急性缺血性脑血管病患者肺炎衣原体感染与血清C反应蛋白的关系

目的:探讨肺炎衣原体感染在急性缺血性脑血管病炎症反应中的作用。方法:检测30例急性缺血性脑血管病患者和30例正常对照者血清中肺炎衣原体特异性抗体IgG和IgM,以及血清C反应蛋白水平。结果:缺血性脑血管病患者血清C反应蛋白水平高于对照者(P<0.01)。血清肺炎衣原体IgG抗体阳性脑血管病患者血清C反应蛋白水平(0.57±0.56mg/dl)高于IgG抗体阴性脑血管病患者(0.42±0.21mg/dl)(P>0.05)。血清肺炎衣原体IgM抗体阳性脑血管病患者血清C反应蛋白水平(0.67±0.73mg/dl)高于IgM抗体阴性脑血管病患者(0.47±0.35mg/dl)(P>0.05)。结论:肺炎衣原体急性和慢性感染均参与急性缺血性脑血管病的炎症反应过程,并与其它卒中因素共同引起血清C反应蛋白水平升高。     

抗磷脂抗体与神经系统疾病

抗磷脂抗体阳性的患者约1/3发现有神经系统疾病,其中50%以上为血栓性疾病,特别是缺血性脑血管病.抗磷脂抗体可作为发生缺血性脑血管病危险性增加的指标,目前常用较为敏感的酶联吸附及放免法检测抗心肌磷脂抗体.对发病机制及治疗作了阐述.     

抗心磷脂抗体在中青年脑梗死病中的临床意义

目的：抗心磷脂抗体与缺血性脑血管疾病关系密切，本实验研究的目的在于探讨抗心磷脂抗体与中青年缺血性脑血管病的关系。方法：本以酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）对76例脑梗死患（＜50岁39例，≥50岁37例），25例非缺血性脑血管疾病患及15例正常人的血清抗心磷脂抗体（ACL抗体）进行测定。结果：＜50岁的脑梗死患ACL抗体阳性率为35．9％，≥50岁的脑梗死患ACL抗体阳性率16．2％，＜50岁的脑梗死患ACL抗体阳性率明显高于对照组7．5％（P＜0．05）。并且＜50岁脑梗死患的ACL抗体阳性率高于≥50岁脑梗死患（P＜0．05）。≥50岁脑梗死患ACL抗体阳性率与对照组无显差异。说明临床上无任何自身免疫疾病中青年脑梗死患与ACL抗体更密切相关。结论：本实验提示：ACL抗体是中青年脑血管疾病的重要危险因素，对中离梗死患应积极检测ACL抗体，提示除常规脑梗死治疗外，加入免疫抑制剂、血浆置换治疗有一定的积极意义。ACL抗体的检测为中青年脑血管病的一级预防提供可靠依据。     

肺炎衣原体抗体效价与多发性硬化的相关性探讨

目的 探讨肺炎衣原体（Chlamydia pneumoniae）感染在多发性硬化（MS）发病和进展中的作用和致病机制。方法 选取急性期MS患者31例，缓解期MS患者28例及其他神经系统疾病患者30例，健康对照者30名，应用酶联免疫吸附试验测定患者和对照者血清及脑脊液中肺炎衣原体IgG和IgM抗体水平。结果 急性期MS组、缓解期MS组、其他神经系统疾病组和健康对照组的肺炎衣原体血清IgG分别为48．4％、35．7％、30．0％、23．3％；4组IgM抗体效价分别为12．9％、14．3％、20．0％、10．0％，总体比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；急性期MS组与其他神经系统疾病组的脑脊液IgG和IgM抗体效价分别为0、6．7％和0、0，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 肺炎衣原体的感染或重复感染与MS发病相关不紧密，可能仅为MS的伴随感染。     

缺血性脑血管病与抗磷脂抗体的关系

抗磷脂抗体(antiphospholipid antibodies,aPL)是循环血清中可与阴性或中性磷脂特异性结合的多克隆免疫球蛋白(IgG,IgM,IgA或复合物),主要包括抗心磷脂抗体(anticardiolipin antibody,aCL)和狼疮抗凝物(?upus anticoagulant,LA)。报告表明许多血栓性疾病与aPL相关,脑梗塞和短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)尤为突出。目前aPL与缺血性脑血管病之间的关系已受到广泛重视。近十几年来各国学者从不同角度做了大量研究,并取得一些重要进展。     

脑血栓病人抗心磷脂抗体的测定及治疗探讨

用ＥＬＩＳＡ法分别对１３７例脑血栓患者（除外高血压，心脏病，糖尿病及高血脂等患者）和非缺血性脑血管病患者测定血清抗心磷脂抗体（ＡＣＡ），阳性率分别为２４％和１．４５％，差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０１），另外还发现ＡＣＡ阳性与青壮年中风关系更为密切，结果说明ＡＣＡ与脑血栓形成有关。并对其治疗方法作了探讨。     

格林-巴利综合征患者的GM1抗体与空肠弯曲菌感染的关系

目的　检测GBS患者血清中的GM1抗体 ,并且观察其与CJ抗体的关系 ,以试图发现CJ是否是通过GM 1样结构致敏导致GBS的发生。方法　用间接ELISA法在 81例GBS患者、34例其他神经疾病患者 (OND)和 6 3例正常对照 (NC)的血清测定了CJ抗体和GM 1抗体。结果　GBS组IgM型抗体和IgG型抗体的阳性率分别为 30 .9%和 34.6 % ,与OND组和NC组差异均有显著性。在IgM型GM 1抗体阳性的GBS患者 6 8%有CJ近期感染 ,IgG型GM1抗体阳性的患者 5 3.6 %有CJ近期感染。IgM型GM 1抗体与IgM型CJ抗体和CJ近期感染有关 ,而IgG型GM1抗体与IgG型CJ抗体和CJ近期感染无关。结论　IgM型GM 1抗体与CJ近期感染有关 ,而IgG型GM 1抗体与CJ近期感染无关。CJ感染后可通过GM1样结构发生交叉反应导致神经组织结构和功能的改变 ,但并非所有GM1抗体均为CJ感染引起的     

抗磷脂抗体与缺血性脑血管病

以酶联免疫吸附法对４３例缺血性脑血管病患者和４６例非缺血性脑血管病患者测定血清抗心肌磷脂抗体（ａＣＬ），阳性率分别为１８．６％和２．２％，差异显著。前者患高血压、糖尿病、高血脂和有吸烟史者略高于后者，但差异无显著性。检查证实ａＣＬ阳性的缺血性脑血管病患者均无ＳＬＥ。本研究提示，ａＣＬ与缺血性脑血管病有关，对ａＣＬ的有关发病机制和治疗方法作了探讨。     

抗心磷脂抗体与脑血管病相关性研究

目的研究抗心磷脂抗体(ACA)与脑血管病的关系,为脑卒中的预测提供临床依据。方法采用前瞻性研究方法,对91例脑梗死(CI)、42例脑出血(CH)患者及30例健康者血清中的抗心磷脂抗体(ACA)进行检测。结果CI及CH组ACA总阳性率、IgG型ACA阳性率均显著高于对照组。ACA阳性卒中容易复发,病灶常为多个。ACA在脑卒中发病一周内阳性率最高,且抗体分型以IgG型为主。结论ACA是CI及CH的危险因素,对脑卒中的预测有一定意义。     

抗心磷酯抗体与脑血管病关系的探讨

抗心磷酯抗体(anticardiolipid anti-body,简称ACA)与SLE、心肌梗死、自发性流产以及栓塞性疾病等密切有关,已为许多学者一致肯定。ACA与神经系统疾病,尤其与缺血性脑血管病的重要性越来越受到一些学者的重视。我们对120例脑血管病患者的ACA-IgG、IgM、IgA 3种类型进行了检测,其结果报道如下。     

Antiphosphatidyl serine antibodies are independently associated with ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether elevated titers of antiphosphatidyl serine antibodies (aPS) are associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke in a general stroke population. BACKGROUND: aPS are members of the family of antiphospholipid antibodies that has been associated with increased stroke risk. Although aPS have been demonstrated to occur in 18% of a group of young patients with cerebrovascular symptoms, their prevalence in the general stroke population is unknown, and no controlled study to assess the strength of their association with ischemic stroke has been undertaken previously. METHODS: A case-control study comparing 267 acute ischemic stroke patients and 653 community controls. Sera were obtained immediately after acute stroke in patients. Titers of IgG aPS >16 IgG phospholipid units or IgM aPS >22 IgM phospholipid units were considered positive. Odds ratios (ORs) were obtained by logistic regression, adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and cigarette smoking. RESULTS: The adjusted OR was 5.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8, 18.0) for IgG aPS and 2.9 (95% CI 1.6, 5.3) for IgM aPS. The adjusted OR for either an elevated IgG or IgM aPS was 3.2 (95% CI 1.8, 5.5). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that elevated IgG and IgM antiphosphatidyl serine antibodies titers are associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke. The prevalence of these antibodies is lower, but the associated stroke risk is comparable with that of anticardiolipin antibodies.     

Anticardiolipin antibodies and their associations with cerebrovascular risk factors

OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between cerebrovascular risk factors and anticardiolipin (aCL) immunoreactivity. BACKGROUND: High titers of aCL immunoreactivity, mainly the immunoglobulin (Ig) G isotype, were shown to predict aCL-related thrombo-occlusive complications. METHODS: aCL antibodies, and IgG and IgM isotypes were measured by a validated assay in a single laboratory, run in duplicate, in 749 individuals with first ischemic stroke (n = 300) and patients with other CNS disease or undergoing diagnostic procedures. RESULTS: Age varied according to aCL categories, with a mean of 61.8 years among patients with negative aCL (< 10 IgG phospholipid units [GPL]) to 62.3, 64.9, and 69.9 years in patients with immunoreactivity 10 to 20, 20 to 40, and >40 GPL respectively (p = 0.02). History of atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, or valvular heart disease was associated with significantly higher rates of positive IgG aCL (>10 GPL) and with higher immunoreactivity. IgG aCL immunoreactivity increased significantly, in a dose-response manner, as a function of the number of cerebrovascular risk factors present. In patients with first ischemic stroke, rates of 10 to 20, 20 to 40, and >40 GPL were 14%, 7%, and 0% among those with no risk factors versus 20%, 12%, and 12% respectively among patients with four or more risk factors (p = 0.007). No significant associations were identified, however, between IgM isotype aCL and any of the risk factors or increasing number of risk factors. Conclusion: The presence of multiple cerebrovascular risk factors is associated with substantially higher rates of positive IgG isotype aCL, and with higher immunoreactivity. These findings should caution against overdiagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome, and consequent changes in management among patients with multiple cerebrovascular risk factors.     

High titer of anticardiolipin antibody is associated with first-ever ischemic stroke in Taiwan

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The association between anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) and ischemic stroke is controversial, and there are few case-control studies of Asian populations. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine whether aCL is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke in Taiwanese patients over the age of 40 years. METHODS: Both the IgG and IgM isotypes of aCL were measured in 273 patients (> 40 years of age) hospitalized for first-ever ischemic stroke and in 181 non-stroke controls. Results were defined as: negative (< 10 IgG phospholipid units [GPL] or < 7.5 IgM phospholipid units [MPL]); low positive (10-20 GPL or 7.5-15 MPL); or, high positive (> 20 GPL or > 15 MPL). Odds ratios (OR) were estimated by logistic regression with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS: A high positive IgG aCL was present in 4.4% of the stroke patients and 1.2% of the controls. Age- and sex-adjusted analysis showed a borderline association between a high positive level for aCL IgG titer and stroke, with an OR of 4.01 (95% CI 0.87-18.37; p = 0.0739). Final analysis, with adjustments for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, tobacco smoking, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular hypertrophy and hyperlipidemia, revealed an OR of 5.25 (95% CI 1.06-25.89; p = 0.0419). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that elevated titer of aCL IgG (> 20 GPL) is associated with first-ever ischemic stroke in Taiwanese patients aged over 40 years. High positive aCL titer is related to ischemic stroke after adjustment for conventional cerebrovascular risk factors, indicating that it is probably an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke.     

Anti-GM1 ganglioside antibodies in Parkinson's disease

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether anti-GM1 antibodies are increased in Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS: Serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG anti-GM1 antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 147 patients with PD and in 186 age-matched normal control subjects. Sera were assayed at initial dilution of 1:800 for IgM and 1:200 for IgG and were considered positive at absorbance values exceeding the value of 0.05 for IgM and 0.1 for IgG. RESULTS: Forty patients with PD (27.2%) had sera positive for IgM anti-GM1 antibodies, whereas only five normal controls (2.7%) resulted positive (P < 0.0001). Most of patients (75%) with positive sera had a tremor-dominant form of PD. Only two patients with PD (1.4%) and none of normal controls had sera positive for IgG anti-GM1 antibodies. CONCLUSION: A consistent portion of parkinsonians, mainly with a tremor-dominant form of PD, may have increased circulating IgM anti-GM1 antibodies.     

Anticardiolipin antibodies,a disease marker for ischemic cerebrovascular events in a younger patient population?

The prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies (ACLA) in sera of 49 patients having had their first TIA or ischemic stroke before 50 years of age was studied using a solid phase enzyme immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Five patients had IgM antibodies, eight had IgG, and three had antibodies belonging to both classes. Although ACLA were detected in 32% of patients (95% confidence interval [CI] 19-45%), the ACLA positive group did not differ with respect to clinical characteristics and distribution of major stroke risk factor frequency from the ACLA negative group. Further investigations are needed to establish the role of ACLA in the pathogenesis of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.     

Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in young stroke patients: a case–control study

Retrospective and cross-sectional studies have suggested that both bacterial and viral infections may be risk factors for atherosclerosis, ischemic stroke and acute coronary events. The correlation between Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis remains a source of controversy. Our case-control study is aimed at evaluating the frequency of C. pneumoniae infection in a cohort of young adults with recent cerebrovascular disease and in particular etiologic stroke subtypes. Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies were evaluated by microimmunofluorescence method and antibody titers to both recombinant antigens chlamydial outer protein 2 and 60-kDa chlamydial heat shock protein (HSP60) by ELISA. The two groups differed with regard to the prevalence of C. pneumoniae IgA (P < 0.001) and IgG (P < 0.0001), as well as the titer of anti-R-HSP60 IgG (P < 0.001). We found an increase in IgA titers, suggestive of persistent, chronic active infection, in 16 patients in whom the etiology of the cerebral ischemic event was large-vessel atherothrombosis. Persistent, active C. pneumoniae infection may be an additional risk factor for ischemic stroke mainly of atherotrombotic origin in young subjects. However, a large-scale prospective confirmation of our findings is required.     

Presence of immunoreactive beta-endorphin in human brain tumor cyst fluids

The authors report the muscular and humoral immunological abnormalities found in a family with progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO) of the “pure” form. Serum circulating immune complexes as determined by the polyethylen glycol (PEG) test and double radial immunodiffusion (DRID) were positive for IgG in both cases studied and for IgM and Clq for the propositus. In the latter circulating auto-antibodies against smooth muscle were also present. Immunohistochemical studies on striated muscle of the propositus showed positive perivascular IgG and IgM staining and IgG in the sarcolemma-basement membrane complex. It is suggested that in this family a genetically inherited abnormal immune response to the muscular blood vessel wall has induced vascular injury and ultimately chronic ischemic muscular damage. This is consistent with the view that PEO is a clinical syndrome, i.e. the expression of various defects affecting primarily or secondarily the energy metabolism of the muscular tissue.     

Serum immunoglobulins in brain tumours and lumbar disc diseases

Changes of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations may occur in both brain tumours and lumbar disc diseases (LDD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of pre- and post-operative serum Ig levels in brain tumours and LDDs. Serum IgG, IgA and IgM levels were measured in 127 patients with brain tumour, 100 patients with LDD and 20 healthy subjects without neurological disease. Increases in one or more of the pre-operative serum Ig levels were observed in the patients with both brain tumours and LDDs compared with controls. However pre-operative serum IgG level was highly increased in all brain tumour types and LDDs (p<0.001). Serum IgA levels and IgM levels in the post-operative stage were significantly decreased in patients with acoustic neurinoma (p<0.01, p<0.001, respectively). Post-operative serum IgG, IgA and IgM levels were significantly decreased (p<0.001) in patients with meningioma. Post-operative serum IgG and IgM levels were significantly decreased (p<0.001) in patients with glioma. Patients with LDD showed a significantly decline in post-operative serum IgA and IgM levels (p<0.001). We think that decline in post-operative serum Ig levels may be of prognostic value in the patients with brain tumours and LDDs.     

Elevated anticardiolipin antibody titer is a stroke risk factor in a multiethnic population independent of isotype or degree of positivity.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous studies have produced conflicting results regarding the putative association between anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and infarction in the general stroke population. These inconsistencies may be a function of sample size and methodological differences among the studies. The purpose of the present study, the largest case-control study of this issue to date, was to assess aCL status as an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke in a multiethnic, urban population. METHODS: We obtained aCL titers in 524 hospitalized acute stroke patients and 1020 community controls enrolled in the Minorities Risk Factors and Stroke Study. The results were interpreted as negative (30.0 GPL or 15.0 MPL units). Odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, history of diabetes, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, and current cigarette smoking. RESULTS: A positive aCL titer was present in 11% (111/1020) of controls and 34% (180/524) of cases. The adjusted OR for any positive aCL titer was 4.0 (95% CI, 3.0 to 5.5). For any positive IgG aCL titer this value was 3.9 (95% CI, 2.8 to 5.5), and for any positive IgM aCL titer it was 3.4 (95% CI, 2.1 to 5.5). There were no significant differences in ORs associated with high- or low-positive IgG or IgM aCL titers. CONCLUSIONS: In the largest study of its kind to date, aCL antibodies were demonstrated to be independent stroke risk factors across the 3 ethnic groups studied, conferring a 4-fold increased risk of ischemic stroke. IgG and for the first time IgM aCL were each shown to be associated with increased stroke risk. The prevalence of these antibodies and the stroke risk associated appear greater than previously reported.