胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤研究进展

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias,IPMNs)是新近被认识的一种胰腺囊性肿瘤.在不同类型胰腺肿瘤中,IPMNs预后相对较好,具有与一般胰腺肿瘤不同的分子及临床病理特征:按照乳头状结构及黏蛋白的表达又可将其分为多个亚型,不同亚型又具有不同的病理特点.病理学家提出IPMNs是胰腺癌发生过程中的重要阶段,深入研究IPMNs及其不同亚型的病理特点及其所蕴含的分子变化,将能更好的揭示IPMNs的发病机制及生物学特征.本文回顾相关文献,从分子特征、病理特征、诊断治疗及预后判断等不同角度对目前IPMNs的研究进展作一综述.     

胰腺肿瘤的诊断及治疗：胰腺囊性病变

随着影像学技术的进步及人群健康查体意识的提高，无症状的胰腺囊性病变患者逐渐增多。胰腺囊性病变主要包括浆液性囊腺瘤（SCA）、黏液性囊腺瘤（MCA）、胰腺假性囊肿、潴留囊肿、导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤（IPMN）、囊腺癌等。其中黏液性囊腺瘤和IPMN均被视为癌前病变。胰腺囊性病变患者绝大多数无临床症状，仅20％左右表现为上腹部隐痛、腹胀、消化道症状等，缺乏特异性；体格检查也多无阳性体征。是囊肿的某些特征和恶性肿瘤之间有相关性，这些特征包括存在实性占位性病变、囊肿增大和出现症状。     

β-连环蛋白在不同胰腺病变中的表达

目的 检测β-连环蛋白(β -catenin)在胰腺正常导管(NP)、胰腺上皮内瘤变(PanINs)、胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤( IPMNs)及胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)中的表达水平,分析其在胰腺癌发生过程中的作用.方法 收集正常胰腺组织12例、IPMN 52例(IPMA 20例,IPMB 13例,IPMC 19例)、PanINs118灶(PanIN-1 73灶,PanIN-2 29灶,PanIN-3 16灶)、PDAC 50例,采用免疫组化SP法检测β-catenin在上述组织中的表达,并分析其在胰腺癌的表达与临床病理特征及患者术后生存期的关系.结果 NP中β-catenin主要表达于细胞膜,表达量为(4.38±2.11)分;PanINs、PDAC和IPMN的β-catenin膜表达明显降低或缺失,PanIN-1、PanIN-2、PanIN-3、PDAC、IPMA、IPMB、IPMC的膜表达量分别为(5.22±2.21)、(2.24 ±2.31)、(1.44±1.37)、(2.71 ±2.08)、(4.85±2.28)、(4.15±2.51)、(2.68±2.75)分.PanIN-1的胞质表达率为12.3％ (9/73),胞核表达率为0;PanIN-2为34.5％ (10/29)和3.4％ (1/29);PanIN-3为43.8％ (7/16)和12.5％ (2/16);PDAC为44.0％ (22/50)和10.0％( 5/50).在由PanINs至PDAC的进展过程中β-catenin膜表达逐渐降低,而胞质、胞核异位表达率逐渐升高.β-catenin膜表达与肿瘤大小、神经浸润、淋巴转移有关(P＜0.05);胞质异位表达率与肿瘤大小有关(P＜0.05);胞核异位表达率与肿瘤的分化程度有关(P＜0.01);胞膜、胞质表达均与患者的术后生存期显著相关(P＜0.05).结论 Wnt/β-catenin通路异常活化导致的β-catenin膜表达减弱及异位表达率增加是PDAC发生、发展的重要机制,并促进PDAC的恶性生长与转移,β-catenin的表达与PDAC患者的预后相关.     

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液瘤

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液瘤（IPMN）是由胰腺导管内产生黏液的上皮细胞呈乳头状增殖形成的肿瘤。与经典的胰腺癌相比,IPMN具有低度恶性、生长缓慢、少有侵犯周围组织、淋巴结转移率和再发率低的特点。IPMN根据肿瘤累及的部位可分为主胰管型、分支胰管型和混合型,病理组织特征涵盖从单纯腺瘤到浸润癌等多个亚型,临床表现多样,多种影像学检查手段可显示弥漫性或节段性扩张的主胰管和囊状扩张的分支胰管,ERCP经扩大的乳头获取黏液和胰液,取胰腺导管内皮组织和壁结节供活检均有助于诊断。IPMN确诊后应积极手术,手术切除率高,术后5年生存率高于一般的胰腺癌。本文就其临床表现、分类、病理特征、影像学诊断和治疗等方面做一综述。     

sFRP-1在胰腺导管腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的:检测sFRP-1在不同胰腺组织(正常胰腺导管、胰腺导管腺癌及癌前病变胰腺上皮内瘤变和胰腺导管内乳头状粘液性肿瘤)中的表达水平,分析其在胰腺癌发生过程中的作用,为胰腺癌的临床诊疗提供新线索.方法:免疫组织化学SP法检测sFRP-1在21灶正常胰腺导管(normal pancreatic duct,NP),73灶胰腺上皮内瘤变(pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia-1,PanIN-1),29灶PanIN-2,16灶Pan I N-3,20例胰腺导管内乳头状粘液性肿瘤(IPMN-adenoma,IPMA),13例(IPMN-borderline,IPMB),19例(IPMN-carcinoma,IPMC)及50例胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,PDAC)中的表达,并分析sFRP-1的表达与临床病理特征及患者术后生存期的关系.结果:sFRP-1的免疫组织化学评分在由NP导管→PanIN-1→PanIN-2、PanIN-3、PDAC及NP→IPMA、IPMB→IPMC→PDAC的逐级进展过程中逐渐升高,sFRP-1的表达与肿瘤分化程度、神经浸润显著相关.结论:sFRP-1的异常表达是PDAC发生中的早期事件,sFRP-1高表达是PDAC神经浸润的重要分子特征.     

APC蛋白在胰腺癌及其癌前病变中的表达差异分析

背景：APC基因突变致Wnt／β-catenin信号通路异常活化可促进肿瘤发生。目的：分析APC蛋白在胰腺导管腺癌（PDAC）和胰腺癌前病变中的表达差异,探讨APC在PDAC发生中的作用。方法：以免疫组化方法检测APC蛋白在正常胰腺、胰腺上皮内瘤变（PanINs）、胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤（IPMNs）、PDAC中的表达,分析其在PanIN-1、-2、-3、IPMN腺瘤（IPMA）、IPMN交界性肿瘤（IPMB）、IPMN腺癌（IPMC）、PDAC中的表达差异,以及APC蛋白表达与PDAC临床病理特征和患者预后的关系。结果：正常胰腺导管上皮APC表达阴性。由PanIN-1、PanIN-2至PanIN-3,APC免疫组化评分（IHCS）逐渐增高（P〈0．05）,PanIN-1APC阳性表达率显著低于PanIN-2、PanIN-3（P〈0．05）;IPMA、IPMB、IPMC间APCIHCS和APC阳性表达率均无明显差异。APC在PDAC和IPMNs中的表达具有明显不均一性,PDAC的APCIHCS和APC阳性表达率均显著低于各级别PanINs（P〈0．05）,与各级别IPMNs无明显差异。APC阳性表达与PDAC患者术后生存期短显著相关（P=0．003）。结论：APC蛋白表达异常是PDAC发生过程中的早期事件,其表达阳性提示患者预后不良。APC在胰腺癌中的具体作用机制有待进一步研究。     

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤并胰腺分裂症一例

报告1例胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(IPMN)并胰腺分裂症(PD)患者。患者为老年男性,反复胰腺炎发作,早期缺乏特征性表现,再次发作时影像学检查示PD、胰头囊性病变、胰管扩张、钙化等,被误诊为PD合并假性囊肿,进一步行内镜逆行胰胆管造影检查提示IPMN合并PD可能,内镜下行主胰管括约肌切开+十二指肠副乳头括约肌切开+胰...     

胰腺导管内管状乳头状肿瘤三例临床病理学特征

目的 分析胰腺导管内管状乳头状肿瘤(ITPN)的临床特征、病理形态学特征以及K-ras 基因突变状况,以提高对该病的认知度.方法 收集上海长海医院3例ITPN,并综合文献报道的16例资料,分析它们的临床表现、肿瘤的大体及病理组织学改变、免疫表型、K-ras基因突变状况,并与81例胰腺导管内黏液性乳头状肿瘤(IPMT)进行对比.结果 3例ITPN患者均为男性,中位年龄43岁,临床症状无特异性.2例肿瘤位于胰头部,1例位于胰体尾部;镜下表现为导管内实性团块,排列呈腺管样及筛孔状,细胞核中至重度异型,1例伴有浸润性导管腺癌成分并见胰周淋巴结转移;肿瘤细胞上皮标志物细胞角蛋白均阳性表达,部分肿瘤细胞p53阳性表达,神经内分泌标志物CHR、NSE及黏蛋白家族中的MUC2、MUC5AC均阴性表达,未检测到K-ras基因突变.IPMT的肿瘤细胞呈乳头状排列,可见筛孔结构;大部分细胞为黏液上皮或含较多杯状细胞(肠型),少部分为嗜酸性上皮(嗜酸细胞型)和立方上皮(胰胆管型);MUC2和MUC5AC表达阳性,K-ras基因突变发生率约50％.结论 ITPN是一种新的胰腺肿瘤类型,具有与IPMT不同的临床病理学特征.     

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液瘤的研究进展

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液瘤(intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm,IPMNs)为来源于胰腺导管上皮的分化程度多样的胰腺肿瘤,位于主胰管或其分支内,可分泌黏液,为胰腺癌的癌前病变.区分IPMNs的良恶性对制定治疗方案,预估患者预后意义重大.随影像学和内镜的发展,IPMNs发现率逐年提...     

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液瘤

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液瘤（intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm,IPMN）是胰管内来源的肿瘤,由日本Ohhashi等于1982年首先报道,随后陆续有一些文献出现,但命名上未统一,较常用的有导管内乳头状肿瘤、导管高分泌黏液肿瘤、导管产黏液肿瘤、导管扩展型黏液性囊腺瘤等。1996年WHO将胰腺囊性产粘蛋白肿瘤分为两类：胰腺导管内乳头状黏液瘤（intraductal papillary mucinous tumor,IPMT）和黏液性囊腺瘤（mucinous cystic tumor）。2000年,WHO将IPMT修正为IPMN。     

Pain sensation in pancreatic diseases is not uniform: The different facets of pancreatic pain

AIM: To systematically characterize specific pain patterns in the most frequent pancreatic diseases.METHODS: Pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis (n = 314), pancreatic cancer (n = 469), and other pancreatic tumors (n = 249) including mucinous (n = 20) and serous cystadenoma (n = 31), invasive (n = 37) and non-invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia (IPMN; n = 48), low stage (n = 18) and high stage neuroendocrine neoplasia (n = 44), and ampullary cancer (n = 51) was registered and correlated with clinicopathological data. Survival times were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Patients alive at the follow-up time were censored. Survival curves were compared statistically using the log-rank test.RESULTS: Forty-nine point one percent of pancreatic cancer patients revealed no pain, whereas in chronic pancreatitis only 18.3% were pain free. In contrary, moderate/severe pain was registered in 15.1% in pancreatic cancer patients that was increased in chronic pancreatitis with up to 34.2%. Serous cystadenoma was asymptomatic in most cases (58.1%), whereas 78.9% of all mucinous cystadenoma patients suffered pain. In neuroendocrine neoplasia pain was not a key clinical symptom since 64% of low stage neuroendocrine neoplasia and 59% of high stage neuroendocrine neoplasia patients were pain free. Cancer localization in the pancreatic body and patients with malignant pancreatic neoplasms were associated with more severe pain. Tumor grading and stage did not show any impact on pain. Only in pancreatic cancer, pain was directly associated with impaired survival.CONCLUSION: Pancreatic pain depicts different patterns of abdominal pain sensation according to the respective pancreatic disorder and does not allow a unification of the term pancreatic pain.     

Current understanding of precursors to pancreatic cancer

Precursors to pancreatic cancer have been investigated for a century. Previous studies have revealed three distinct precursors,i.e. mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), harboring identical or similar genetic alterations as does invasive pancreatic carcinoma. The current understanding of precursors to pancreatic cancer can be illustrated by progressive pathways from noninvasive MCN, IPMN, and PanIN toward invasive carcinoma. MCNs consist of ovarian‐type stroma and epithelial lining with varying grades of atypia, and are occasionally associated with invasive adenocarcinoma. The epithelium of noninvasive IPMNs shows a variety of different directions of differentiation, including gastric, intestinal, pancreatobiliary (PB), and oncocytic types. IPMNs can also harbor varying grades of architectural and cytologic atypia. IPMNs confined to branch ducts are mostly the gastric type, and IPMNs involving the main ducts are often intestinal type, while PB and oncocytic types are rare. Small (<1 cm) IPMNs of the gastric type are not always morphologically distinguishable from low‐grade PanINs. Mucin expression profiles suggest intestinal‐type IPMNs progress to mucinous noncystic (colloid) carcinoma, while PB‐type IPMNs progress toward ductal adenocarcinoma. It is a well‐described paradigm that PanIN lesions progress toward ductal adenocarcinoma through step‐wise genetic alterations. The activation of Hedgehog and Notch signaling pathways in PanIN lesions as well as in pancreatic adenocarcinoma suggest that developmental pathways may be disregulated during carcinogenesis of the pancreas. Further study is needed to elucidate the pathways from precursors toward invasive carcinoma of the pancreas.     

Guidelines on management of pancreatic cysts detected in high-risk individuals: An evaluation of the 2017 Fukuoka guidelines and the 2020 International Cancer of the Pancreas Screening (CAPS) consortium statements

BackgroundObjectives: Pancreatic cysts are frequently detected in high-risk individuals (HRI) undergoing surveillance for pancreatic cancer. The International Cancer of the Pancreas Screening (CAPS) Consortium developed consensus recommendations for surgical resection of pancreatic cysts in HRI that are similar to the Fukuoka guidelines used for the management of sporadic cysts. We compared the performance characteristics of CAPS criteria for pancreatic cyst management in HRI with the Fukuoka guidelines originally designed for the management of cysts in non-HRI.MethodsUsing prospectively collected data from CAPS studies, we determined for each patient with resected screen-detected cyst(s) whether Fukuoka guidelines or CAPS consensus statements would have recommended surgery. We compared sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) curves of these guidelines at predicting the presence of high-grade dysplasia or invasive cancer in pancreatic cysts.Results356/732 HRI had ≥ one pancreatic cyst detected; 24 had surgery for concerning cystic lesions. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for the Fukuoka criteria were 40%, 85%, 40%, and 85%, while those of the CAPS criteria were 60%, 85%, 50%, 89%, respectively. ROC curve analyses showed no significant difference between the Fukuoka and CAPS criteria.ConclusionsIn HRI, the CAPS and Fukuoka criteria are moderately specific, but not sufficiently sensitive for detecting advanced neoplasia in cystic lesions. New approaches are needed to guide the surgical management of cystic lesions in HRI.     

Role of endoscopic ultrasound in the screening and follow-up of high-risk individuals for familial pancreatic cancer

Managing familial pancreatic cancer(FPC)is challenging for gastroenterologists,surgeons and oncologists.High-risk individuals(HRI)for pancreatic cancer(PC)(FPC or with germline mutations)are a heterogeneous group of subjects with a theoretical lifetime cumulative risk of PC over 5%.Screening is mainly based on annual magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and endoscopic ultrasound(EUS).The goal of screening is to identify early-stage operable cancers or high-risk precancerous lesions(pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia or intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms with high-grade dysplasia).In the literature,target lesions are identified in 2%-5%of HRI who undergo screening.EUS appears to provide better identification of small solid lesions(0%-46%of HRI)and chronicpancreatitis-like parenchymal changes(14%-77%of HRI),while MRI is probably the best modality to identify small cystic lesions(13%-49%of HRI).There are no specific studies in HRI on the use of contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS.EUS can also be used to obtain tissue samples.Nevertheless,there is still limited evidence on the accuracy of imaging procedures used for screening or agreement on which patients to treat.The cost-effectiveness of screening is also unclear.Certain new EUS-related techniques,such as searching for DNA abnormalities or protein markers in pancreatic fluid,appear to be promising.     

New strategies for the early detection of pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains a deadly disease and early detection through screening is likely to be our best hope to improve survival. Considering the low incidence of PC, population-based screening is not feasible, but is advisable for high-risk patients. Screening individuals at high risk for developing PC leads to the detection of premalignant lesions. High-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm are the targets for early detection of PC. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and magnetic resonance imaging are considered the most accurate techniques for pancreatic imaging; in particular EUS has emerged as a promising imaging test given its potential for tissue sampling to obtain diagnosis and to provide material for molecular profiling of PC. At the moment, screening should be performed within research protocols at experienced centers with a specific clinical and research interest, where a multidisciplinary team of specialists is available.     

Predictive factors associated with malignancy of intraductal papillary mucinous pancreatic neoplasms

AIM:To identify preoperative predictive factors associated with malignancy of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms(IPMNs) of the pancreas.METHODS:Between April 1995 and April 2010,129 patients underwent surgical resection for IPMNs at our institute and had confirmed pathologic diagnoses.The medical records were retrospectively reviewed and immunohistochemical staining for mucin(MUC) in pancreatic tissues was performed.RESULTS:Univariate analysis showed that the following five variables were closely asso...     

Clinical approach to incidental pancreatic cysts

The approach to incidentally noted pancreatic cysts is constantly evolving. While surgical resection is indicated for malignant or higher risk cysts, correctly identifying these highest risk pancreatic cystic lesions remains difficult. Using parameters including cyst size, presence of solid components, and pancreatic duct involvement, the 2012 International Association of Pancreatology(IAP) and the 2015 American Gastroenterological Association(AGA) guidelines have sought to identify the higher risk patients who would benefit from further evaluation using endoscopic ultrasound(EUS). Not only can EUS help further assess the presence of solid component and nodules, but also fine needle aspiration of cyst fluid aids in diagnosis by obtaining cellular, molecular, and genetic data. The impact of new endoscopic innovations with novel methods of direct visualization including confocal endomicroscopy require further validation. This review also highlights the differences between the 2012 IAP and 2015 AGA guidelines, which include the thresholds for sending patients for EUS and surgery and methods, interval, and duration of surveillance for unresected cysts.     

High-grade pancreatic intraepithelial lesions: prevalence and implications in pancreatic neoplasia

BACKGROUND: High-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia(Pan IN-3), a precursor of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC), is not universally detected in resected pancreatic neoplasms. We sought to determine the prevalence and prognostic relevance of Pan IN-3 lesions in primary surgical resections of PDACs and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms(IPMNs).METHODS: A retrospective review of a tertiary care center pathology database(1/2000-6/2014) was performed. Demographics, imaging, pathology, disease-recurrence, and survival data were reviewed.RESULTS: A total of 458 patients who underwent primary pancreatic resection were included. "Pan IN-3" lesions were found in 74(16.2%) patients who either had PDAC(n=67) or main duct(MD)-IPMN(n=7). Among IPMN-MDs, Pan IN-3 lesions were exclusively found in those with pathological evidence of chronic pancreatitis. For PDACs, the median overall survival(OS) for pancreata with Pan IN-3 lesions was significantly better than those without(OS 1.12 years, interquartile range [IQR] 0.72, 2.05 years vs OS 0.86 years, IQR 0.64,1.60 years respectively; P=0.04). Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the presence of Pan IN-3 lesions was associated with a reduced risk of death(HR=0.43; 95% CI: 0.23-0.82; P=0.01).CONCLUSIONS: Following primary resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the lower survival observed in patients without Pan IN-3 lesions might suggest a state of complete or accelerated transformation. Further investigations are necessary to validate these findings that might impact disease prognosis and management.