结直肠癌肝转移外科治疗的新概念

结直肠癌肝转移极为常见.在确诊时,即有20%～30%的结直肠癌患者已发生肝转移;在原发灶切除后,异时性肝转移的发生率高达50%;尸检中,结直肠癌肝转移的发生率高达60%～71%[1-2].结直肠癌肝转移预后很差,患者的自然生存期不长.     

结直肠癌肝脏转移的外科治疗进展

结直肠癌发病率目前位居我国常见恶性肿瘤的第四位,大约有15%～25%的患者在确诊时已发现伴有肿瘤肝脏转移,25%～50%的患者在行手术治疗后3年内可发生肝脏转移[1].外科治疗目前仍是结直肠癌肝脏转移患者可获得长期生存并具有潜在治愈可能的唯一方法,经手术治疗的结直肠癌肝转移患者的总体5年生存率可达37%～58%[2-6].而肝转移瘤无法切除的患者,即使经全身化疗后,其中位生存时间也只有12-24月[7];如未经治疗,则中位生存时间仅为6～9月.因此,只要具备手术适应证,结直肠癌肝转移患者均应接受手术治疗.     

结直肠癌切除同期射频消融肝转移的临床应用

肝脏是结直肠癌转移的最常见部位。有10％～25％的患者初次就诊或外科治疗时就发现肝转移，约20％的患者在结直肠癌手术后的一段时期发生肝转移。不经治疗的肝转移癌患者中位生存期仅5～9个月。因此，对肝转移癌的有效治疗十分重要。我们对13例结直肠癌肝转移患者实施结直肠癌切除同期肝转移灶射频消融治疗，总结报道如下。     

结直肠癌肝转移的治疗

结直肠癌是常见的恶性肿瘤之一 ,肝脏是结直肠癌常见的远处转移器官 ,结直肠癌患者最终约有 5 0 %发生肝转移[1] 。如何处理结直肠癌肝转移 ,是改善结直肠癌预后的 1个重要研究课题 ,我们对此作一综述。1　手术治疗结直肠癌肝转移患者行肝切除术是获得治愈的首选治疗手段 ,术后 5年生存率达 2 5 %～ 40 % [2～ 4 ] 。Ｎｏｒｄｌｉｎｇｅｒ等[3] 报道80例 ,其中 44例为单发性 ,36例为多发性 ;局限于 1叶者 76例 ,2叶者 4例 ;43例为同时性肝转移癌 (ｓｙｎｃｈｒｏｎｏｕｓｌｉｖｅｒｍｅｔａｓｔａｓｅｓ) ,37例为异时性肝转移癌 (ｍｅｔａｃ…     

结直肠癌肝转移诊治进展

肝脏对血流的廓清率达 180 0ｍｌ/ｍｉｎ ,是恶性肿瘤最常转移的器官。据尸解材料分析 ,恶性肿瘤死亡的病人约 40 %有肝转移 ,而结直肠癌死亡的病人肝转移高达 6 0 %～ 71%[1] 。因此 ,结直肠癌肝转移一直是临床急需解决的重要课题 ,本文就近年来这一领域的研究作如下简要综述。一、结直肠癌肝转移的发生率和生存期 :结直肠癌肝转移极为常见 ,确诊结直肠癌时已有 2 0 %～ 40 %病人发生肝转移[2 ] ;治疗原发灶后 ,异时性肝转移发生率达 5 0 %[3 ] ,好发时间为术后 2年内 ;ＤｕｋｅｓＤ期病人中 5 0 %～ 70 %有肝转移。结直肠癌病人死后尸检中…     

转移性结直肠癌的临床治疗进展

结直肠癌是消化道常见的恶性肿瘤.虽然有地域性差异,发病率男女差别不大,在西方国家更高,而在亚非国家低.近年来随着生活水平的提高,在我国结直肠癌的发病率逐渐上升.结直肠癌由于门静脉的回流更容易出现肝转移.大概50%的患者会进展为肝转移,而肝转移可导致70%的结直肠肿瘤患者死亡[1].     

大肠癌肝转移的治疗进展

大肠癌合并肝转移相当常见，15％～25％的结直肠癌患者在原发肿瘤诊断时即有肝转移，20％左右的患者原发肿瘤治疗后出现肝转移，20％～35％的患者肝脏为唯一转移部位[2]。如不给予治疗，发现肝转移后中位生存期为9个月左右[1]。常用治疗方法有手术、化疗、射频、冷冻、微波、无水酒精注射等。     

结直肠癌肝转移能治愈吗

结直肠癌肝转移极为常见,估计全世界每年至少有60万例结直肠癌肝转移,我国至少10万例发生。在确诊结直肠癌时已有20%～25%有肝转移;在原发灶治疗后,异时性肝转移发生率多达50%;尸检中,结直肠癌肝转移高达60%～71%。发生肝转移后自然生存时间(即未经治疗的肝转移患者生存时间)不长。Foster报告结直肠癌孤立性肝转移平均生存     

结直肠癌外科治疗应坚持肿瘤治疗原则

结直肠癌是常见的恶性肿瘤之一.目前全球结直肠癌的发病率和死亡率分别居于第3、4位.结直肠癌每年新发病例和死亡人数分别为123万和60万[1].2013年报道美国结直肠癌患者5年总生存率约为60％,Ⅰ～Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期患者的5年生存率分别约为90％、70％和10％[2].肿瘤分期越早预后越好.早期发现、早期诊断及早期治疗是降低结直肠癌患者死亡率的重要因素.我国目前并未建立结直肠癌的大规模普查制度,进展期患者仍是结直肠癌外科医师的主要诊治对象.外科治疗是早中期结直肠癌最有效的治疗手段,也是中晚期结直肠癌综合治疗的重要组成部分.外科医师是结直肠癌诊治过程中最重要的参与者,正确认识外科治疗在结直肠癌综合治疗中的地位及严格遵循肿瘤治疗原则是提高患者治疗效果的关键.     

射频消融治疗结直肠癌肝转移的现状

结直肠癌的发病率居全球第2位,在发展中国家已经成为第3大致死癌症[1].肝脏是结直肠癌远处转移最易发生的部位,结直肠癌患者死亡原因中因肝脏转移致死者占60%～71%[2].未接受治疗的结直肠癌肝转移(colorectal cancer liver metastases,CRCLM)患者的自然生存时间为16～18个月,4年生存率接近0,而接受外科切除的患者5年生存率可以达到50%以上.但有75%～85%的患者在评估时已不适宜手术切除.     

Experience with Impedance Phlebography Compared with Venography

Venography is a particularly reliable method for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis but is not suitable as a screening test. Impedance phlebography represents another attempt to discover a simple, non-invasive and reliable method of detecting deep venous thrombosis. It does not, however, meet these criteria.     

Compliance with guidelines and correlation with outcome in patients with advanced germ-cell tumours

PurposeTo evaluate prior compliance with guidelines in patients treated with salvage chemotherapy for advanced germ-cell tumours (GCT).Patients and methodsData concerning the initial management of patients requiring salvage chemotherapy for GCT at Institut Gustave Roussy between 2000 and 2010 were obtained and correlated with recommendations for treatment. Criteria of non-compliance were defined based on guidelines. Compliance with guidelines, predictive factors for non-compliance and the impact on outcome were analysed.ResultsAmong 82 patients treated in the salvage setting, guidelines to initial treatment were followed in only 41 cases (50%). The most common non-compliance criteria were non-adherence to the planned dose (16%), an inappropriate interval between first-line chemotherapy cycles (16%), the lack of post-chemotherapy surgery (16%) and a long interval to post-chemotherapy surgery (48%). Compliance with standard care was better in cancer centres than in other hospitals (private or public) (Odd Ratio (OR): 6.9, P = 0.001). A poor-risk status according to the International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) was also predictive of compliance in univariate but not in multivariate analysis. No significant difference in outcome after salvage chemotherapy was observed. Patients relapsing after non-compliant first-line therapy tended to be more easily salvaged, which is consistent with the fact that their initial treatment was inadequate. Some of these relapses were therefore probably not due to true biologically refractory disease.ConclusionGuidelines for first-line treatment are adhered to in only half the patients requiring salvage chemotherapy. As the only predictive factor for non-compliance was the treating centre, centralisation of patients with GCT in well-trained hospitals should be recommended.     

Treatment with methylnaltrexone is associated with increased survival in patients with advanced cancer

BackgroundMethylnaltrexone (MNTX), a peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist, is FDA-approved for treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC). Preclinical data suggest that MOR activation can play a role in cancer progression and can be a target for anticancer therapy.Patients and methodsPooled data from advanced end-stage cancer patients with OIC, despite laxatives, treated in two randomized (phase III and IV), placebo-controlled trials with MNTX were analyzed for overall survival (OS) in an unplanned post hoc analysis. MNTX or placebo was given subcutaneously during the double-blinded phase, which was followed by the open-label phase, allowing MNTX treatment irrespective of initial randomization.ResultsIn two randomized, controlled trials, 229 cancer patients were randomized to MNTX (117, 51%) or placebo (112, 49%). Distribution of patients' characteristics and major tumor types did not significantly differ between arms. Treatment with MNTX compared with placebo [76 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) 43–109 versus 56 days, 95% CI 43–69; P = 0.033] and response (laxation) to treatment compared with no response (118 days, 95% CI 59–177 versus 55 days, 95% CI 40–70; P < 0.001) had a longer median OS, despite 56 (50%) of 112 patients ultimately crossing over from placebo to MNTX. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that response to therapy [hazard ratio (HR) 0.47, 95% CI 0.29–0.76; P = 0.002) and albumin ≥3.5 (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.30–0.69; P < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors for increased OS. Of interest, there was no difference in OS between MNTX and placebo in 134 patients with advanced illness other than cancer treated in these randomized studies (P = 0.88).ConclusionThis unplanned post hoc analysis of two randomized trials demonstrates that treatment with MNTX and, even more so, response to MNTX are associated with increased OS, which supports the preclinical hypothesis that MOR can play a role in cancer progression. Targeting MOR with MNTX warrants further investigation in cancer therapy.Clinical trials numberNCT00401362, NCT00672477.     

Costs associated with complications are lower with capecitabine than with 5‐fluorouracil in patients with colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND:

Capecitabine, an oral alternative to 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), has equal clinical efficacy and a favorable safety profile; however, its use may be limited because of unit cost concerns. In this study, the authors measured the cost of chemotherapy‐related complications during treatment with capecitabine‐ and 5‐FU–based regimens.

METHODS:

Patients with CRC who received at least 1 administration of capecitabine or 5‐FU during 2004 and 2005 were identified from the Thomson MarketScan research databases. Monthly frequency and cost for 23 complications were recorded. Logistic regression was used to predict complication probability. General linear models were used to predict monthly complication cost and total monthly expenditure.

RESULTS:

In total, 4973 patients with CRC met the inclusion criteria for this analysis. Although the most frequently observed complications were the same between capecitabine and 5‐FU (nausea and vomiting, infection, anemia, neutropenia, diarrhea), each was observed with greater frequency in 5‐FU–based regimens. The mean predicted monthly complication cost was significantly higher (by 136%) with 5‐FU monotherapy than with capecitabine monotherapy (difference, $601; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], $469‐$737). In addition, the mean predicted monthly complication cost for 5‐FU+oxaliplatin was higher than the cost with capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (difference, $1165; 95% CI, $892‐$1595). When acquisition, administration, and complication costs were taken into consideration, there were no significant differences in the total cost between capecitabine regimens and 5‐FU regimens.

CONCLUSIONS:

Capecitabine compared well with 5‐FU–based therapy in patients with CRC and was associated with lower complication rates and associated costs. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.     

Second-line chemotherapy with cisplatin-ifosfamide in patients with ovarian cancer previously treated with carboplatin-cyclophosphamide.

In an effort to use antineoplastic drug combinations which are active in platinum resistant ovarian cancer or which can induce a second response after a platinum first-line treatment, we conducted a study on 30 ovarian cancer patients previously treated with carboplatin plus cyclophosphamide who were given ifosfamide 5 g/m2 i.v. divided over days 1 to 3 plus mesma combined with cisplatin 100 mg/m2 i.v. divided over days 1 to 3 every 4 weeks as second-line treatment. Eight patients had never entered remission with first-line chemotherapy while 22 patients had tumor recurrence within 6 to 18 months after the end of chemotherapy and their tumors were considered potentially platinum sensitive. Responding patients received 6 courses while palliative treatment for nonresponders was provided. Of the 22 patients with tumor recurrence, 8 patients responded with one partial response (PR) and 7 complete clinical responses (CCR). Two out of the 8 patients with platinum resistant disease demonstrated short lasting PR. Seven patients with CCR underwent second-look operation and in two a pathological CR was documented. Median time to progression was 6 mo (4-12). The median overall survival was 12 mo (4-20). Myelotoxicity despite G-CSF administration was significant with grade 4 leukopenia in 40% and grade 3 thrombocytopenia in 20% of patients. Central nervous system (CNS) toxicity was significant with 30% somnolence, 20% disorientation and an episode of grand-mal epilepsy ascribed to ifosfamide. With a 33% response rate the combination is as effective as new agents employed in relapsed ovarian cancer. Platinum-refractory disease may respond to a lesser degree. The most important determinant of response was the progression-free interval from first-line chemotherapy. Whether patients recurring after carboplatin plus cyclophosphamide have a greater chance to respond to cisplatin plus ifosfamide or vice-versa cannot be supported by the current data and therefore randomized studies should be performed to this end.     

Living with secondary breast cancer: coping with an uncertain future with unmet needs

JOHNSTON S.R.D. (2010) European Journal of Cancer Care 19 , 561–563 Living with secondary breast cancer: coping with an uncertain future with unmet needs