Clinical impact of the differentiation profile assessed by immunophenotyping in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

To analyze the relationship between immunophenotyping profile and main clinicopathological features and outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), we studied 128 patients (59 men, 69 women; median age 65 years) consecutively diagnosed with de novo DLBCL in a single institution. Cells from each patient were immunostained with CD20, CD79a, CD5, CD10, bcl-6, MUM1, CD138, bcl-2, p53, p27, and Ki-67 antibodies. Four immunophenotyping profiles were distinguished according to the pattern of differentiation: germinal center-CD10(+) (GC-CD10(+); CD10(+)/Bcl-6(+)/MUM1(-)/CD138(-)), germinal center-CD10(-) (GC-CD10(-); CD10(-)/Bcl-6(+)/ MUM1(-)/CD138(-)), post-germinal center (pGC; CD10(-)/bcl-6(+/-)/ MUM1(+)/CD138(-)), and plasmablastic (CD10(-)/bcl-6(-)/MUM1(+)/CD138(+)). Rearrangement of bcl-2 was studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 57 patients. Single-antigen expression was as follows: CD5, 2%; CD10, 21%; bcl-6, 72%; MUM1, 54%; CD138, 2%; bcl-2, 59%; p53, 28%; p27, 40%. Distribution according to differentiation profiles was as follows: GC-CD10(+), 24 patients, GC-CD10-, 30 patients; pGC, 60 patients; plasmablastic, 2 patients; other patterns, 12 patients. The pGC profile was associated with primary nodal presentation and immunoblastic morphology, whereas GC-CD10(+) tumors showed disseminated disease, centroblastic morphology, bcl-2 rearrangement, and lower Ki-67 proliferative index. GC-CD10(-) patients more often presented with primary extranodal origin, early stage, normal lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, and low or low/intermediate International Prognostic Index (IPI) scores than the others. However, no significant difference was found in terms of response or overall survival (OS) according to these profiles. Expression of bcl-2 was associated with advanced stage, high or high-intermediate IPI, and poor OS. Expression of bcl-2 maintained predictive value in multivariate analysis, with stage and LDH. In conclusion, differentiation profile was associated with particular clinicopathological features but was not essential to predicting outcome in DLBCL patients.     

124例AIDS相关恶性淋巴瘤临床特点及预后分析

目的　总结云南省传染病医院/艾滋病关爱中心2008年1月—2017年6月收治的124例AIDS相关恶性淋巴瘤（AIDS-related lymphoma, ARL）患者的临床特点及预后。方法　回顾性分析124例ARL患者的临床资料。结果　124例ARL患者中,男女比例为4.63∶1,中青年较多,合并丙型肝炎者占13.71%。有非霍奇金淋巴瘤（non-Hodgkin lymphoma, NHL）121例（97.58%）,霍奇金淋巴瘤（Hodgkin lymphoma, HL）3例（2.42%）。121例NHL中,B型细胞淋巴瘤112例（92.56%）,T型细胞淋巴瘤9例（7.44%）。124例ARL患者中,87例淋巴瘤原发于结内,有61例出现淋巴瘤B症状。CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数＜200个/μl者110例,≥200个/μl者14例。未接受治疗者25例,接受治疗者99例,未接受治疗者生存期为10 d～11个月,接受治疗者生存期为5年的有17例。结论　ARL患者的临床表现多样,免疫力低下。ARL恶性程度高,并发症多,治疗难度大。了解ARL的特点,有利于早发现,早诊断,综合治疗,提高生存率。     

Aggressive large B-cell lymphoma with plasma cell differentiation: immunohistochemical characterization of plasmablastic lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with partial plasmablastic phenotype

Background

Plasmablastic lymphoma has recently come to be considered a distinct entity among mature B cell neoplasms, although the limits with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) need to be more accurately defined.

Design and Methods

Here we show the results of an immunohistochemical study of 35 cases of plasmablastic lymphoma compared with a set of 111 conventional DLBCLs.

Results

Our results demonstrate that the use of a limited combination of immunohistochemical markers (PAX5&CD20, PRDM1/BLIMP1 and XBP1s) enables the identification of a plasmablastic immunophenotype highly characteristic of plasmablastic lymphoma cases and associated with an aggressive clinical behavior. Additionally, the study shows that the acquisition of a partial plasmablastic phenotype (PRDM1/BLIMP1 expression) in DLBCL is associated with shorter survival in R-CHOP-treated patients.

Conclusions

The use of a restricted combination of immunohistochemical markers (PAX5&CD20, PRDM1/BLIMP1 and XBP1s) enables a more accurate definition of terminal differentiation for large B-cell lymphoma.     

Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MALT lymphoma)

Opinion statement The preferred terminology for mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the stomach (variously referred to as MALT lymphoma, MALToma, low-grade MALToma, or pseudolymphoma) is marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBL). MZBL, the hallmark of which is the lymphoepithelial lesion, develops as a consequence of Helicobacter pylori infection in susceptible individuals. In general, MZBL is slow growing, can remain localized for years, and has an excellent prognosis. Staging involves endoscopy with biopsy, computed tomography scanning, and endoscopic ultrasound. In patients with limited disease, eradication of H. pylori leads to remission. In patients who fail eradication therapy or have more extensive disease, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation alone and in various combinations have been used successfully.     

MicroRNA profiles of t(14;18)-negative follicular lymphoma support a late germinal center B-cell phenotype

A total of 90% of follicular lymphomas (FLs) harbor the translocation t(14;18) leading to deregulated BCL2 expression. Conversely, 10% of FLs lack the t(14;18), and the majority of these FLs do not express BCL2. The molecular features of t(14;18)-negative FLs remain largely unknown. We performed microRNA expression analysis in 32 FL grades 1 to 3A, including 17 t(14;18)-positive FLs, 9 t(14;18)-negative FLs without BCL2 expression, and 6 t(14;18)-negative FLs with BCL2 expression. MicroRNA profiles were correlated with corresponding mRNA expression patterns, and potential targets were investigated by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry in an independent validation series of 83 FLs. Statistical analysis identified 17 microRNAs that were differentially expressed between t(14;18)-positive FLs and t(14;18)-negative FLs. The down-regulation of miR-16, miR-26a, miR-101, miR-29c, and miR138 in the t(14;18)-negative FL subset was associated with profound mRNA expression changes of potential target genes involving cell cycle control, apoptosis, and B-cell differentiation. miR-16 target CHEK1 showed increased expression in t(14;18)-negative FLs, whereas TCL1A expression was reduced, in line with a partial loss of the germinal center B-cell phenotype in this FL subset. In conclusion, t(14;18)-negative FL have distinct microRNA profiles that are associated with an increased proliferative capacity and a "late" germinal center B-cell phenotype.     

Molecular cytogenetic characterization of marginal zone B-cell lymphoma: correlation with clinicopathologic findings in 14 cases

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To improve the definition of the incidence and significance of chromosome lesions occurring in marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBCL). DESIGN AND METHODS: Fourteen cases of MZBCL diagnosed according to the REAL classification were studied by conventional chromosome analysis (CCA) and by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using the following probes: 3q27/BCL6, 6q21, 7q31, 9p21/p16, 11q22/ATM, 13q14, 17p13, centromeres of #3, #7, #12. Pertinent clinical data were collected. RESULTS: Primary disease presentation consisted of histologically documented splenic MZBCL in 9 cases, nodal MZBCL in 3 cases and extra-nodal MZBCL in 2 cases. Four cases showed evolution into a high-grade lymphoma, due to the presence of a predominant large cell or blast cell component. Clonal karyotype anomalies were detected by CCA in 12 cases, 6 of which had a complex karyotype, including all 4 cases with high-grade histology. Interphase FISH confirmed cytogenetic data and revealed several cryptic chromosomal lesions. Overall, total/partial +12 was found in five cases; 13q14 and 17p13 deletion were found in four cases each; +3, 7q31 deletion and a BCL6 split signal were found in three cases; deletions at 6q21 and 11q22.3 in two cases each; +7 and a 9p21 deletion were found in one case each. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: i) Besides +3 and 7q-, 13q14 deletion, total/partial +12, BCL6 rearrangement, and deletions at 6q21, 11q22-23, and 17p13.3 are relatively frequent events in MZBCL; ii) unlike in mantle cell lymphoma, 9p21 deletion occurred infrequently in MZBCL; iii) a switch into high grade histology is usually associated with complex chromosome defects, including 6q-, 11q-, +12, and 17p.     

A20 (TNFAIP3) genetic alterations in EBV-associated AIDS-related lymphoma

A20, a negative regulator of NF-κB, has been implicated as a tumor suppressor gene in multiple types of B-cell lymphoma. AIDS-related lymphomas (ARLs) are high-grade B-cell lymphomas that are frequently associated with EBV infection. We examined a panel of ARLs for A20 alterations. FISH showed A20 deletion in 6 of 33 cases (18%). A20 mutations were found in 3 of 19 cases (16%), including 2 cases with deletions of the comple-mentary allele. Immunohistochemistry showed the absence of A20 protein in 7 of 55 samples (13%). In contrast to reports in Hodgkin lymphoma in which EBV infection and A20 alteration are mutually exclusive, A20 inactivation was observed in both EBV(+) and EBV(-) cases. The EBV latent membrane protein 1, which activates NF-κB, was not expressed in 12 of 13 cases with A20 loss. In ARLs loss of A20 may be an alternative mechanism of NF-κB activation in the absence of latent membrane protein 1 expression.     

弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤预后相关因素的研究

目的探讨国人弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)临床病理学特点,细胞起源及增殖活性与预后的关系。方法选用60例DLBCL患者,使用链霉素亲生物素-过氧化物酶连接法(SP法)进行CD45RO、CD3、CD20、CD79a、CD45RA,Ki-67、p53和bcl-6石蜡切片免疫组化染色,全部病例均有国际预后指数(IPI)及随访结果。结果60例中男女比例为1·73∶1。平均年龄53·1岁。累及淋巴结32例(53·3%),结外以胃肠和扁桃体最为多见。全部病例随访时间最长达108个月。死亡23例(38·3%),其中16例在诊断后1年内死亡(69·6%)。IPI分组与预后明显相关,IPI低者预后明显好于IPI高者(P=0·0102)。Ki-67、p53、bcl-6蛋白在DLBCL中有一定表达,分别为90·6%(48/53),56·5%(26/46),51·2%(21/41),且p53与预后无明显统计学关系(P=0·5948);bcl-6与预后有高度相关性(P=0·0049);结合IPI分组,bcl-6与预后的关系不甚明确。结论国人DLBCL临床病理学特点与西方相近。属高度侵袭性肿瘤,1年内为死亡高发时段。IPI可以用于DLBCL预后判断。p53与预后无关,bcl-6与预后有一定相关性。     

Molecular heterogeneity of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: implications for disease management and prognosis

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) accounts for approximately 40% of all B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the Western world. According to the "WHO classification of tumours of the haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues", the term DLBCL is likely to include more than one disease entity, as suggested by the marked variability of the clinical presentation and response to treatment of this disease. Such heterogeneity may reflect the occurrence of distinct molecular subtypes of DLBCL as well as differences in the host's immune function. In immunocompetent hosts, approximately 50% DLBCL carry one of two primary molecular lesions defining two distinct genotypic subgroups, characterized by activation of either the BCL-6 or the BCL-2 proto-oncogene. Conversely, the remaining DLBCL of immunocompetent hosts display one of several molecular lesions, each associated with a small subset of cases and including activation of the proto-oncogenes REL, MUC-1, BCL-8 and c-MYC. The molecular pathogenesis of immunodeficiency-associated DLBCL differs substantially from that of DLBCL in immunocompetent hosts. In fact, EBV infection is present in a large fraction of immunodeficiency-associated DLBCL, whereas it is consistently negative in DLBCL of immunocompetent hosts, probably reflecting the critical role of disruption of the immune system in this disease. Finally, the application of DNA microarray technology to DLBCL has led to the distinction of two disease variants: a germinal center like DLBCL and an activated peripheral B-cell like DLBCL. Overall the molecular features of DLBCL may identify prognostic categories of the disease and may represent a powerful tool for therapeutic stratification.     

A redox signature score identifies diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients with a poor prognosis

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous disease in which approximately 40% of the patients respond well to current chemotherapy, but the prognosis for the other 60% is poor. The Leukemia/Lymphoma Molecular Profiling Project (LLMPP) used microarray technology to define a molecular profile for each of 240 patients with DLBCL and develop a molecular outcome predictor score that accurately predicted patient survival. Data from our laboratory and others suggest that alterations in antioxidant defense enzyme levels and redox environment can be oncogenic and affect the response to glucocorticoid treatment, one of the components of combination chemotherapy regimens for lymphoma. The goal of the current study was to reanalyze the LLMPP microarray data to determine whether the levels of antioxidant defense enzymes and redox proteins were correlated with prognosis in DLBCL. We found that patients with DLBCL with the worst prognosis, according to the outcome predictor score, had decreased expression of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, manganese superoxide dismutase, and VDUP1, a protein that inhibits thioredoxin activity. The data suggest that the patients with the worst prognosis combine a decrease in antioxidant defense enzyme expression with an increase in thioredoxin system function (the redox signature score).     

弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤患者治疗前FDG-PET/CT检查与预后的相关性分析

目的:评估治疗前18氟-氟代脱氧葡萄糖-正电子发射计算机断层显像(18F-FDG-PET)/CT的最大标化摄取值(SUVmax)对弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)预后预测价值。方法:回顾分析76例新发DLBCL患者初次PET/CT检查中最大SUVmax与疾病分期、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、校正国际预后指数(R-IPI)等预后因素之间的相关性以及预后分析。结果:初发DLBL患者PET/CT的SUVmax与疾病分期、B症状、LDH、β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)、美国东部肿瘤协作组(ECOG)评分呈正相关。R-IPI3个预后组中的SUVmax有显著区别,R-IPI预后差的一组SUVmax均值明显高于前2组,有统计学意义(P<10与SUVmax≥10组总有效率分别为87.9%和55.8%(P     

老年弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤50例患者的临床特征和预后分析

目的 探讨老年弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）患者的临床特征及预后因素。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2013年1月,第四军医大学西京医院血液内科收治的50例年龄≥70岁的老年DLBCL患者,收集整理年龄、Ann-Arbor分期、B症状、国际预后指数（IPI）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、β2?微球蛋白、Ki-67等资料进而分析临床特点;采用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析,并进行单因素分析评估预后。结果 50例初发老年DLBCL患者中,60%患者为Ⅲ～Ⅳ期,54% IPI评分为3～5分,52%有B症状,75%原发部位为结外。在老年患者中,调整剂量的化疗疗效优于放疗及对症支持治疗。利妥昔单抗联合剂量调整化疗（R-CHOP）组完全缓解（CR）率优于不包括利妥昔单抗的剂量调查化疗（CHOP/COP）组。患者中位生存时间为 8个月,1、2、3年总生存率分别为48.5%、30.8%、11.5%。生存分析发现Ki-67对患者生存有显著的影响,尤其是Ki-67＞80%患者预后差。结论 老年患者以疾病分期晚,易合并其他系统疾病,生存期短为特征,具有更高的DLBCL发病率,Ki-67是一个重要的不良预后指标。R-CHOP方案可明显提高CR率,并且足够疗程的化疗将显著改善超高龄患者的生存期。     

Expression of immunohistochemical markers in patients with AIDS-related lymphoma

AIDS-related lymphomas (ARL) present high biological heterogeneity. For better characterization of this type of lymphoma, the objectives of the present study were to evaluate the expression of immunohistochemical markers of cell differentiation (CD10, Bcl-6, MUM-1) and determine cell origin profile according to Hans' classification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in AIDS patients. This study included 72 consecutive patients with ARL diagnosed at the University Hospital, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) and at the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA) from 2000 to 2006. The morphologic distribution of the lymphomas was the following: 61% were diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs), 15% were Burkitt's lymphomas, 13% were plasmablastic lymphomas, 10% were high-grade lymphomas and 1% was follicular lymphoma. The positivity for each immunohistochemical marker in DLBCLs, Burkitt's lymphoma and plasmablastic lymphoma was respectively: CD20, 84%, 100%, and 0; CD10, 55%, 100%, and 0; Bcl-6, 45%, 80%, and 0; MUM-1, 41%, 20%, and 88%. A higher positivity of CD20 (84% x 56%, p = 0.01) was found in DLBCL compared to non-DLBCL; in Burkitt's lymphomas a higher positivity of CD10 (100% x 49%, p = 0.04) and Bcl-6 (80% x 39%, p = 0.035) were found compared to non-Burkitt's lymphomas. Germinal center (GC) profile was detected in 60% of DLBCLs. Our study suggests particular findings in ARL, as the most frequent phenotype was GC, different from HIV-negative patients.     

Monoclonal antibodies of IPO series against B cell differentiation antigens in leukemia and lymphoma immunophenotyping.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of IPO series were developed following immunization with human B cell lines RPMI-1788, Daudi, and spleen cells from a patient with hairy cell leukemia. Reactivity of these mAbs was studied on 19 human cell lines, mononuclear cells of 50 healthy persons and 142 patients with leukemias and lymphomas. It was shown that mAbs IPO-3, IPO-10 and IPO-24 define B cell-specific antigens expressed at different stages of maturation. MAb IPO-3 reacted with activated B lymphocytes. MAb IPO-10 defined the antigen which appears on B cell progenitors following HLA-DR and proceeding CD19, CD10, CD22, CD37; cy mu and CD20 and have been lost during terminal differentiation. The antigen detected by mAb IPO-24 was expressed throughout B cell ontogeny from pre-B cell until the B-blasts. MAb IPO-4 detected an antigen of activated T and B lymphocytes. These mAbs are useful tools in the leukemia and lymphoma phenotypic characterization and classification.     

Expression of BLyS and its receptors in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: correlation with disease activity and patient outcome

BLyS, recently shown to be critical for survival of normal B cells, has been found to be elevated in a number of immune disease models. A role for BLyS in the survival of malignant B cells has also been revealed and we therefore sought to identify a role for BLyS and its receptors in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We found that tumor cells from all NHL histologic subtypes expressed one or more of 3 known receptors (BCMA, TACI, and BAFF-R) for BLyS; however, the pattern of expression was variable. We provide evidence that BLyS is expressed in tumors from patients with NHL and that BLyS levels increase as tumors transform to a more aggressive phenotype. Additionally, we provide evidence that serum BLyS levels are elevated in a subgroup of patients with NHL. In patients with de novo large B-cell lymphoma, a high BLyS level correlated with a poorer median overall survival, the presence of constitutional symptoms, and elevated values of lactic dehydrogenase. When BLyS levels were correlated with response to therapy in all patients, responding patients had a significantly lower BLyS level than those with progressive disease. In summary, we found that BLyS and its receptors represent a potentially important therapeutic target in B-cell lymphoma.