大细胞性淋巴瘤的形态学与免疫组织化学——58例石蜡切片染色结果分析

用抗T细胞、B细胞,组织细胞及Ki-1抗原单克隆抗体对58例大细胞性淋巴瘤的石蜡切片进行染色,并与组织学改变加以比较。结果发现58例中B细胞性43例(74.1％),外周T细胞性15例(25.9％)。其中2例B,1例T细胞瘤形态学上为大细胞间变性,并为Ki-1阳性。外周T细胞淋巴瘤的有价值的形态改变为粉尘状染色质,中等大小的嗜酸性核仁,浅染胞浆,血管增生及嗜酸性细胞浸润。大细胞B淋巴瘤则为边集粗糙之染色质,嗜碱性核仁及浆细胞分化。     

外周血或骨髓肿瘤性NK细胞形态特征观察及其与反应性淋巴细胞的鉴别

目的?探讨外周血或骨髓肿瘤性NK细胞形态特征,为NK 细胞白血病／淋巴瘤的诊断提供细胞形态学的线索和证据。方法?收集4例确诊侵袭性NK细胞白血病及2例确诊结外NK／T细胞淋巴瘤患者的骨髓或外周血标本,其肿瘤性淋巴细胞均经流式细胞术（FCM）免疫表型分析和／或病理活检证实为肿瘤性NK 细胞。观察其细胞形态特点,分析肿瘤性NK 细胞的总体特征。结果?6例患者肿瘤性NK细胞形态特征相似：胞体总体偏大且形状不规则,周围可见一个或多个伪足样突起;胞核形态多样,染色质聚集,核仁不见或模糊不清;胞浆量较丰富,呈嗜碱性,有厚实感,浆内可见多少不等的粗大或细小紫红色颗粒。结论?肿瘤性NK细胞有特殊的形态学特征,与3种反应性淋巴细胞明显不同。     

骨原发性组织细胞肉瘤3例临床病理观察

目的 探讨组织细胞肉瘤的临床病理特征、诊断与鉴别诊断及预后.方法 对3例组织细胞肉瘤进行光镜观察及免疫组化检测,并复习相关文献进行讨论.结果 3例患者均为男性,年龄18～41岁;病变分别位于胸椎、上颌骨及股骨远端和胫骨近端.影像学表现均为溶骨性改变伴周围软组织肿块.镜下肿瘤细胞弥漫分布,瘤细胞体积大、圆形或隋圆形,局灶可见梭形细胞,大部分区域瘤细胞黏附性差;瘤细胞胞质丰富、嗜伊红,部分呈泡沫状或充满微空泡,部分瘤巨细胞内可见吞噬的红细胞;核大、圆形或卵圆形,空泡状,可见偏位,部分可见增大的核仁,核分裂易见;亦可见多核瘤巨细胞;背景中常见小淋巴细胞、浆细胞、嗜中性及嗜酸性粒细胞等反应性细胞.免疫组化示肿瘤细胞CD68(KP-1及PGM1)、lysozyme和CD163(+),CK、HMB45、CD3、CD20、CD1a及MPO(-).结论 组织细胞肉瘤是一种罕见的淋巴组织恶性肿瘤,单从组织形态学上难与癌、恶性黑色素瘤、淋巴瘤、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤等相鉴别,诊断与鉴别诊断还依赖于组织形态与免疫组化结果.目前最佳治疗方案不统一,预后多数不佳.     

母细胞型套细胞淋巴瘤的临床病理观察

目的 探讨母细胞型套细胞淋巴瘤（BV-MCL）的病理特征、免疫表型、诊断和鉴别诊断。方法 对2例BV-MCL行HE和免疫组化染色观察。结果 1例为经典型母细胞型，肿瘤细胞弥漫、中等偏大、染色质细，核分裂87个／10HPF；另1例为多形型母细胞型，肿瘤细胞弥漫、多形，中等大的细胞与大细胞混杂，核染色质粗，可见明显的核仁，核分裂36个／10 HPF。2例均cyclinD1（＋）。结论 BV-MCL少见，是MCL的一种变型，其病理形态和免疫表型特殊，需要与弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤、前驱B淋巴母细胞白血病／淋巴瘤等鉴别。     

原发性卵巢Burkitt淋巴瘤病理分析1例并文献复习

目的:为了更好地认识原发性卵巢Burkitt淋巴瘤(Burkitt's lymphoma,BL)的临床表现、病理特征及其预后。方法:收集1例原发性卵巢BL的病例及其参考文献资料,观察其临床表现、临床病理学特征、免疫组织化学染色及1年的预后。结果:原发性卵巢BL临床表现主要为腹部或盆腔肿块,镜下可见肿瘤细胞弥漫增生,主要由淋巴样细胞组成,细胞中等大小,弥漫生长,细胞核圆形或卵圆形,染色质粗块状,核仁中等大小,嗜碱性,其中散在巨噬细胞,成"星空现象",免疫组织化学结果显示:CD79a(+),CD20(+),CD3(–),CD10(+),BCL-6(+),BCL2(–)和Ki-67(90%)。结论:诊断原发性卵巢BL需结合组织学及免疫组织化学结果,并对其鉴别诊断加以区分。     

组织细胞肉瘤四例临床病理学分析

目的 探讨组织细胞肉瘤(HS)的临床病理学特征、免疫学表型、鉴别诊断及预后.方法 分析4例Hs患者临床病理资料,活检或切除的肿瘤组织标本采用常规石蜡切片,HE染色,EnVision法免疫组化染色,电镜观察,并对患者进行随访.结果 4例HS患者中男女各2例,年龄范围22~65岁(平均43.25岁);发生部位为淋巴结2例、皮肤1例、结肠1例.光学显微镜下观察,肿瘤组织的形态学特点为肿瘤细胞弥漫浸润、散在分布、互不黏附,瘤细胞体积中等到大,呈圆形、卵圆形、多角形、上皮样.胞质较丰富,略嗜酸性,部分细胞胞质呈泡沫状,核圆形、卵圆形,偏位,核染色质空泡状,核仁嗜碱性,核分裂象多见,可见病理性核分裂象.3例见舣核瘤细胞,多形性明显,可见多核瘤巨细胞,2例可见灶状泡沫状胞质的瘤细胞,1例可见灶状肉瘤样梭形细胞区,2例可见噬血细胞现象.4例均见到多少不一的炎细胞背景.4例患者均弥漫表达a-1-ACT、CD68、CD163、溶菌酶,3例表达CD45、CD45RO.电镜检杳4例患者均显示肿瘤细胞胞质丰富,内含溶酶体,不见Birbeck小体、细胞间连接及指状突起.4例均进行了随访,3例确诊后6~13个月死亡,1例局限于皮肤及皮下者现存活.结论 HS为一种罕见的显示成熟组织细胞形态和免疫表型特征的恶性肿瘤,其诊断是在形态学的基础上依靠免疫组织化学染色及电镜观察进行排除性诊断.     

骨髓形态学在霍奇金淋巴瘤诊断分期中的价值

目的 :研究霍奇金淋巴瘤骨髓受累发生率 ,骨髓组织细胞形态学变化及其在诊断分期中的价值。方法 :对霍奇金淋巴瘤 4 2例的外周血、骨髓液涂片采用瑞特染色 ,骨髓活检标本采用塑料包埋后半薄切片 ,常规化学染色。结果 :霍奇金淋巴瘤 4 2例中骨髓受累切片检出 7例 (16 % ) ,其中 1例 (2 .4 % )涂片同时检出瘤细胞。 7例骨髓受累者中 5例外周血相异常。 4例在骨髓活检后分期升至 期。霍奇金淋巴瘤骨髓受累 5例局灶型 (71.4 3% )和 2例弥漫型 (2 8.5 7% )。受累骨髓组织细胞形态 :多形性淋巴细胞、组织细胞、浆细胞、嗜酸细胞、RS细胞或变异 RS细胞。 7例受累骨髓网硬蛋白纤维显著增多。结论 :在髓外组织病理已确诊为 HL的前提下 ,病变骨髓具备多形性淋巴细胞、组织细胞浸润及纤维化 ,骨髓受累的诊断即可成立。骨髓活检对霍奇金淋巴瘤的诊断分期有重要作用     

BPDCN白血病患者骨髓涂片肿瘤细胞形态学特点分析

目的分析母细胞性浆细胞样树突细胞肿瘤(BPDCN)白血病患者骨髓涂片肿瘤细胞形态学特点。方法采用回顾性研究,收集100例BPDCN白血病患者的临床资料,对患者骨髓涂片标本进行收集。于油镜下观察BPDCN白血病患者肿瘤细胞胞体、胞核、胞浆及染色质等形态学特点。结果 100例患者均出现皮肤受累,脾大77例(77.00%),肝大68例(68. 00%),淋巴结肿大81例(81. 00%)。发病时均存在外周血象异常,多为贫血,23例患者伴有全血细胞减少; 62例患者外周血涂片出现类似异常幼稚细胞。典型BPDCN细胞存在明显异质性,核不规则形或圆形,中等大小,胞浆灰蓝色,浆内无颗粒,染色质丝网状,呈现不均匀弱嗜碱性,沿胞膜下出现珍珠项链样排列的空泡,特征性伪足突出; BPDCN细胞可大致分为急性淋巴瘤细胞白血病样、急性淋巴细胞白血病样和急性单核细胞白血病样三种类似形态。BPDCN白血病患者过氧化物酶均为阴性,糖原染色均为阳性,且呈现大块状、颗粒状或圆珠样阳性。免疫表型分析结果显示,骨髓中肿瘤细胞均表达CD123、CD38、CD56、CD4及HLA-DR,部分患者表达CD13、CD33,不表达c MPO、CD3、CD15、CD34、CD11b、CD14、CD8、CD20、CD19、CD10、CD22。结论 BPDCN细胞存在特征性的形态学表现,细胞形态可大致分为淋巴瘤细胞样、原幼淋巴细胞样和原始单核细胞样;如若患者存在皮肤受累,则存在BPDCN白血病的可能,临床中可通过病理活检和流式细胞学检查以进一步明确诊断。     

嗜酸细胞性乳头状肾细胞癌的临床病理观察（附2例报告）

目的探讨嗜酸细胞性乳头状肾细胞癌（OPRCC）的临床病理特点及鉴别诊断。方法 OPRCC病人2例（男女各1例）,年龄分别为67岁和53岁,均因体检发现,均行手术治疗。OPRCC组织标本行苏木精-伊红及免疫组化染色。结果大体观察肿瘤呈圆形或椭圆形,界限清楚,无包膜,切面灰褐色。镜下观察：1例病人肾肿瘤完全由发育较好的纤细的乳头状结构组成,乳头被覆单层立方状胞浆丰富的强嗜酸细胞,核圆形、规则,核仁不明显,FUHRMAN核分级Ⅰ级,局部区域瘤组织出血、囊性变。另1例病人瘤组织主要由密集、大小不等的管状结构组成,部分管腔内可见有或无纤维轴心的乳头状突起;管壁及乳头结构表面均衬覆单层圆形或多边形、胞浆丰富、强嗜酸性的瘤细胞,其中散在胞浆透明空泡状的瘤细胞,瘤细胞核圆形、染色质粗、可见核仁及核内包涵体,FU-HRMAN核分级Ⅳ级。免疫组化染色：2例瘤细胞均呈EMA、CK7和CK18弥漫强阳性;vimentin、AMACR和E-cadherin表达不一;CD10、RCC、CD117和CD68均阴性。结论 OPRCC是乳头状肾细胞癌的罕见组织学亚型,诊断时需与其他具有嗜酸细胞形态的肾肿瘤鉴别。     

艾滋病伴马尔尼菲青霉菌感染患者骨髓细胞学检测结果分析

目的 探讨马尔尼菲青霉菌感染患者骨髓细胞形态学特征.方法 对2例获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者骨髓涂片进行瑞氏吉姆萨染色及糖原染色,观察骨髓细胞形态及病原菌形态,同时进行血液微生物培养.结果 骨髓中马尔尼菲青霉菌胞体极小,大小不一,椭圆形或腊肠状,见于细胞外或组织细胞胞浆内,核1～2个,居中或位于细胞两极,染蓝紫色,胞浆蓝色,可见横隔.结论 骨髓涂片细胞学检查在马尔尼菲青霉病的早期诊断及治疗方面具有重要意义.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.