非小细胞性肺癌中Fas相关死亡结构域蛋白的表达及意义

目的 :探讨Fas相关死亡结构域蛋白 (Fas associateddeathdomainprotein ,FADD)在非小细胞性肺癌(non smallcelllungcancer,NSCLC)中的表达及意义。方法 :免疫组化SP法检测 6 2例NSCLC及 1 3例癌旁正常肺组织FADD蛋白表达 ,TUNEL法检测NSCLC中癌细胞凋亡。结果 :NSCLC中 ,FADD蛋白阳性表达率为 80 .6 %(5 0 / 6 2 ) ,低于正常肺组织 (1 0 0 % ,1 3/ 1 3) ,但两者差异无显著性 (χ2 =1 .73,P >0 .0 5 )。癌组织中FADD表达多呈中度或强阳性 (36 / 6 2 ) ,正常肺组织FADD表达多呈弱阳性 (1 1 / 1 3) ,癌组织FADD表达程度高于非癌肺组织 (χ2 =7.84 5 ,P <0 .0 5 )。NSCLC中FADD表达与肿瘤的分化程度有关 ,低分化的肿瘤FADD表达减少 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤分期及是否转移无关 (P >0 .0 5 )。所有标本均可检测到癌细胞的凋亡 ,FADD表达水平与癌细胞凋亡程度之间呈显著正相关 (rs=0 .380 ,P <0 .0 1 )。结论 :FADD表达异常在NSCLC的发展中可能起着重要作用 ,FADD表达水平与NSCLC细胞凋亡密切相关     

肺癌p53、nm 23-H1基因表达与S-100+DC浸润的临床病理意义

目的:探讨肺癌组织中 p5 3、nm2 3- H1 基因异常表达及宿主抗肿瘤免疫反应辅助细胞 S- 10 0蛋白阳性树状细胞 (S- 10 0 + DC)浸润的临床病理意义。 方法 :应用免疫组化方法 (L SAB法 )检测 6 1例肺癌标本组织中 p5 3、nm2 3- H1 蛋白表达及 S- 10 0 + DC浸润情况 ,以正常肺组织作为对照。 结果 :肿瘤组织中 p5 3蛋白表达阳性率为4 5 .90 % ,而正常肺组织无阳性表达 ;肿瘤组织中 nm 2 3- H1 蛋白表达阳性率 (6 7.2 1% )与正常肺组织表达阳性率(90 .0 0 % )之间差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。有淋巴结转移的病例组原发灶肿瘤组织中 nm 2 3- H1 蛋白表达阳性率 (46 .88% )低于无淋巴结转移的病例组 (89.6 6 % ) ,差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。 p5 3蛋白表达与病理学分型、分化及临床分期之间无相关性。 nm2 3- H1 蛋白表达与病理学分型及分化之间无相关性 ,而与淋巴结转移有相关性(P <0 .0 5 )。I期腺癌原发肿瘤组织 S- 10 0 + DC浸润密度均数 (9.1个 / HM)低于 、 期腺癌 (13.2个 / HM) (P <0 .0 5 )。结论:p5 3、nm2 3- H1 基因异常表达是肺癌发生转移中的重要事件。p5 3蛋白检测可以用于肺癌诊断 ;nm2 3-H1 基因是肺癌的转移抑制基因。肺癌组织 S- 10 0 + DC浸润与机体抗肿瘤免疫反应有关     

STAG2基因在肾癌的表达及功能研究

目的 研究骨髓基质抗原2(STAG2)基因在人肾癌组织和肾癌细胞中的表达水平并研究STAG2基因对肾癌细胞生物学表型的影响.方法 使用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测STAG2基因在5株肾癌细胞、1株正常肾细胞和68对肾癌及其对应的癌旁组织中的表达水平;使用 Western blot法分析STAG2蛋白在5株肾癌细胞、1株正常肾细胞的表达特点;使用慢病毒包装感染ACHN、786-0细胞并使用qRT-PCR检测感染效率;CCK8试剂盒检测STAG2过表达后对肾癌细胞增殖的影响;Transwell法检测STAG2过表达后对肾癌细胞侵袭的影响;流式细胞术检测STAG2过表达后对肾癌细胞凋亡的影响.结果 ①qRT-PCR结果显示,与正常肾细胞相比,STAG2基因在5株肾癌细胞的表达显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜ 0.01);②Western blot结果显示在5株肾癌细胞中STAG2蛋白表达明显低于正常肾细胞;③qRT-PCR检测肾癌及其癌旁组织的STAG2表达水平结果显示与其对应癌旁组织相比,72. 06％(49/68)肾癌组织中STAG2表达水平下降(P＜0. 01);肾癌组织中STAG2表达水平与肿瘤的临床病理分期相关(P=0.029),与患者年龄、性别、肿瘤组织学分级无明显相关性;④慢病毒感染 ACHN、786-O细胞后STAG2表达水平明显升高(P＜0. 01); ⑤体外实验中,过表达STAG2基因明显抑制肾癌细胞的增殖和迁移能力,促进肾癌细胞的早期凋亡(P＜0. 05,P＜ 0.01).结论 ①在肾癌细胞和肾癌组织中STAG2的表达水平均有明显的下降,提示STAG2可能参与肾癌的发生和发展的过程,STAG2低表达对肾癌的早期诊断可能提供一些帮助;②上调STAG2基因的表达明显抑制肾癌细胞的增殖和迁移能力、促进肾癌细胞的凋亡,提示STAG2可能成为治疗肾癌的一个潜在靶点.     

食管癌组织中癌细胞凋亡和相关基因表达的临床研究

目的　探索食管癌组织中癌细胞凋亡和相关基因p2 1、p5 3、Bcl- 2表达的关系。方法　采用免疫组化法检测 4 0例食管癌手术切除标本中p2 1、p5 3、Bcl- 2的表达及细胞凋亡的变化。结果　 4 0例食管癌组织中p2 1、p5 3和Bcl- 2的阳性表达率分别为 5 2 .5 % (2 1 4 0 )、80 % (32 4 0 )和 6 0 % (2 4 4 0 ) ,癌细胞凋亡指数 (AI)为 (2 0 35±1 30 2 ) % ,p2 1阳性表达时凋亡指数高于其阴性表达 ,p5 3阳性表达时凋亡指数低于其阴性表达。结论　p2 1和p5 3的阳性表达与癌细胞凋亡有密切关系 ,检测p2 1和p5 3的表达水平可以协助判断食管癌的分化程度及预后     

p16基因失活对膀胱移行细胞癌增殖活性的影响

目的 :探讨膀胱移行细胞癌中p1 6基因失活与肿瘤增殖活性的关系。方法 :应用RT PCR检测肿瘤组织中p1 6mRNA的表达 ;应用Ki67标记指数 (Ki67LI)及核仁组成区嗜银蛋白 (AgNOR)染色对肿瘤的增殖活性进行研究 ;应用免疫组化对Rb基因的表达进行检测。结果 :p1 6mRNA表达缺失率为 55 .8% ,肿瘤增殖活性(Ki6TLI与AgNOR)在p1 6基因阳性表达组与阴性表达组之间差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5) ;但在Rb基因阳性表达的肿瘤中 ,p1 6基因阳性表达肿瘤的Ki67LI及AgNOR分别为 34 .95± 1 5 .56、4 .1 2± 1 .0 8,p1 6阴性表达者分别为 52 .1 2± 2 1 .2 4、7.1 2± 3 .2 5 ,2组相比差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5)。结论 :p1 6基因对膀胱移行细胞癌增殖活性的影响依赖于Rb基因的表达     

B细胞淋巴瘤TIL-T的IL-2Rα基因突变及蛋白表达检测

目的 :检测B细胞淋巴瘤 (B NHL)中肿瘤浸润T细胞 (TIL T)的活化标记IL 2Rα(CD2 5 )的基因及蛋白表达 ,寻找TIL T在B NHL肿瘤微环境中存在意义的实验依据。方法 :将 19例B NHL提取RNA ,采用RT PCR和SSCP检测其IL 2Rα的Ⅳ Ⅷ外显子基因突变与否 ;19例B NHL采用细胞免疫化学染色进行CD3、CD4、CD8、CD2 0、CD2 5细胞免疫表型的分析 ;2 9例B NHL和 2 0例良性淋巴组织 ,采用冰冻切片免疫组化方法进行IL 2Rα(CD2 5 )蛋白表达的检测。结果 :SSCP显示 19例TIL -T的IL 2Rα未发现异常泳动条带。细胞免疫化学染色示B NHL中 5 2 .6 3% (10 /19例 )的CD2 5 +细胞少于 10 % ,TIL T(CD3+)与CD4相关 (r =0 .5 7,P <0 .0 1)并与CD2 5相关 (r =0 .5 0 ,P <0 .0 5 )。免疫组化示 86 .2 % (2 5 /2 9例 )的B NHL中CD2 5表达 (+/- )和 (+) ,且主要表达在TIL T细胞上 ,呈散在分布 ,阳性细胞少于T标记细胞。结论 :19例TIL T的IL 2Rα在RNA水平未发现基因异常 ;CD2 5蛋白在B NHL中呈弱表达趋势。提示部分TIL T不表达CD2 5 ,推测TIL T的IL 2Rα的表达在转录后机制中可能出现异常或TIL T存在活化障碍。     

微小RNA-152靶向DcR3对HepG2细胞相关信号通路的作用

目的研究微小RNA-152(mi R-152)与其潜在靶基因Dc R3在肝癌组织中表达的关系及mi R-152在肝癌细胞系Hep G2中对Dc R3及相关信号通路的影响。方法使用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-q PCR)检测89例肝癌组织中的mi R-152表达水平,并使用免疫组织化学检测其Dc R3蛋白表达水平,对比二者相关性;使用生物信息学软件对二者潜在靶向关系进行预测;将mi R-152抑制剂及模拟物转染至肝癌细胞系Hep G2中,使用蛋白印迹法测Dc R3蛋白及相关基因Wnt-1,DNMT-1,ERK1/2及AKT表达情况。结果肝癌组织中,mi R-152与Dc R3蛋白表达水平呈负相关(r=-0.347,P=0.002);软件预测发现mi R-152与Dc R3 3′-UTR序列呈互补关系;使用mi R-152模拟物后,Dc R3蛋白水平明显下降,同时Wnt-1,DNMT-1,p-ERK1/2及p-AKT表达也明显下降。结论在肝癌中,Dc R3可能为mi R-152的靶基因,mi R-152可通过靶向Dc R3而影响相应的增殖及凋亡通路。     

转染EGFRL858R的肺腺癌细胞中IL-6和VEGF表达水平及其意义

目的: 探讨肿瘤细胞癌基因表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)L858R型突变与肺腺癌恶性转移患者癌细胞中白细胞介素6(IL-6)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达水平的关系及其意义。方法: 将含EGFRL858R全长基因质粒的载体转染EGFR野生型肺腺癌细胞系H460(EGFRL858R-H460组),空载体转染H460细胞作为对照组(Vec-H460组),QRT-PCR法检测2组细胞中IL-6和VEGFmRNA表达水平。将含IL-6siRNA的载体转染带有EGFRL858R型突变的细胞系H1975(IL-6siH1975组),转染空载体的H1975细胞作为对照组(Vec-H1975组),QRT-PCR法检测2组细胞中IL-6和VEGFmRNA表达水平,Western blotting法检测2组细胞中VEGF蛋白表达水平。结果: 与Vec-H460组比较,EGFRL858R-H460组细胞中IL-6和VEGFmRNA表达水平明显升高(P<0.01);与Vec-H1975组比较,IL-6siH1975组细胞组IL-6和VEGFmRNA表达水平明显降低(P<0.01),VEGF蛋白表达强度明显降低。结论: 肺腺癌细胞系中EGFRL858R型突变可升高肺腺癌患者癌细胞中IL-6和VEGFmRNA表达水平,其中IL-6mRNA水平升高可能是VEGFmRNA表达水平升高的原因,这些变化可能是EGFRL858R型突变参与肺腺癌恶性转移进程的途径之一。     

survivin、P53蛋白在非小细胞肺癌的表达及其相关性研究

目的 :研究survivin、P5 3蛋白在非小细胞肺癌 (NSCLC)组织的表达及其生物学意义 ,并探讨其相关性。　方法 :用免疫组化 (S P法 )染色技术对 95例NSCLC组织石蜡标本进行survivin、P5 3蛋白表达的检测和分析。　结果 :survivin、P5 3在肺癌细胞中阳性表达率 (6 2 .1 %、5 5 .8% )明显高于癌旁的正常肺组织 (1 4 %、7% ) (P <0 .0 1 )。survivin的表达与肿瘤病理分级、组织学分型、淋巴结转移、TNM分期无明显相关 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;P5 3表达与淋巴结转移相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而与肿瘤病理分级、组织学分型、TNM分期无明显相关 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;此外 ,survivin与P5 3蛋白的表达呈显著正相关 (r =0 .5 72 ,P <0 .0 1 )。　结论 :凋亡抑制蛋白survivin与突变型P5 3蛋白在NSCLC的发生发展中可能起协同作用 ,也提示抑癌基因p5 3(野生型 )可能对survivin的表达起负反馈调节作用。survivin和P5 3蛋白可作为靶点用于NSCLC靶向治疗的研究     

非小细胞肺癌与淋巴结转移癌组织中FHIT基因异常表达的相关性

目的 :检测脆性组氨酸三联体 (FHIT)基因在正常肺组织、非小细胞肺癌 (non smallcelllungcancer)与淋巴结转移癌组织中表达 ,探讨FHIT基因与肺癌发生及转移的关系。方法 :用免疫组化SP(streptavidinperoxidaseconju gatedmethod ,SP)法检测 2 0例无淋巴结转移的肺癌组织 ,2 0例肺癌及其相应的淋巴结转移癌组织和 15例正常肺组织中FHIT基因的表达水平 ,用图像分析系统测量FHIT蛋白表达的阳性率和平均光密度。结果 :FHIT蛋白在正常肺组织、无淋巴结转移的肺癌、肺癌及其相应的淋巴结转移癌组织中的阳性率分别为 89.1%、6 0 .5 %、5 4 .1%、30 .4 % ,平均光密度分别为 (0 .2 74± 0 .0 2 3)、(0 .16 5± 0 .0 16 )、(0 .0 87± 0 .0 0 4 )、(0 .0 4 9± 0 .0 0 7)。肺癌组织FHIT蛋白表达阳性率和强度明显低于正常肺组织 (P <0 .0 1) ,淋巴结转移癌组织FHIT蛋白表达明显低于其它 3组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :在肺癌发生、浸润、转移病变阶段中 ,FHIT基因表达下调 ,这揭示肺癌的演进过程与FHIT有密切关系。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.