体格发育正常,患儿身高、体质量和头围均在正常范围,智商结果为(92±12)分。晚治者的异常行为明显改善,智能也有不同程度提高,治疗前Gesell发育量表测定为(57±20)分,治疗12～18个月智商为(70±20)分,治疗前后智商比较有显著性差异(t=1.705 P<0.05)。结论早发现、早治疗对预防PKU智力低下的发生是十分必要的。     

四氢生物蝶呤反应性苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏症

目的：四氢生物蝶呤(BH4)可以使BH4缺乏症病人的血液苯丙氨酸水平正常化,但是对苯丙酮酸尿症(PKU)病人无效。最近在新生儿PKU筛查中发现了对BH4有反应的轻度PKU患者。本研究将探讨BH4和苯丙氨酸羟化酶(PAH)基因突变在对BH4有反应的轻度PKU和轻度高苯丙酸血症(HPA)患者中的作用。方法：对经新生儿PKU筛查中发现的生物蝶呤代谢正常的轻度HPA患者,进行单次(10mg/kg)、4次、1周[20 mg/(kg·d)]的BH4口服负荷试验及长期BH4治疗,评估其对BH4口服负荷试验的反应性。结果：在单剂量BH4口服负荷试验中,典型PKU患者的血苯丙氨酸水平没有降低。在单剂量BH4口服负荷试验中血苯丙氨酸水平下降超过20%的患者,在4次BH4口服负荷试验中下降亦超过20%。1周BH4负荷试验确认在单剂量和4次BH4负荷试验中表现出弱反应性的病人对BH4有反应。许多患轻度PKU和轻度HPA且有R241C基因位点的病人,都对BH4治疗有反应。在无BH4反应性的典型PKU病人中未发现R241C、P407S和A373T基因突变。结论：1周BH4负荷试验用于诊断BH4反应性PAH缺乏症最为有效。等位基因R241C、P407S和A373T与轻度HPA和轻度PKU病人具有H4反应性有关。BH4治疗是针对轻度HPA和轻度PKU的一种新颖、有效的药物治疗,有望代替限制苯丙氨酸饮食的方法。     

769例高苯丙氨酸血症诊治和基因研究

目的　对 76 9例高苯丙氨酸血症 (HPA)患者进行诊治随访和基因检测。方法　对 76 9例 (新生儿筛查获诊 95例 ,高危筛查获诊 5 0例 ,非筛查获诊 6 2 4例 )患者进行家族史调查 ;采用Guthrie细菌抑制法或定量荧光检测法进行血苯丙氨酸浓度测定 ;采用尿蝶呤分析进行四氢生物蝶呤缺乏症(BH4D)鉴别诊断 ;采用低或无苯丙氨酸奶粉对苯丙酮尿症 (PKU)患者进行治疗 ;评价各型HPA临床疗效 ;应用变性梯度凝胶电泳 (DGGE)及微卫星连锁分析等方法 ,对 10 0例经典型PKU患者进行PKU致病基因突变检测 ;对 2 3个PKU高危家庭进行产前诊断。结果　 (1) 76 9例中 730例为经典型PKU ,2 7例轻型HPA ,12例BH4D。 (2 ) 338例接受了低 /无苯丙氨酸奶粉治疗 ,治疗期间血苯丙氨酸浓度控制达良好和一般的 ,95例新生儿筛查获诊者中占 71 6 % ,非筛查获诊的 2 4 3例中占 5 4 7%。 (3)对治疗者中 112例进行智能测定 ,5 5例经筛查获诊者的智商 (IQ)为 (78± 2 2 )分 ,5 7例非筛查获诊者的IQ为 (6 2± 18)分 ,两组IQ差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 0 1) ;5例接受治疗的BH4D者IQ 70～ 80分。 (4) 72例正常入学者 ,6 6 7%患者学习成绩达中等或以上。 (5 )在 10 0例经典型PKU中发现 5种基因突变(Arg111Ter、Arg2 4 1Cys、Arg2 4 3Glu、IVS6nt     

青岛地区6-丙酮酰四氢生物蝶呤缺乏症患儿基因变异特点及随访分析

目的 探讨青岛地区6-丙酮酰四氢蝶呤合成酶缺乏症（PTPSD）筛查情况、临床表现、基因变异情况及长期随访结果。方法 对1996年11月至2021年12月经新生儿筛查确诊的251例高苯丙氨酸血症（HPA）患儿进行尿蝶呤谱检测、红细胞二氢蝶呤还原酶活性检测、四氢生物蝶呤（BH4）负荷试验及基因检测以确诊PTPSD，进一步分析青岛市PTPSD的发生率、基因变异特点及长期随访结果。结果 251例HPA患儿中，26例诊断为四氢生物蝶呤缺乏症（2对单卵双胞胎、1对为非同胎生姐妹），均为PTPSD，发病率为12.7/100万（双胎按1例计算）。19例患儿（来自17个家庭）进行基因检测，PTPS的34个等位基因中共检测出10种变异，变异频率较高的为c.259C>T(29.4%,10/34)，其余依次为c.286G>A(14.7%,5/34)、c.272A>G(14.7%,5/34)、c.84-291A>G(8.8%,3/34)、c.166G>A(8.8%,3/34)、c. 276 T>A(8.8%,3/34)，变异位点主要集中在5号外显子67.6%(23/34)。其...     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍一家系四氢生物蝶呤代谢与基因研究

目的　探讨多巴反应性肌张力障碍 (DRD)其四氢生物蝶呤 (BH4)代谢及基因突变与临床表型关系。方法　对DRD的一家系 4人进行苯丙氨酸 (Phe)和BH4负荷试验、尿蝶呤谱分析 ,对所有成员进行三磷酸鸟苷环化水解酶 1基因 (GCH1)检测。结果　 3例DRD患儿及母亲平均血Phe浓度、Phe与酪氨酸比值 (Phe/Tyr)在Phe负荷试验 3～ 4h明显高于正常对照组 ,负荷 2h尿生物蝶呤水平上升低于对照组 ;3例患儿服用BH4后上述结果恢复正常。除父亲未检测到基因突变外 ,所有成员GCH1突变类型为IVS5 +3insT。 2例有症状者小剂量左旋多巴 (5 0～ 6 0mg/d)治疗有效。结论　DRD者BH4代谢有不同程度异常 ,临床表型差异较大 ,对原因不明的肌张力障碍者可做DRD的筛查。     

误诊为脑性瘫痪的苯丙酮尿症

目的分析苯丙酮尿症(PKU)患儿的临床误诊情况。方法对2003年1月~2006年10月本院门诊首诊为脑性瘫痪的72例PKU患儿进行回顾性分析,包括家族史、现病史、体格检查、脑电图和CT摄片、末梢血苯丙氨酸(phe)水平。结果临床表现为癫17例,运动障碍19例,语言障碍64例,湿疹25例,情绪暴躁43例,尿液、汗液有明显异味70例。采用Guthrie's法测定患儿血phe水平,并采用四氢生物喋呤负荷实验对72例患儿进行诊断,其中71例确诊为经典型PKU,1例确诊为四氢生物喋呤缺乏症。结论PKU引起的智能落后较常见,临床上易被忽视,导致漏诊和误诊。     

四氢生物蝶呤在苯丙酮尿症治疗中的应用

迄今为止,苯丙酮尿症(PKU)唯一的治疗方法还是严格控制苯丙氨酸(Phe)摄入的饮食治疗.在饮食治疗的个体中观察到越来越多预后不良的证据.在一部分PKU患儿中发现,口服Phe羟化酶的辅因子[四氢生物蝶呤(BH4)]后,这些患者的血Phe水平显著减少.临床研究表明,BH4治疗PKU可以更好地控制血Phe水平,增加对饮食的耐受性,部分放宽、甚至完全放宽对严格饮食的控制.现讨论这种新型药物在PKU治疗中的应用进展.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.