儿童肝脏神经内分泌肿瘤影像学表现1例

病例女,12岁,检查发现肝肿物半月余.既往否认肝炎、结核等病史.实验室检查:血常规、肝肾功能正常,CA199(84.10 ng/mL)轻度升高.二维超声:肝S6等回声结节,大小3.8 cm×3.1 cm,边清,规则,内回声均匀,周边可见低回声晕环;CDFI:病灶内未见明显血流,周边可见点状血流(图1a).     

肝脏原发性神经内分泌肿瘤的诊治

目的:分析原发性肝脏神经内分泌肿瘤(PHNET)的临床表现、病理特点、治疗方法和预后因素.方法:回顾分析2006年7月至2010年1月我中心的9例患者资料.结果:PHNET的临床表现是多样和非特异性的.最常见的临床表现为腹胀及右上腹疼痛,放射影像学没有特异性,很难和肝细胞肝癌相鉴别.诊断PHNET依靠于免疫组化方法以及排除肝外瘤灶.突触素(Syn)、嗜铬粒蛋白A(CgA)以及CD56是PHNET的免疫组化标志,它们的阳性表达在诊断PHNET上表现出非常重要的地位.完整的肿块切除是最常用的治疗手段.结论:化疗、经动脉化疗栓塞以及射频消融治疗,都可在术前和术后应用以提高生存率.     

无功能性胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤17例CT影像表现

目的：探讨无功能性胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤（ pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms,P-NENs）的CT表现及临床特征。方法我院经手术治疗并行病理学证实的17例P-NENs患者,分析其CT平扫及增强后的影像特点。结果17例患者共19处病灶。病理分级：3例为G1,9例为G2,5例为G3。影像表现：平扫均呈稍低密度影,边界较清晰,除2处病灶强化不明显外,其余17处病灶均呈现延迟强化表现,其中2例病灶可见边缘包膜样强化,所有病例胰腺导管未见明显受侵。淋巴结转移：G1～G3病例均出现淋巴结转移。结论 P-NENs容易发生淋巴结转移,结合典型CT征象结合临床特征可于术前做出诊断。     

结肠神经内分泌肿瘤的临床及CT影像学表现

目的:探讨结肠神经内分泌肿瘤(neuroendocrine neoplasm,NEN)的临床及CT影像学表现,以提高对本病的认识.方法:收集2014年1月—2020年5月期间我院经病理证实的7例结肠NEN患者,分析其临床及CT表现.结果:男5例,女2例,年龄45～80岁.免疫组化Syn、CgA阳性率分别为100％和66...     

胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤超声表现

目的 观察胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的常规超声表现及CEUS特征。方法 回顾性分析我院经手术病理证实的90例胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的常规超声表现及CEUS表现。结果 90例均接受常规超声、15例接受CEUS检查。90例中,单发肿瘤85例,多发5例;肿瘤位于胰头41例,胰体13例,胰尾36例。二维超声显示低回声81例,囊实混合回声8例,无回声1例,最大径0.80~12.50 cm。67例肿瘤边界清楚,23例边界不清;64例肿瘤形态规则,26例形态不规则。CDFI示35例病灶血流信号丰富。主胰管增粗14例（14/90,15.56%）。15例接受CEUS,其中9例肿瘤动脉期呈高增强,延迟期呈稍高或等增强;4例动脉期呈稍高增强,延迟期呈低增强;2例动脉期周边呈稍低增强,延迟期廓清,内部可见片状不增强区。结论 胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤常规超声多表现为边界清楚、形态规则的低回声团块,CEUS以动脉期均匀高增强、实质期无明显消退为主要特征。     

肝神经内分泌肿瘤和肝细胞癌超声影像学特征对比

目的对比肝神经内分泌肿瘤（HNEN）和肝细胞癌（HCC）的超声影像学特征,探讨超声在二者鉴别诊断中的临床应用价值。 方法回顾性分析2009年9月至2020年12月于复旦大学附属中山医院病理诊断为HNEN的40例患者的常规超声及超声造影声像图特征,并随机选取同时期40例病理诊断为HCC患者的常规超声及超声造影声像图作为对照;常规超声的观察指标包括病灶的数目、边界、回声水平、动脉血流信号检出率等;超声造影的观察指标包括病灶的增强时间、增强方式、峰值表现、门脉期及延迟期表现等。分析比较2组病灶上述超声影像学特征：采用独立样本t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验比较2组间超声造影的增强开始时间、达峰时间及消退时间的差异;采用χ²检验或精确概率检验比较2组间病灶数目、边界、回声水平、动脉血流信号检出率的差异。 结果肿瘤数目、增强的消退时间、增强方式、峰值表现、门脉期及延迟期表现在HNEN和HCC之间差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与HCC相比,HNEN更多表现为多发病灶（27/40 vs 5/40,P＜0.001）。超声造影上,HNEN增强消退时间早于HCC［40.0（33.0,49.3）s vs 67.0（48.8,120.0）s］,差异具有统计学意义（Z=4.592,P=0.001）;HNEN以向心性增强方式增强、峰值时表现为环形强化、门脉期及延迟期表现为明显减退的比例高于HCC（8/40 vs 0/40,P=0.005;5/40 vs 0/40,P=0.048;29/40 vs 9/40,P＜0.001;36/40 vs 22/40,P=0.002）。 结论HNEN和HCC具有不同的超声影像学特征,超声对二者的鉴别诊断有一定帮助。     

肝脏原发性神经内分泌肿瘤的MRI表现及其病理学基础分析

目的探讨不同级别的原发肝脏神经内分泌肿瘤(primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumors,PHNETs)MRI表现及其相应的病理学基础。材料与方法回顾性分析6例PHNETs的MRI及病理学资料,分析不同级别PHNETs的MRI表现及相关病理学基础。结果 G1级1例,MRI表现为单发结节,T1WI呈稍低信号、T2WI呈稍高信号,信号均匀,动脉期明显均匀强化,门脉期及延迟期强化程度有所减低,其病理表现为瘤细胞呈小梁状排列,周围血窦丰富。G2级3例,其中1例为多发,T1WI表现为不均匀稍低信号、T2WI表现为不均匀稍高信号,所有病灶内均可见类圆形T2WI高信号,3个病灶内可见出血信号,动脉期不均匀明显强化,门脉期及延迟期强化程度减低,但持续强化,且部分病灶强化范围有扩大趋势;镜下瘤细胞呈缎带样排列,瘤周血窦丰富,且周围伴随纤维化,3个病灶窦腔内见出血。G3级2例,均多发,MRI表现为T1WI、T2WI不均匀信号,肿块体积较大,动脉期不均匀轻度强化,门脉及延迟期呈持续强化,程度减低;肿瘤细胞呈片状浸润性生长,核大、异型性明显、间质血管相对丰富,肿瘤内见多灶性坏死。结论 MRI表现可反映不同级别PHNETs的病理学特征,有助于提高PHNETs术前诊断的准确度。     

胰腺原发神经内分泌肿瘤MSCT表现

目的：探讨原发胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的MSCT表现。方法回顾性分析11例经病理证实的胰腺原发神经内分泌肿瘤的CT表现,包括病灶位置、大小、密度、强化特点及与周围血管脏器及胆总管下段及胰管的关系等,是否有低血糖及黄疸等临床症状。结果11例经手术证实的神经内分泌肿瘤病灶（位于胰头4例、胰颈1例、胰体2例、胰尾4例）,病灶大小为1.5～10 cm,平均3.9 cm。11例病人中,功能性神经内分泌肿瘤5例,无功能性神经内分泌肿瘤6例。11例CT平扫检查时病灶呈等低密度,9例增强病人其中7例神经内分泌肿瘤动脉期及静脉期均呈显著强化,静脉期病灶强化程度较动脉期稍减低,与胰腺实质相类似,2例因肿瘤体积较大,内部缺血坏死区无明显强化。结论神经内分泌肿瘤的MSCT具有特征性表现,尤其是多期增强CT检查为鉴别诊断提供更多信息。通过对肿瘤强化方式、病灶与周围器官、组织的关系观察及病灶有无远处转移,对临床拟定合理的治疗方案提供有价值的参考标准,提高胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的治愈率。     

胆管混合性神经内分泌-非神经内分泌肿瘤1例并文献复习

<正>混合性神经内分泌-非神经内分泌肿瘤(mixed neuroendocrine non-neuroendocrine neoplasm, MiNEN)是指神经内分泌成分和非神经内分泌成分并存的复合肿瘤,其成分各占病变的30%以上,属于神经内分泌肿瘤(neuroendocrine neoplasm, NEN),通常发生于胃肠道^[1]。由于胆管黏膜没有神经内分泌细胞,所以胆道NEN占消化道NEN的比例小于2%^[2],     

乳腺神经内分泌癌的MRI征象

目的探讨乳腺神经内分泌癌的MRI征象。方法回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的8例乳腺神经内分泌癌患者的MRI特征。结果 8例患者均为女性,年龄30~57岁,平均48.63岁。临床表现为乳房肿块者7例、乳头溢血者1例。术后病理均为乳腺原发性神经内分泌癌。8例患者MRI表现主要为:单发,等信号卵圆形团块,边界清楚,增强扫描呈明显均匀肿块样强化,时间-信号强度曲线以流出型为主,峰值强化率平均值为111%。结论乳腺神经内分泌癌的MRI有一定特征性,但确诊需依赖病理、免疫组化检查。     

Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors: accuracy of helical CT versus SRS

Background: We retrospectively compared the accuracy of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) with that of helical computed tomography (CT) in the detection and localization of primary and metastatic neuroendocrine tumors.Methods: A medical record search identified 27 patients with known or clinically suspected neuroendocrine tumors who underwent helical CT and SRS within 3 months of one another at our institution. CT images were evaluated retrospectively by two blinded radiologists who used consensus reading. Images were evaluated for the presence or absence of primary tumor and hepatic and extrahepatic metastases. CT results were compared with the SRS report as interpreted by the nuclear medicine physicians. The results of the surgical, clinical follow-up, and pathologic findings were considered as the gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated for both imaging techniques. In addition, McNemar analysis was performed to determine statistically significant differences between CT and SRS.Results: Helical CT was more sensitive than SRS in the detection of extrahepatic metastases, and the difference between the two imaging modalities was statistically significant (p = 0.0312) as determined by the McNemar chi-square test. However, the difference between CT and SRS in detecting primary neuroendocrine tumors, hepatic metastasis, and combined hepatic and extrahepatic metastasis was not statistically significant (p = 0.625, 1.000, and 1.000, respectively).Conclusion: Helical CT and SRS have similar sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in detecting primary neuroendocrine tumor and hepatic metastasis. However, helical CT appears to be more sensitive in detecting extrahepatic metastasis from primary neuroendocrine tumors.     

Three-in-one incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma,cholangiocellular carcinoma,and neuroendocrine carcinoma: A case report

BACKGROUNDPrimary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is rare, and a combination with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is extremely rare. To date, only four combination cases have been reported. The present paper describes the fifth patient.CASE SUMMARYA 32-year-old Chinese man with chronic hepatitis B was hospitalized for persistent upper abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) examination revealed a liver mass. The tumor was located in the 7^th and 8^th segments of the liver, and CT and magnetic resonance imaging findings were consistent with the diagnosis of HCC. Laboratory examinations revealed the following: Alanine aminotransferase, 243 U/L; aspartate aminotransferase, 167 U/L; alpha-fetoprotein, 4519 μg/L. Laparoscopic right lobe hepatectomy was performed on the liver mass. Postoperative pathology showed low differentiation HCC plus medium and low differentiation CCA combined with NEC. One month after the surgery, the patient suffered from epigastric pain again. Liver metastasis was detected by CT, and tumor transcatheter arterial chemoembolization was performed. Unfortunately, the liver tumor was progressively increased and enlarged, and after 1 mo, the patient died of liver failure.CONCLUSIONThis is a rare case, wherein the tumor is highly aggressive, grows rapidly, and metastasizes in a short period. Imaging and laboratory tests can easily misdiagnose or miss such cases; thus, the final diagnosis relies on pathology.     

甲状腺肿瘤的多层螺旋CT诊断价值

目的评价多层螺旋CT在甲状腺肿瘤诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析59例经手术病理证实的甲状腺肿瘤的CT扫描资料。结果甲状腺腺瘤36例，CT诊断符合率88．9％；甲状腺癌23例，CT诊断符合率82．6％。除1例甲状腺隐匿性癌外，其余肿瘤均经CT检出，检出率达98．3％。结论螺旋CT在甲状腺肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断方面具有重大价值，能判断有无侵犯周围器官，并为临床治疗方案的选择提供依据。     

48例小肝细胞癌的影像分析

本文分析48例SHCC影像表现，US检查48例，常规CT44例，MR126例及SPECT14例，全部病例经手术和病理证实。结果US检查48％呈强回声，50％低回声，而＜2cm者低回声占68．8％，2～3cm者则为41．2％。声晕征出现率24％。MRI检查T_1WI80．8％呈低信号，15．3％等信号和3．8％高信号，PDWI和T_2WI高信号分别占84．6％及76．8％，轻度和中等度低信号为84．6％（T_1WI），61．6％（PDWI）和65．4％（T_2WI）为轻度和中等度高信号，且T_2WI信号多不均匀呈“斑驳”样。常规CT增强前后均呈低密度区并有强化。SPECT胶体显像呈局部放射性稀疏或缺损区，血池延迟显像原稀疏或缺损区无过度充填。     

Complete resection of large-cell neuroendocrine and hepatocellular carcinoma of the liver: A case report

BACKGROUNDCombined tumors comprising large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma have been rarely reported in the literature.CASE SUMMARYWe report a case of a 73-year-old woman with chronic hepatitis B suspected to have a malignant hepatic mass (segment 3; size, 4.5 cm) and lymph node metastasis based on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Despite being Child-Pugh class A, esophageal varices were present. She underwent left lateral sectionectomy and lymph node dissection. Pathological examination revealed a collision tumor consisting of large-cell neuroendocrine (90%) and hepatocellular (10%) carcinomas. The combined carcinoma had metastasized to one of the three lymph nodes excised. The patient recovered without any postoperative complications and was discharged in good condition on postoperative day 13. Adjuvant chemotherapy was not performed. No recurrence occurred during a follow-up period of 24 mo.CONCLUSIONTo improve the therapeutic management of combined tumors in the liver, it is necessary to discuss each clinical experience and consider an appropriate method for the preoperative diagnosis and treatment.