慢性阻塞性肺疾病与肺动脉高压的研究进展

<正>慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是呼吸系统常见病,患病率居高不下,是致贫致残的重要疾病,是全球第4大死亡原因,至2020年COPD将升至全球死亡原因的第3位,成为世界疾病经济负担的第5位~([1-2])。由于COPD是一种以持续气流受限为特征的肺部疾病,随着疾病的进展,慢性炎症导致肺实质破坏和肺血管的异常而形成肺动脉高压。     

COPD患者肺动脉高压与急性加重的相关研究

目的 探讨COPD患者肺动脉高压对急性加重的预测作用.方法 收集2013至2015年因COPD急性加重入院的76例患者资料,随访8个月,记录心脏彩超所测收缩期肺动脉压(systolic pulmonary artery pressure,sPAP)、急性加重次数.结果 肺动脉压正常组和轻度肺动脉高压组间急性加重次数差异无统计学意义;中度、重度肺动脉高压组的急性加重次数均多于肺动脉压正常组、轻度肺动脉高压组,中度肺动脉高压组与重度肺动脉高压组的急性加重次数差异无统计学意义.肺动脉压力和有无急性加重发生的 ROC曲线下面积 AUC=0.786 (95% CI :0.684~0.887), P=0.000,最佳界值点为sPAP=50 mmHg,敏感度64%,特异度88.5%,阳性预测值91.2%,阴性预测值56.97%.结论 因COPD急性加重而住院的患者 sPAP>50 mmHg 可作为再次急性加重的预测因子,中重度肺动脉高压的COPD患者可发生更频繁的急性加重.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病并发肺动脉高压的相关基因多态性的研究

肺动脉高压(pulmonary hypertension,PH)是慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)的重要合并症,影响COPD患者的预后.长期慢性缺氧是主要的发病机制.近几年,文献报道某些基因多态性与PH关系的研究,发现某些基因多态性的等位点是COPD患者合并PH易感因素.本文对COPD并发PH的相关基因多态性的研究作一综述.     

Radiological prediction of pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A study was undertaken to determine whether measurements ofradiological indices from postero-anterior chest X-rays wereuseful in predicting pulmonary artery hypertension. Measurementsof the transhilar (THD) and pulmonary lobar distances (PLD)as well as the width of the descending branch of the pulmonaryartery (DB) were made from X-rays of 100 patients with chronicobstructive pulmonary disease. For these patients the forcedexpiratory volume in 1 s was 1.2±0.61 (group mean±SD),the arterial PO₂ was 62.2±14.5 mmHg and the mean pulmonaryartery pressure (PAP) was 26.7±11.9 mmHg. Considerable differences in the measurement of THD and PLD werefound between and within observers whereas the measurement ofDB was more reproducible. DB was better correlated (r=0.59,P<0.001) with PAP than were THD and PLD. Using a stepwisemultiple regression procedure including other physiologicalvariables, it was found that DB and arterial PO₂ were the onlysignificant (P<0.05) predictors of PAP, together accountingfor 48% of the variation in PAP, with DB being the more importantpredictor.     

Pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Pulmonary hypertension is a common complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Its presence is associated with shorter survival and worse clinical evolution. In COPD, pulmonary hypertension tends to be of moderate severity and progresses slowly. However, transitory increases of pulmonary artery pressure may occur during exacerbations, exercise and sleep. Right ventricular function is only mildly impaired with preservation of the cardiac output. Structural and functional changes of pulmonary circulation are apparent at the initial stages of COPD. Recent investigations have shown endothelial dysfunction and changes in the expression of endothelium-derived mediators that regulate vascular tone and cell growth in the pulmonary arteries of patients with mild disease. Some of these changes are also present in smokers with normal lung function. Accordingly, it has been postulated that the initial event in the natural history of pulmonary hypertension in COPD could be the lesion of pulmonary endothelium by cigarette-smoke products. Long-term oxygen administration is the only treatment that slows down the progression of pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nevertheless, with this treatment pulmonary artery pressure rarely returns to normal values and the structural abnormalities of pulmonary vessels remain unaltered. Vasodilators are not recommended on the basis of their minimal clinical efficacy and because they impair pulmonary gas exchange. Recognition of the role of endothelial dysfunction in the physiopathology of pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease opens new perspectives for the treatment of this complication.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺动脉高压的发病机制研究进展

肺动脉高压(pulmonary hypertension,PH)是慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructivepulmonary disease,COPD)的一个重要合并症.COPD合并PH是逐渐发生和进展的,最初于运动或睡眠时出现,逐渐发展为休息时即存在PH,运动、睡眠或病情恶化时进一步升高.COPD相关的PH多为轻到中度,但某些COPD患者可表现为"不成比例"的PH.香烟烟雾、炎症产物引起内皮损害,造成内皮功能失调;慢性低氧引起肺血管收缩;肺血管重构导致管腔变小,血管膨胀性降低,阻力增加;重度肺气肿时肺毛细血管的丧失等均与COPD时的PH相关.     

Effect of ivabradine on pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

In order to assess effect of If-channel blocker ivabradine on severity of pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) we studied 60 patients with III-IV stage COPD. We divided these patients into 2 groups with similar clinical characteristics and therapy. Patients of one of these groups received ivabradine (10 mg/day) for 2 weeks, patients of another served as controls. The use of ivabradine was associated with statistically significant lowering of pulmonary hypertension, heart rate, and increase of exercise tolerance without negative effects on myocardial contractility, electrophysiological parameters, or data of spirometry.     

肺动脉高压的5-羟色胺/5-羟色胺转运体机制研究进展

肺动脉高压是临床常见的以肺血管阻力进行性增加并伴有不可逆的血管构型重塑为特征的疾病.5-羟色胺作为一种血管活性物质,可以通过5-羟色胺转运体介导,诱导肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖,促进肺中小动脉构型重塑.因此,揭示5-羟色胺及5-羟色胺转运体在肺动脉高压形成发展中的重要作用,探讨其成为抗肺动脉高压药物治疗新靶点的可能性具有重要意义.     

核因子κB与慢性阻塞性肺疾病继发的肺动脉高压

核因子κB是一种多功能核转录因子,能调节多种参与炎症免疫反应的细胞因子、炎症介质,黏附分子及蛋白酶类的基因转录过程,从而控制它们的生物合成.肺动脉高压是临床常见的病理生理过程,致病的原因有很多,但慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是最常见的病因.COPD是一种以气道气流受限且不完全可逆为特征的疾病,气道炎症是COPD重要病理基础,而且在肺血管重构中有很重要的作用,肺血管重构进一步导致COPD继发肺动脉高压.通过阐述核因子κB、COPD气道炎症、肺血管重构之间相互作用的机制,可以对COPD继发的肺动脉高压的治疗提供新的思路和方法.     

Nocturnal pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Oxygen desaturation occurs during sleep in some patients with COPD. To investigate the effects of these hypoxemic episodes on the pulmonary vasculature, we studied four patients with our routine polysomnographic techniques and simultaneously recorded pulmonary artery pressure. In all four subjects, nocturnal episodes of desaturation were accompanied by elevations in the pulmonary artery pressure. Low flow oxygen abolished the drops in arterial oxygen saturation (but not the breathing abnormalities) and no elevations in the PA pressure were observed. We postulate that in some COPD patients these initially transient events may lead to sustained pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. Nocturnal oxygen therapy may be indicated in more patients than previously suspected and may prevent the development of cor pulmonale.     

炎症反应在慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴发肺动脉高压中的作用

炎症反应在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)伴发肺动脉高压的发生、发展中起着重要作用.气道存在炎症时,激活的炎症细胞释放肿瘤坏死因子a(TNF-α)、白介素6(IL-6)和IL-8等多种细胞因子,共同参与气道壁、肺泡壁的结构破坏和重塑.这些气道炎症反应不仅影响已存在缺氧的COPD伴肺动脉高压患者,也可影响尚不存在缺氧的COPD伴肺动脉高压患者,可能是早期COPD患者肺动脉重塑及血流动力学改变的始动环节.     

Genetic association of the serotonin transporter in pulmonary arterial hypertension

RATIONALE: The bone morphogenetic receptor type II gene is the major genetic determinant for the inherited form of pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, deleterious mutations of this gene are not observed in the majority of subjects who develop the condition spontaneously and familial disease displays age- and sex-dependent penetrance, indicating the requirement for additional environmental and/or genetic modifiers for disease development. METHODS: We investigated polymorphic variation of the serotonin transporter gene, a biological candidate for predisposition to this vascular disorder. RESULTS: No significant evidence of association between alleles of the serotonin transporter gene and pulmonary hypertension was detected, nor did we observe a relationship with age of onset in familial and idiopathic disease. CONCLUSIONS: Variation of the serotonin transporter gene appears unlikely to confer significant susceptibility to pulmonary arterial hypertension. This study emphasizes the need for adequately powered cohorts for association analyses to identify not only genetic determinants of disease susceptibility but also inherited modifiers for disease development.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病相关性肺动脉高压研究进展

肺动脉高压是慢性阻塞性肺疾病的一个重要合并症.慢性阻塞性肺疾病相关的肺动脉高压多为轻到中度且进展缓慢,香烟烟雾、炎症产物引起内皮损害,造成内皮功能失调;慢性低氧引起肺血管收缩;肺血管重塑导致管腔变小;血管膨胀性降低,阻力增加;重度肺气肿时肺-毛细血管的丧失等均与慢性阻塞性肺疾病时的肺动脉高压相关.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺动脉高压诊治的新认识

肺动脉高压是COPD的重要合并症.一般而言,COPD患者出现严重气流受限时可发生肺动脉高压,常伴有慢性低氧血症,其主要病理生理过程为慢性肺泡性低氧,也可能有其他发病机制的参与.COPD合并肺动脉高压时的平均肺动脉压＞20 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),COPD合并重度肺动脉高压时的平均肺动脉压＞35 mm Hg[1].由于肺泡低通气造成的肺泡性低氧一般是肺动脉高压产生的主要原因,临床上低氧血症可导致COPD患者发生严重的肺动脉高压和右心衰竭[2].     

阿托伐他汀治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺动脉高压的临床研究

目的 分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)继发的肺动脉高压(PAH)与炎症反应的相关性,研究阿托伐他汀对COPD合并PAH患者的治疗作用及可能机制.方法 收集我科稳定期单纯性COPD患者(40例),COPD合并PAH患者(45例)血清及呼出气冷凝液(EBC)标本,并常规行肺功能、动脉血气分析、超声心动图、6分钟步行距离(6MWD)、肝肾功能检测.乳胶增强透射免疫比浊法测定血清及EBC中高敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP).ELISA方法检测血清及EBC中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α).将稳定期COPD合并PAH患者随机分成治疗组(23例)和对照组(22例),对照组给予常规治疗,治疗组加用阿托伐他汀20 mg/d口服,6个月后观察两组的肺动脉压力、动脉血气分析、肺功能、6MWD、肝肾功能、血清及EBC中hs-CRP、TNF-α水平.结果 与单纯性COPD组相比,COPD合并PAH组PaO2、6MWD明显降低(P值均＜0.05),血清及EBC中hs-CRP、TNF-α水平明显增高(P值均＜0.05),且PaO2、6MWD与肺动脉收缩压(PASP)呈负相关(r=-0.472,P＜0.05;r=-0.435,P＜0.05),血清及EBC中hs-CRP、TNF-α均与PASP呈正相关(r=0.350～0.598,P值均＜0.05),6个月后,治疗组PASP力比同组治疗前和对照组治疗后均有明显降低(P＜0.05),差异有统计学意义;治疗组PaO2、6MWD比同组治疗前及对照组治疗后均有明显增高(P＜0.05),差异有统计学意义;两组血清及EBC中hs-CRP、TNF-α均明显降低(P值均＜0.05),但治疗组较对照组降低更明显,差异有统计学意义.结论全身及肺脏局部炎症反应可能参与了COPD继发的PAH形成过程.阿托伐他汀可降低COPD合并PAH患者肺动脉压力,改善动脉血氧分压及运动耐量,其机制可能与抑制全身及肺脏局部炎症反应有关.     

Pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Multivariate analysis

The severity of pulmonary hypertension was evaluated by right cardiac catheterization in 89 patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, both at rest and during maximum treadmill exercise. Thirty-one patients were found to have pulmonary hypertension at rest, defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 20 mm Hg or more. Although the remaining 58 patients had normal mean pulmonary arterial pressure at rest, three developed pulmonary hypertension during exercise (mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than or equal to 35 mm Hg). Multiple anthropometric, spirometric, radiographic, and gas-exchange variables were analyzed and correlated with the hemodynamic data to define their value in predicting mean pulmonary arterial pressure. While arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) at maximum exercise was the variable most highly correlated with resting mean pulmonary arterial pressure (r = -0.67), stepwise multiple linear regression analysis indicated that measurement of the diameter of the right descending pulmonary artery and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) also contributed to the prediction of mean pulmonary arterial pressure. Spirometric indices of airflow obstruction, hyperinflation, and the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide correlated poorly with the severity of pulmonary hypertension and consequently were not useful predictors of mean pulmonary arterial pressure. The threshold criteria of a PaO2 less than 60 mm Hg or a PaCO2 more than 40 mm Hg were reasonably accurate for a diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. These arterial blood gas criteria were superior to the spirometric and radiographic variables examined in predicting pulmonary hypertension prior to the development of clinically overt cor pulmonale.