经食管超声心动图联合PLR、NLR对卵圆孔未闭合并隐源性卒中患者的诊断价值

  目的  探讨经食道心脏超声(TEE)联合血小板/淋巴细胞比值(PLR)、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)在卵圆孔未闭(PFO)患者合并隐源性卒中的评估应用。  方法  选取本院2019年8月~2021年8月收治的卵圆孔未闭患者132例,其中合并隐源性卒中23例。所有患者均接受TEE检测,测量PFO直径,并行血常规检测,根据血小板、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞计数计算PLR、NLR比值,比较PFO合并隐源性卒中和未合并隐源性卒中PLR、NLR比值的差异性,采用Spearman法分析PFO直径、PLR、NLR与PFO合并隐源性卒中的相关性,采用ROC曲线分析PFO直径和PLR、NLR检测在卵圆孔未闭合并隐源性卒中的评估价值。  结果  TEE检测发现PFO未合并隐元性卒中患者PFO直径低于合并隐源性卒中(P < 0.05),造影可见房水平不同级别的右向左分流;PFO患者合并隐源性卒中PLR、NLR比值高于未合并隐源性卒中患者(P < 0.05);Spearman分析显示:PFO直径及PLR、NLR比值与PFO合并隐源性卒中风险呈正相关关系(r=0.385、0.429、0.378,P < 0.05);ROC曲线显示:PFO直径联合PLR、NLR评估PFO合并隐源性卒中风险曲线下面积高于PLR、NLR单项指标曲线下面积(P < 0.05)。  结论  TEE可以较好地分辨PFO直径,结合PLR、NLR检测有助于评估PFO合并隐源性卒中的发生风险。      

Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in migraine patients with and without aura compared with stroke patients. A transcranial Doppler study

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in a consecutive unselected cohort of migraine patients (with and without aura) and compare it with a group of ischaemic young and elderly stroke patients. One hundred and forty-one migraine patients were compared with 330 stroke patients (130 young patients; 200 elderly patients) selected from our hospital stroke data bank. PFO was assessed with transcranial Doppler sonography with i.v. injection of agitated saline. The prevalence of PFO was 51.7% in migraine with aura (MA) patients, 33.7% in migraine without aura (MoA) patients, 33.8% in young stroke patients and 20.5% in elderly stroke patients (P < 0.001). The prevalence of PFO in cryptogenic stroke in young and elderly stroke patients was, respectively, 41.1% and 25% (P = 0.04). The difference between MA and MoA patients was significant (odds ratio = 2.1). The prevalence of PFO in MA patients is higher than in MoA patients and in young cryptogenic stroke patients.     

Patent foramen ovale transcatheter closure device thrombosis

The role of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in patients with cryptogenic stroke (stroke of unknown cause) remains controversial, although an association seems likely in younger patients with atrial septal aneurysms and PFO. The mechanism of cryptogenic stroke in these patients is presumed to be paradoxical embolism via right-to-left shunt across the PFO. The available options for treatment include medical therapy with antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy or closure of the PFO surgically or with use of transcatheter PFO closure devices. We describe 2 cases of bilateral device thrombosis associated with use of a transcatheter PFO closure device (CardioSEAL). To our knowledge, only 1 other case of thrombosis associated with use of this device has been reported.     

Impact of Patent Foramen Ovale Anatomic Features on Right-to-Left Shunt in Patients with Cryptogenic Stroke

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the morphologic characteristics of patent foramen ovale (PFO) on right-to-left shunt (RLS) in patients with PFO and cryptogenic stroke using transesophageal echocardiography and saline contrast transthoracic echocardiography (c-TTE). Of the 165 patients with PFO stroke, both the height and the length of PFO in the provoked RLS group were smaller than those in the constant RLS group. PFO height, interatrial septum mobility and proportion of atrial septal aneurysms were greater in the severe RLS group than in the mild and moderate RLS groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that PFO height and interatrial septum mobility were independent predictors of severe RLS. Multiple territorial ischemic lesions were more common in the severe RLS or constant RLS group. Our findings indicated that the severity of RLS was related to the anatomic features in PFO, inducing different cerebral ischemia lesion patterns in cryptogenic stroke patients with PFO.     

Saline contrast and colour Doppler transoesophageal echocardiography in detecting a patent foramen ovale and right-to-left shunts in stroke patients

Summary. A paradoxical embolism due to right-to-left shunt through a patent foramen ovale (PFO) can be responsible for stroke and other ischaemic cerebral events. We studied the usefulness of saline contrast transoesophageal echocardiography after the Valsalva manoeuvre in detecting PFO and right-to-left shunts in 28 adult patients without known reason for a recent stroke. The results were compared with conventional transthoracic colour Doppler and with transoesophageal colour Doppler techniques. A PFO was found in 24 patients (86%) of our selected study population, whereas in four patients no PFO was found. A PFO with left-to-right shunt could be diagnosed by transthoracic colour Doppler echocardiography in only one case. A PFO with left-to-right shunt was found by transoesophageal colour Doppler echocardiography in 17 patients (61%), but in only three of them was a right-to-left shunt detected, even after the Valsalva manoeuvre. In contrast, a PFO with right-to-left shunt could be detected in 21 patients (75%) by using saline contrast transoesophageal echocardiography with the Valsalva manoeuvre. However, the method was unable to detect three cases of PFO with only left-to-right shunt, which were detected by colour Doppler transoesophageal echocardiography. In conclusion, our results show that saline contrast transoesophageal echocardiography with the Valsalva manoeuvre greatly improves the echocardiographic detection of PFO with right-to-left shunts in stroke patients.     

封堵卵圆孔未闭预防卒中的国外发展及中国现状

经过近20年的争议和大量研究,封堵卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale,PFO)在卒中二级预防中的作用已经明确.本文从循证医学证据入手,回顾近年来国内外经导管封堵PFO预防卒中的研究成果,旨在明确能从封堵治疗中获益的PFO人群.     

Intra-atrial thrombus after surgical closure of patent foramen ovale.

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) represents a potential path for paradoxical embolism and is associated with cryptogenic stroke. It has been suggested that because a PFO represents a repairable lesion (by surgical or transcatheter methods), repair may be the optimal treatment to prevent recurrent stroke. This report describes a patient with recurrent neurologic and peripheral embolic events, which occurred approximately 6 months after the surgical closure of a PFO. The diagnosis of an intra-atrial thrombus with a small residual PFO was made by subsequent transesophageal echocardiography. Thrombus formation at the closure site needs to be considered in a patient with recurrent embolic events after closure of a PFO.     

右心声学造影与经颅多普勒发泡试验诊断隐源性卒中患者卵圆孔未闭的对比研究

目的：探讨右心声学造影(c-TTE)及经颅多普勒发泡试验(c-TCD)对隐源性卒中患者并卵圆孔未闭(PFO)的诊断价值。方法：选取2020年1月～2022年12月在我院诊治的隐源性卒中患者102例,均行c-TCD及c-TTE检查,以经食管超声心动图(TEE)作为诊断金标准,比较c-TTE、c-TCD检查对隐源性卒中患者PFO的诊断价值。结果：TEE检查证实102例隐匿性卒中患者有44例PFO,c-TCD检查结果显示,真阳性36例,假阳性10例,假阴性8例,真阴性48例；c-TTE检查结果显示,真阳性42例,假阳性3例,假阴性2例,真阴性55例。受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析显示,c-TCD检查、c-TTE诊断隐匿性卒中患者PFO的AUC分别为0.823,0.951,c-TCD检查诊断隐源性卒中患者PFO的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为81.82%、82.76%、82.35%,明显低于c-TTE检查的95.45%、94.83%、95.10%(P<0.05)。c-TCD检查对右向左分流半定量分级低于c-TTE(P<0.05),c-TCD检查对右向左分流的检出率为30.39%,明显低于c-TTE的58.82%(P<0.05)。结论：与c-TCD检查相比较,c-TTE对隐源性卒中患者PFO具有更高的诊断价值,且对隐源性卒中PFO患者的右向左分流半定量分级程度更高、检出率更高。     

MIGRAINE EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS, AND COMORBIDITY

A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a frequent remnant of embryological development with clinical importance in thromboembolism, paradoxical embolism, stroke, platypnea-orthodeoxia, decompression sickness, and migraine headache. The proposed mechanisms of stroke with PFO include paradoxical embolization, in situ thrombosis within the canal of the PFO, associated atrial arrhythmias, and concomitant hypercoagulable states. Prospective trials using aspirin treatment to reduce recurrent stroke showed a significant recurrence of neurologic events in patients with a PFO and atrial septal aneurysm. Use of warfarin anticoagulation does not further reduce recurrent stroke rates compared with antiplatelet therapy. Both surgical and catheter-based modes of closure have been shown to decrease the rate of subsequent embolic events substantially. Successful closure, defined by transesophageal echocardiography, appears to predict freedom from subsequent embolic events. To our knowledge, no randomized trials comparing anticoagulation with surgical or catheter-based closure have been performed.     

Cardioembolic Stroke in Patients with Patent Foramen Ovale and Implanted Cardiac Leads

Implanted cardiac devices, including pacemakers, defibrillators, and resynchronization devices, are known to develop thrombus on their intravascular leads. Patent foramen ovale (PFO) occurs in approximately one‐quarter of the adult population. It is unclear whether paradoxical cardioembolism and clinically relevant stroke occur in patients with implanted cardiac leads and PFO. We present a case series of four patients with cardioembolic stroke, presumed to arise from intravascular cardiac leads and associated PFO that required device closure of the PFO. (PACE 2013; 36:50–54)     

Patent foramen ovale and stroke

A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a frequent remnant of embryological development with clinical importance in thromboembolism, paradoxical embolism, stroke, platypnea-orthodeoxia, decompression sickness, and migraine headache. The proposed mechanisms of stroke with PFO include paradoxical embolization, in situ thrombosis within the canal of the PFO, associated atrial arrhythmias, and concomitant hypercoagulable states. Prospective trials using aspirin treatment to reduce recurrent stroke showed a significant recurrence of neurologic events in patients with a PFO and atrial septal aneurysm. Use of warfarin anticoagulation does not further reduce recurrent stroke rates compared with antiplatelet therapy. Both surgical and catheter-based modes of closure have been shown to decrease the rate of subsequent embolic events substantially. Successful closure, defined by transesophageal echocardiography, appears to predict freedom from subsequent embolic events. To our knowledge, no randomized trials comparing anticoagulation with surgical or catheter-based closure have been performed.     

中青年隐源性DWI阴性急性缺血性脑卒中合并卵圆孔未闭两例

该文报道2例中青年隐源性弥散加权成像(DWI)阴性急性缺血性脑卒中合并卵圆孔未闭男性患者,均为38岁,急性起病,以轻度神经功能缺损症状就诊,既往无脑血管病危险因素,以左侧肢体功能障碍为主要表现,DWI均阴性,经颅多普勒超声发泡检查和经食管心脏彩色多普勒超声检查发现卵圆孔未闭,其后均接受抗血小板、调脂等治疗,好转出院后随访显示2例均接受了卵圆孔未闭封堵治疗,均痊愈。应通过该2例的诊治过程提高对局灶性神经功能缺损合并卵圆孔未闭的认识,当患者出现局灶性神经功能缺损,即使DWI阴性亦不能排除急性缺血性脑卒中,应积极进行危险因素筛查,尤其是在中青年隐源性患者中,应高度重视卵圆孔未闭的检测及治疗,减少卵圆孔未闭所致的脑卒中及卒中复发。     

Thrombus in transit within a patent foramen ovale: An argument for consideration of prophylactic closure?

Recurrent pulmonary embolism (PE) in prothrombotic patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) is not considered a setting for elective PFO closure. We describe a 35-year-old woman with known PFO, recurrent PE on warfarin, and Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome-a condition with predisposition for thromboembolism-who suffered concurrent saddle PE and devastating stroke with further impending paradoxical embolus across the PFO. Optimal management in patients with biatrial thromboembolus caught in transit across PFO is challenging. Patients with recurrent PE, prothrombotic states, and PFO should be considered for PFO closure. Prompt diagnosis of impending paradoxical embolus with echocardiography and consideration of surgical removal and PFO closure are critical.     

Patent foramen ovale: a nonfunctional embryological remnant or a potential cause of significant pathology?

A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is an embryological remnant found in 27% of adults. It is a potential right-to-left intracardiac shunt. Shunting may be the result of reversal in the interatrial pressure gradient or abnormal streaming of blood in the right atrium. The pathologic consequences of right-to-left shunting include hypoxemia and paradoxical embolism. PFO may exacerbate preexisting hypoxemia or be its primary cause. Paradoxical embolism through a PFO is well documented. Its role in cryptogenic stroke remains controversial. A PFO may be detected by both invasive and noninvasive techniques. Contrast transesophageal echocardiography with provocative maneuvers is the diagnostic method of choice allowing visualization of the shunt. Patients with cryptogenic stroke should be screened for a PFO. If detected, noninvasive studies for deep vein thrombosis are recommended. Treatment must be tailored to the presentation. Surgical or transcatheter closure is recommended for hypoxemia. Prevention of venous embolism (air or thrombus) with or without closure of the PFO is recommended for paradoxical embolism.     

超声心动图诊断卵圆孔未闭

卵圆孔未闭（PFO）在成人的发生率约20%~25%,其与年轻患者的隐源性卒中、短暂性脑缺血发等多种疾病有关。超声心动图在PFO的诊断、经皮封堵术中监测及术后随访中均有重要价值。本文对PFO的超声心动图诊断做一综述。     

经颅多普勒超声诊断脑梗死患者卵圆孔未闭的价值

目的探讨经颅多普勒超声微泡实验对脑梗死患者卵圆孔未闭(PFO)的诊断价值。方法运用经颅多普勒超声微泡实验对经食管超声心动图诊断的28例缺血性脑卒中患者进行PFO检测,分析不同卵圆孔特点下经颅多普勒超声微泡实验对PFO诊断检出率的变化。结果 28例患者中,经颅多普勒超声微泡实验在平静呼吸状态下对PFO检出20例(71.43%),配合Valsalva动作后检出24例(85.71%)。卵圆孔大小及开放状态与PFO的检出率无关(P>0.05)。结论经颅多普勒超声微泡实验对脑梗死患者的PFO的诊断具有较高敏感性,配合Valsalva动作可以提高诊断敏感性,可以作为PFO的筛查手段。     

经颅多普勒发泡试验筛查缺血性卒中合并卵圆孔未闭的应用价值

目的探讨经颅多普勒发泡试验(c-TCD)筛查缺血性卒中合并卵圆孔未闭(PFO)的应用价值。方法收集我院神经内科450例缺血性卒中患者,均给予经食管心脏超声(TEE)、右心声学造影、c-TCD检查。观察c-TCD、TEE联合经右心声学造影检查PFO的阳性率。将TEE联合经右心声学造影检查结果视为PFO诊断的"金标准",计算c-TCD的阳性预测值、阴性预测值、灵敏度、特异度及准确率。结果 TEE联合经右心声学造影检查显示,阳性为72例,阳性率为16.00%,即450例患者中,PFO的发生率为16.00%;c-TCD检查显示,65例清晰可见微栓子信号,阳性率为14.44%,c-TCD与TEE联合经右心声学造影检查阳性率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);c-TCD相对于TEE联合经右心声学造影的阳性预测值为96.92%、阴性预测值为97.66%、灵敏度为87.50%、特异度为99.47%、准确率为97.56%、一致性Kappa值为0.837。结论 c-TCD在筛查诊断缺血性卒中合并PFO中具有灵敏度、特异度、准确率高的特点,且无创、安全,易于患者接受,可考虑将c-TCD作为PFO的无创初筛手段,针对阳性患者再进一步做TEE+经右心声学造影检查确诊,以减轻患者的痛苦。     

Closing the gap on patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke

Introduction: The treatment options for prevention of recurrent of cryptogenic stroke in patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) have been intensely debated in the recent decades. The suggested options were percutaneous closure of PFO versus medical therapy. However, up to these date there is a controversy regarding the indication of percutaneous closure. Multiple meta-analysis and recent randomized control trials showed the benefit of PFO closure when compared with medical therapy alone.

Areas covered: The article reviews the prevalence, physiology, diagnosis and treatment options of PFO after cryptogenic stroke. Furthermore, it will discuss the results of randomized control trials that compared the PFO closure to medical therapy.

Expert opinion: The association between PFO and unexplained cryptogenic stroke has been well established in the multiple studies. The diagnosis and management of PFO might be challenging in some cases. Although multiple studies showed that PFO closure is associated with lower rates of recurrent stroke in patients presenting with cryptogenic stroke, the indication and patient selection for this intervention are not well established yet in the guidelines.     

Secondary prevention of cerebral ischemia in patent foramen ovale: systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Therapy for patent foramen ovale (PFO), found with increased frequency in the setting of stroke in the young, is controversial. We compiled a synthesis of the literature on therapeutic options for PFO and stroke. METHODS: Searching MEDLINE (1966 to 1999), published abstracts, and bibliographies of primary and review articles, we identified five retrospective cohort studies that compared at least two different treatment options (antiplatelet therapy, warfarin, or surgery). Outcomes data on mode of therapy and recurrent stroke were abstracted, and pooled analysis was done using a random effects model. RESULTS: Warfarin was superior to antiplatelet therapy in preventing recurrent ischemic events (odds ratio [OR] 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23 to 0.60). Surgical PFO closure was comparable to warfarin treatment (OR 1.19; 95% CI, 0.62 to 2.27). CONCLUSION: Available data suggest that warfarin is superior to antiplatelet therapy and comparable to surgical PFO closure for the prevention of recurrent cerebral ischemic events from paradoxical embolism.     

Patent foramen ovale and migraine--bringing closure to the subject

There is increasing interest in the relationship between migraine and patent foramen ovale (PFO). PFO is more common in migraineurs with aura, and migraine with aura is more prevalent in patients with PFO. Retrospective analyses of PFO closure for stroke prevention and decompression illness in divers have suggested that migraineurs with and without aura may derive significant benefit from PFO closure, but to date no prospective, randomized, sham-controlled study to confirm this has been completed. Herein we review published data regarding the relationship between migraine and PFO and discuss the rationale, justification, and important factors to consider in the conduct of prospective, controlled, clinical trials designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous device closure of PFO for migraine prevention.