应用抗菌素骨水泥旷置分期翻修治疗人工髋关节置换术后感染

目的 评估应用抗菌素骨水泥旷置分期翻修（TSEA）治疗髋关节置换术后感染的疗效。方法 1998年1月～2005年1月，采用TSEA治疗8例髋关节置换术后感染患者，所有患者均行细菌培养检查，一期清创假体取出滴注2例，清创后假体取出加PR-40抗菌素骨水泥支架旷置6例；二期翻修采用非骨水泥假体3例，骨水泥型假体3例，混合髋2例；手术前后髋关节功能通过Harris评分评估。结果 4例细菌培养为金黄色葡萄球菌，3例为混合感染，1例细菌培养阴性。一期处理后所有伤口均愈合，一、二期平均间隔5．5个月。术后平均3年4个月随访时髋关节Harris评分由术前31．1分提高至62．9分。结论 TSEA是治疗髋关节置换术后感染非常有效的方法，其中碘氟浸泡髓腔和抗菌素骨水泥旷置是主要手段。骨水泥复合万古霉素对耐受甲氧西林金黄色球菌人工关节感染治疗有效。     

Temporary articulating spacer with antibiotic-impregnated cement for an infected knee endoprosthesis

Two-stage reimplantation remains the gold standard in the treatment of late infected total knee arthroplasties. The reported disadvantages include difficult exposure at the time of reimplantation and less functional outcome by using static spacers. Patients who receive an articulating spacer retain a functional joint before second-stage reimplantation. This may reduce the disadvantages of static spacers (ligament contracture, extensor lag, arthrofibrosis). There is no difference in the success rates of eradicating infection (range: 90-96%). In a prospective study 24 consecutive patients were treated with an articulating spacer. The articulating spacer is made by cleaning and autoclaving the removed femoral component and the tibial polyethylene insert. These are reinserted during the same operation with antibiotic-loaded cement. The average time during which the spacer was in place was 16 weeks (range: 7-28 weeks). During an average follow-up period of 14.8 months (range: 5-33 months) one patient had a secondary reinfection. Use of an articulating spacer is economical and decreases the risk of complications in reimplantation with good functional outcome.     

抗生素骨水泥间置器二期翻修治疗人工髋关节感染

目的 探讨应用抗生素骨水泥间置器二期翻修治疗人工髋关节感染的疗效.方法 对14例初次髋关节置换术后感染的患者行二期翻修手术,所有患者一期手术取出假体并彻底清创,使用去甲万古霉素1 g与骨水泥20 g的抗生素骨水泥临时间置器,平均间隔(3.6±1.2)个月后二期置换.手术前后髋关节功能行Harris评分.结果 一期处理后所有伤口均愈合,14例均获随访,时间7～29(16±5.9)个月.术后无感染复发,随访期间无脱位、深静脉血栓形成、异位骨化等并发症.末次随访时Harris评分72～91(81±6.8)分,较术前22～51(39±8.1)分平均提高(42±1.7)分.优2例,良10例,可2例,无差病例.结论 彻底清创,采用抗生素骨水泥间置器为局部提供高浓度抗生素的二期翻修术是控制感染的有效措施.     

Permanent articulated antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer in septic shoulder arthroplasty: a case report

We report a case of a patient with an infected shoulder hemiarthroplasty in whom a permanent antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer was employed with satisfactory results. This method of treatment has limited applications and would not be appropriate in all cases of septic shoulder joint arthroplasties. However, its use may represent a valid alternative in low physical demand patients who are unwilling to undergo major surgery or when inadequate bone stock is present.     

Treatment outcome of two-stage revision total hip arthroplasty for infected hip arthroplasty using antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer

 Infected hip prosthesis, a serious complication of primary total hip arthroplasty (THA), can have severe consequences. We report the treatment outcome of two-stage revision THA for infected hip arthroplasty, including hemiarthroplasty, using an antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer for the interval between the first and second stages. Between 1996 and 2000 we performed this procedure on nine hips in eight patients. Cementless revision THA was performed as the second-stage procedure. Bone defects were restored with frozen allografts. The outcome was evaluated using the hip score of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA hip score). The mean duration of follow-up was 35.7 months (range 10–55 months). The mean JOA hip score at follow-up improved from 30.1 (range 10–74) to 73.2 (24–96). The mean interval between the first and second stages was 10.1 weeks (range 6–19 weeks). Eight of the nine hips achieved a successful outcome. One hip, with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection, experienced recurrence 4 months after revision THA. This patient was successfully treated 14 months after the first revision THA with a second two-stage procedure using a vancomycin- and arbekacin-impregnated cement spacer and beads. These results suggest that two-stage revision THA using an antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer is a useful technique for treating infected hip arthroplasty. Received: January 21, 2002 / Accepted: September 18, 2002 Offprint requests to: N. Takahira     

Acute kidney injury after placement of an antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer during revision total knee arthroplasty

We performed a retrospective cohort study of 84 patients to determine the incidence and predictors of acute kidney injury after antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer (ACS) placement for infected total knee arthroplasties. Acute kidney injury was defined as a more than 50% rise in serum creatinine from a preoperative baseline to a level greater than 1.4 mg/dL within 90 days postoperatively. Total incidence was 17% (n = 14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10%-26%), and acute kidney injury was significantly associated with ACS tobramycin dose as both a dichotomous variable (>4.8 g; odds ratio, 5.87; 95% CI, 1.43-24.19; P = .01) and linear variable (odds ratio, 1.24 for every 1-g increase; 95% CI, 1.00-1.52; P = .049). Routine monitoring of serum creatinine and measurement of serum aminoglycoside levels in response to a threshold creatinine rise may be warranted after the placement of an aminoglycoside-containing ACS.     

术中自制临时关节型抗生素骨水泥占位器治疗人工膝关节置换术后感染

目的:研究术中自制临时关节型抗生素骨水泥占位器治疗人工膝关节置换术后感染的有效性。方法:使用自制压模器术中制备临时关节型抗生素骨水泥占位器。自2002年3月至2007年3月共使用此占位器治疗22例膝关节置换术后感染患者,男10例10膝,女12例12膝,平均年龄59.6岁(33～75岁)。初次置换到感染症状出现时间间隔平均6.7个月(1～14个月)。临床症状,血象、血沉、C-反应蛋白等血液感染指标及膝关节穿刺涂片和培养用以明确假体周围感染,两期手术后均监测感染指标变化,定期随访复查X线片,功能评价使用HSS评分系统。结果:所有患者获得随访,平均占位器植入间隔时间为4.7个月(3～9个月),Ⅱ期术前感染控制率为100%。Ⅱ期术后平均随访时间29.8个月(10～64个月),无感染复发。Ⅰ期术后膝关节HSS评分由术前的平均40.5±5.9提高到65.8±7.5,Ⅱ期术后最近随访时达平均88.7±5.1。9例对治疗结果满意,12例非常满意。结论:此方法制备的膝关节临时关节型占位器具有治疗期间保留较好关节功能、降低Ⅱ期手术难度、无须长期灌注及可靠的感染控制力等优点,治疗人工膝关节置换术后感染效果可靠。     

关节型抗生素骨水泥临时替代假体治疗膝关节置换术后深部感染

目的探讨全膝关节置换术后深部感染用自制的关节型抗生素骨水泥临时替代假体治疗后二期再翻修的处理方法的临床效果。方法2001年1月～2007年4月间,采用二期再翻修的处理方法治疗6例全膝关节置换术后深部感染患者。女性4例,男性2例;年龄47～73岁,平均65岁。一期手术彻底清创,取出假体并置入自制可以活动的关节型抗生素骨水泥临时假体,术后即可早期活动并可以完全负重。术后选用敏感抗生素静脉滴注6周,感染治愈后再置入翻修假体。结果本组6例Ⅱ期再置换患者中,经二期翻修后随访26个月,膝关节活动度恢复至平均95°,（SS平均评分为73.5分,无出现感染复发。在使用抗生素骨水泥临时替代期间,2例患者不需要任何帮助行走,另外4例需要手仗帮助行走。但关节活动度均满意,平均为80°。结论采用关节型抗生素骨水泥临时替代假体可以成功治疗膝关节置换术后深部感染,在间歇期能够保留关节活动度,为二期再置换假体提供方便彻底治疗膝关节置换术后深部感染的好方法。     

个性化制作骨水泥间隔器治疗人工全膝关节置换术后感染

目的探讨利用计算机辅助设计及三维打印技术制作个性化骨水泥间隔器治疗人工全膝关节置换（TKA）术后感染的临床疗效。方法自2010-03—2012-03,采用一期置入个性化制作的骨水泥间隔器、二期翻修重建术治疗8例TKA术后感染。结果所有患者均未发现与骨水泥间隔器相关的骨折、脱位及不稳定。2次手术间隔期为12~20周,平均15周。患者在间隔期均能扶拐行走,屈膝无明显受限,活动度90°~120°,平均100°。间隔期膝关节功能KSS评分平均81分。二期翻修术后随访12~24个月,平均15个月,未发现感染复发与新的感染。结论个性化制作的骨水泥间隔器与原假体取出后的腔隙完美匹配,并且能最大程度保留术后关节的活动度,治疗TKA术后感染疗效可靠。     

Experiences with PMMA cement as a stand-alone intervertebral spacer

Background

The treatment of symptomatic degenerative disc disease of the lumbar spine in elderly patients by standard surgical methods is often limited due to severe comorbidities (e.g., cardiopulmonary disease, hypertonia, diabetes). Minimally invasive procedures are more acceptable in this population, since they reduce surgical morbidity and the risk of complications. The percutaneous cement discoplasty (PCD) technique was introduced by the authors to treat dynamic (and angular) instability of the symptomatic lumbar segment by injecting bone cement (polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA) into the disc spaces showing vacuum phenomena via a posterolaterally positioned Jamshidi needle. The aim of this article is to describe the indication, method, and clinical results of PCD.

Method

A total of 81 patients were treated with PCD in a tertiary care referral center over a 6-year period. The current study includes the first group of 47 consecutive patients to complete a pre- and postoperative questionnaire booklet regarding leg and back pain using the visual analog scale (VAS) and the Oswestry disability index (ODI) questionnaire.

Results

A total of 130 discs in these 47 patients were treated with PCD. The majority of patients reported a reduction in their lower back and leg pain (69?% and 66?%, respectively; p?p?

Conclusion

Elderly patients with symptomatic dynamic foraminal stenosis and vacuum phenomenon in the intervertebral disc are suitable candidates for PCD, particularly if they represent high-risk patients for open surgery.

     

Use of antibiotic-impregnated cement in total joint arthroplasty

The use of antibiotic-impregnated cement in revision of total hip arthroplasty procedures is widespread, and a substantial body of evidence demonstrates its efficacy in infection prevention and treatment. However, it is not clear that it is necessary or desirable as a routine means of prophylaxis in primary total joint arthroplasty. In the management of infected implant sites, antibiotic-impregnated cement used in one-stage exchange arthroplasties has lowered reinfection rates. In two-stage procedures, use of beads and either articulating or nonarticulating antibiotic-impregnated cement spacers also has lowered reinfection rates. In addition, spacers reduce "dead space," help stabilize the limb, and facilitate reimplantation. Problems associated with antibiotic-impregnated cement in total joint arthroplasty include weakening of the cement and the generation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in infected implant sites.     

Treatment of experimental osteomyelitis with antibiotic-impregnated bone graft substitute

The model of Norden was used to induce osteomyelitis in the left tibia of New Zealand White rabbits. Twenty-one days following inoculation, the animals had primary debridement and then were randomized into one of three treatment groups. Group I received no additional treatment; in Group II, plain hydroxyapatite beads were packed into the defect; and in Group III, gentamicin crobefat-loaded hydroxyapatite beads were packed into the defect. The animals were observed for 40 days after the primary debridement and then were killed. The intensity of infection was determined by swab cultures and quantitative bacterial cultures of the debrided material. At primary debridement, all of the animals in each group were equally infected. At the time of secondary debridement, only the animals in Group III had a statistically significant reduction in infection (p < 0.001). In this study, we demonstrated that an antibiotic-loaded osteoinductive ceramic bead can effectively eliminate bacteria from an osteomyelitic cavity.     

Prolonged implantation of an antibiotic cement spacer for management of shoulder sepsis in compromised patients

The purpose of this report is to present the preliminary results after treatment of shoulder sepsis with prolonged implantation of an antibiotic-loaded cement spacer in a selected group of compromised patients. The current study included 11 patients (9 men and 2 women) with a mean age of 64 years (range, 36-79 years). All patients were treated with radical débridement, implantation of an antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate spacer, and 6 weeks of antibiotic therapy. The subjective complaints, range of motion of the shoulder, functional outcome (mini-Quick Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score), and radiographic findings were evaluated. At a mean follow-up of 22 months (range, 15-26 months), 9 patients were free of infection, with pain relief and adequate shoulder function for activities of daily living. Radiographic evaluation revealed no loosening or fracture of the spacer and no progressive degenerative changes involving the glenoid. Prolonged implantation of the spacer may be a useful alternative in selected patients with poor general condition.     

Treatment of infected hip arthroplasty with antibiotic-impregnated calcium hydroxyapatite

We reviewed the treatment of infected hip arthroplasty with antibiotic-impregnated calcium hydroxyapatite (CHA) ceramic blocks. Seven consecutive patients consisting of 2 men and 5 women with an average age of 65 years were followed up for an average of 5.0 years. All patients received resection arthroplasty and thorough debridement, followed by implantation of antibiotic-impregnated CHA ceramic. Two-stage revision was performed in all patients. There was no evidence of a recurrent infection in 6 patients. The remaining one patient underwent an additional debridement 2 years after the second stage. This patient was free of infection at the time of the latest follow-up. Antibiotic-impregnated CHA ceramic is thus considered to be an excellent drug delivery system for the infected hip arthroplasty.     

The use of an antibiotic-impregnated spacer block for revision of the septic total knee arthroplasty

Through the use of an antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate spacer block in two-stage exchange arthroplasty, the chronically infected total knee arthroplasty can, in most cases, be effectively salvaged. In a review of 28 such consecutive cases by a single surgeon, all revised implants were retained except one which required arthrodesis. In the remaining cases, mean Hospital for Special Surgery knee scores were 86, with mean total range of motion of 90 degrees . All wounds healed eventually, and seven patients were thereafter able to undergo other total joint arthroplasties. Advantages of this technique included maintenance of ligamentous balance as well as bone stock with weight bearing, local antibiotic delivery, and facilitation of reimplantation.     

Liquid gentamicin in bone cement: a laboratory study of a potentially more cost-effective cement spacer

BACKGROUND: Liquid gentamicin is approved by the Food and Drug Administration, is readily available, and is much less costly than tobramycin, the more commonly used antibiotic in cement spacers. The purpose of the present study was to test the mechanical properties, elution characteristics, and antibacterial activity of liquid gentamicin in an acrylic bone cement spacer. METHODS: Standardized specimens consisting of Palacos cement combined with liquid gentamicin, powdered tobramycin, or no antibiotic were fashioned, and the three groups were tested with regard to compressive and tensile strength, elution characteristics (with use of radioimmunoassays), and antibacterial activity (with use of bioassays). RESULTS: The ultimate compression strength decreased by 49% (from 64.65 +/- 3.89 MPa to 32.96 +/- 3.33 MPa) and the ultimate tension strength decreased by 46% (from 35.85 +/- 2.97 MPa to 19.20 +/- 0.36 MPa) when the specimens containing 480 mg of liquid gentamicin were compared with the controls. The addition of tobramycin had no significant effect compared with the controls. The majority of gentamicin was released from the cement during the initial twenty-four hours (mean concentration, 26.4 mcg/mL). The mean concentrations at three and six weeks were 4.15 and 0.65 mcg/mL, respectively. The bioassays confirmed the bactericidal activity of the gentamicin released from the cement. CONCLUSIONS: Liquid gentamicin in bone cement is potent and bactericidal. Although the mechanical properties of the cement are significantly diminished by the addition of liquid gentamicin, the temporary nature of the cement spacer makes its use potentially worthwhile given the substantial cost savings to the hospital and the patient.